Estabilidade aeróbia da ração total e de silagens de capim-marandu tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da inclusão de aditivo químico e da inoculação de bactérias homo e heterofermentativas sobre a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de capim-marandu e da ração total. Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliação do benzoato de sódio e de dois inoculantes, um contendo Lactobacillus plantarum + Propionibacterium e o segundo Lactobacillus buchneri. Após 60 dias de fermentação, os silos foram abertos e as silagens e a ração total (RT) contendo silagens de capim-marandu foram colocadas em caixas de isopor e transferidas para câmara climática, a 25 ± 1ºC, para determinação das variações de temperatura na ração total e na silagem, das recuperações de MS e das alterações no pH da silagem. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Houve perdas de MS e elevação dos teores de pH quando as silagens foram colocadas em condições de aerobiose. A temperatura das silagens e da RT teve discreto aumento durante os seis dias de aeração. O uso de bactérias ou de benzoato de sódio não influenciou a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.

Perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-marandu ensilado com aditivos

Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas em silagem de capim-marandu produzidas com aditivos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. No experimento 1, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia de quatro silagens: 1) forragem não tratada (Controle); 2) tratada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium; 3) tratada com Lactobacillus buchneri; e 4) tratada com 0,1% de benzoato de sódio. No experimento 2, foram utilizados nove novilhos castrados Nelore (PC de 350 ± 38,9 kg), alocados em três quadrados latinos 3 x 3 para avaliação do consumo e da digestibilidade das rações contendo 85,4% das seguintes silagens de capim-marandu: 1) controle; 2) controle com L. plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici + enzimas fibrolíticas; e 3) tratamento 2 + L. buchneri. No experimento 1, as silagens apresentaram baixas recuperações de MS durante a fermentação (média de 86%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca reduziram de 65,5% (momento da ensilagem) para 50,0% no 60º dia após o fechamento dos silos. No experimento 2, o valor médio de consumo das rações foi de 5,7 kg MS/dia (1,6% PC) e a digestibilidade de 51,6% