990 resultados para Hurwitz, Phinehas Elijah, 1765-1821. Sefer ha-berit
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Summary To become, to be and to have been: about the Jehovahs Witnesses The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, in the following text referred to as the Jehovahs Witnesses or the organisation, is a worldwide Christian organisation with about 6.7 million members. The organisation has many times, without any success so far, proclaimed Armageddon when they expect Jehovah to return to Earth. They interpret the Bible in their own, often very literal way, and require their members to live according to these interpretations. Among the consequences of this, members are forbidden to vote, to do military service or to receive blood transfusions. Apart from attending the three weekly meetings, members are expected to be active in missionary work, known as publishing. If a member fails to do a certain number of hours publishing, he or she risks being deprived of active membership status Sweden in general is considered to be a society where the population is not very religious. The formerly state-governed Lutheran church has lost its influence and the vast majority of ordinary Swedes do not visit church on other occasions than weddings, funerals or christenings. Expressing ones own religious values has become somewhat of a private matter where publicity is seldom appreciated, which is contrary to the practice of the Jehovahs Witnesses. This is one of the reasons why the Jehovahs Witnesses are commonly perceived by average Swedes as a suspicious religious organisation. The aim and methods of the study This dissertation seeks to describe and investigate the entering and leaving of a highly structured and hierarchical religious community, exemplified in this case by the Jehovahs Witnesses. What are the thoughts and aspirations of someone who is considering becoming a Jehovahs Witness? What are the priorities and what experiences seem important when a person is going through such a process? And when this person has finally reached his or her goal of becoming a member, is it the same motivation that makes him or her stay in the organisation for longer periods of time, possibly for the rest of their lives, or does it change during the process of entering, or does this motivation change its character during the transition from entering to being a regular member? Why do some of the members change their attitude to the Jehovahs Witnesses from rejoicing to bitterness? And how does this process of exit manifest itself? In what way is it different from the process of entry? The respondents in this study were chosen from both active members of the Jehovahs Witnesses in Sweden and those who have left the organisation for personal reasons. Repeated interviews with ten active members of the organisation have been conducted in the course of the study and compared to equal numbers of former members. The interviews have been semi-structured to deal with questions of how a person has come into contact with the organisation; how they retrospectively experienced the process of entry; the reasons for becoming a member. Questions have also been asked about life in the organisation. The group of exiters have also been asked about the experience of leaving, why they wanted to leave, and how this process was started and carried out. In addition to this I have analysed a four-year diary describing the time inside and the process of leaving the organisation. This has given me an extra psychological insight into the inner experience of someone who has gone through the whole process. The analysis has been done by categorising the content of the transcribed interviews. An attempt to outline a model of an entry and exit process has been made, based on ideas and interpretations presented in the interviews. The analysis of the diary has involved thorough reading, resulting in a division of it into four different parts, where each part has been given a certain key-word, signifying the authors emotional state when writing it. A great deal of the information about the Jehovahs Witnesses has been collected through discussion boards on the Internet, informal talks with members and ex-members, interviews with representatives of the organisations during visits to its different offices (Bethels), such as St. Petersburg, Russia, and Brooklyn, New York, USA. The context Each organisation evolves in its own context with its own norms, roles and stories that would not survive outside it. With this as a starting point, there is a chapter dedicated to the description of the organisations history, structure and activities. It has been stated that the organisations treatment of its critical members and the strategies for recruiting new members have evolved over the years of its history. At the beginning there was an openness allowing members to be critical. As the structure of the organisation has become more rigid and formalised, the treatment of internal critics has become much less tolerated and exclusion has become a frequent option. As a rule many new members have been attracted to the organisation when (1) the day of Armageddon has been pronounced to be approaching; (2) the members of the organisation have been persecuted or threatened with persecution; and (3) the organisation has discovered a new market. The processes for entering and exiting How the entering processes manifest themselves depends on whether the person has been brought up in the organisation or not. A person converting as an adult has to pass six phases before being considered a Jehovahs Witness by the organisation. These are: Contact with the Jehovahs Witnesses, Studying the bible with members of the organisation, Questioning, Accepting, Being active as publisher (spreading the belief), Being baptised. For a person brought up in the organisation, the process to full membership is much shorter: Upbringing in the organisation, Taking a stand on the belief, Being baptised. The exit process contains of seven phases: Different levels of doubts, Testing of doubts, Turning points, Different kinds of decisions, Different steps in executing the decisions, Floating, a period of emotional and cognitive consideration of membership and its experiences, Realtive neutrality. The process in and the process out are both slow and are accompanied with anguish and doubts. When a person is going through the process in or out of the organisation he or she experiences criticism. This is when people around the adept question the decision to continue in the process. The result of the criticism depends on where in the process the person is. If he or she is at the beginning of the process, the criticism will probably make the person insecure and the process will slow down or stop. If the criticism is pronounced in a later phase, the process will probably speed up. The norms of the organisation affect the behaviour of the members. There are techniques for inclusion that both bind members to the organisation and shield them off from the surrounding society. Examples of techniques for inclusion are the work situation and closed doors. The work situation signifies that members who do as the organisation recommends doing simple work often end up in the same branch of industry as many other Jehovahs Witnesses. This often means that the person has other witnesses as workmates. If the person is unemployed or moves to another town it is easy to find a new job through connections in the organisation. Doubts and exclusions can lead to problems since they entail a risk of losing ones job. This can also result in problems getting a new job. Jehovahs Witnesses are not supposed to talk to excluded members, which of course mean difficulties working together. Closed doors means that members who do as the organisation recommends not pursuing higher education, not engaging in civil society, working with a manual or in other way simple job, putting much time into the organisation will, after a long life in the organisation, have problems starting a new life outside the Jehovahs Witnesses. The language used in the organisation shows the community among the members, thus the language is one of the most important symbols. A special way of thinking is created through the language. It binds members to the organisation and sometimes it can work as a way to get back into the normative world of the organisation. Randall Collinss (1990, 2004) thoughts about emotional energy have enabled an understanding of the solidarity and unity in the organisation. This also gives an understanding of the way the members treat doubting and critical members. The members who want to exit have to open up the binding/screening off. A possible way to do that is through language, to become aware of the effect the language might have. Another way is to search for emotional energy in another situation. During the exit process, shame might be of some importance. When members become aware of the shame they feel, because they perceive they are acting a belief, the exit process might accelerate.
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Este memorial investiga os processos composicionais de quatro peas compostas durante o curso de mestrado em composio na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul entre 2004 e 2005. So feitas consideraes sobre as motivaes estticas e estruturais dessas peas, especialmente as relacionadas com o princpio oriental denominado jo-ha-kyu, o teatro n japons e a arte marcial japonesa iaijutsu. O princpio jo-ha-kyu, bem como sua manifestao no teatro n e no iaijutsu, foi utilizado como impulso criativo e norma global para o seccionamento interno, o carter e a ordem das peas para o recital de mestrado. Este trabalho tambm apresenta as conseqncias dessas motivaes estticas e estruturais para a coerncia formal das peas.
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O gnero Myotis possui mais de 80 espcies distribudas globalmente. Estas espcies so morfologicamente muito semelhantes e raramente refletem especializao. Consequentemente, sua identificao dificultada e conduz complexidade taxonmica do grupo. O gnero teve incontestvel sucesso evolutivo e seus representantes podem ser encontrados em todos os continentes (exceo da Antrtica), de habitats semidesrticos a regies subantrticas. A espcie M. nigricans distribui-se na Regio Neotropical, ocorrendo desde o sul do Mxico at o sul do Brasil e norte do Peru, Bolvia e Argentina. Suas caractersticas morfolgicas, contudo, parecem no estar bem definidas. Informaes sobre dimorfismo sexual e variao geogrfica pouco foram abordados para M. nigricans no Brasil. Destaca-se, ainda, que M. nigricans frequentemente confundida com outra espcie do gnero: M. riparia.Essas questes enfatizam ainda mais a problemtica taxonmica do grupo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a existncia de dimorfismo sexual e variao geogrfica no tamanho e na forma do crnio de M. nigricans de duas reas geogrficas brasileiras, foram realizadas anlises morfolgicas atravs das tcnicas de morfometria tradicional e geomtrica. Examinaram-se 131 espcimes adultos de Myotis nigricans provenientes de duas reas geogrficas do Brasil: Cear e Sul do Brasil (Paran, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul). Para a anlise da morfometria tradicional foram realizadas dez medidas cranianas e, adicionalmente, foi realizada a medida do antebrao. Para a anlise da morfometria geomtrica foram definidos 30 marcos anatmicos nas vistas lateral e palatal do crnio de M. nigricans. O dimorfismo sexual foi analisado apenas para os espcimes do Sul do Brasil e a variao geogrfica apenas para as fmeas, devido ao pequeno nmero de exemplares machos provenientes da regio do Cear, depositado nas instituies consultadas. As anlises da morfometria tradicional e geomtrica evidenciaram a presena de dimorfismo sexual unicamente em relao ao tamanho. Em todas as anlises, as fmeas foram maiores que os machos. No foram verificadas diferenas na forma do crnio entre machos e fmeas, uma vez que as anlises das deformaes parciais e relativas no evidenciaram diferenas entre os sexos. Foi verificada a existncia de variao geogrfica no tamanho e na forma das estruturas estudadas. Os espcimes do Sul do Brasil foram maiores que os espcimes do Cear. A anlise da morfometria geomtrica indicou a formao de dois grupos que correspondem s duas reas geogrficas. Foram geradas grades de deformao que exibem claramente as variaes na forma do crnio. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da morfologia de M. nigricans e podem, ainda, fornecer auxlio em relao taxonomia das espcies de Myotis no Brasil.
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A atratividade e a preferncia alimentar de adultos de Epicauta atomaria (Germ., 1821) por folhas de espcies de maracujazeiro Passiflora spp. foram avaliadas sob condies de laboratrio. em testes de atratividade realizados em placas de Petri e olfatmetro, os discos foliares e extratos foliares de P. setacea e P. edulis f. flavicarpa foram os mais preferidos por adultos de E. atomaria, enquanto P. giberti, P. nitida e P. alata foram os menos preferidas nos dois tipos de recipientes. Nos testes de consumo com e sem chance de escolha utilizando discos foliares, P. setacea foi a mais consumida, confirmando sua suscetibilidade; P. giberti e P. nitida foram pouco consumidas, apresentando no-preferncia para alimentao como mecanismo de resistncia; P. edulis f. flavicarpa e P. alata tambm revelaram no-preferncia para alimentao, porm em nveis mais baixos.
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The size and dynamics of the market producer, consumer and exporter of the Captaincy of Rio Grande do Norte, in the period between 1760 and 1821 is the primary goal of this dissertation. In order to establish relations between the founding of new towns built from 1750 and its incorporation into the water supply and domestic market, showing more specifically the colonial economic relations established between the coast and the hinterland of the Province. Based on references by authors such as Edward Shils and Immanuel Wallerstein have investigated topics such as formation of colonial space, deployment-action of colonial institutions regarding business practices, and the dynamic market of the Province of Rio Grande do Norte.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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We establish sufficient conditions for a matrix to be almost totally positive, thus extending a result of Craven and Csordas who proved that the corresponding conditions guarantee that a matrix is strictly totally positive. Then we apply our main result in order to obtain a new criteria for a real algebraic polynomial to be a Hurwitz one. The properties of the corresponding extremal Hurwitz polynomials are discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
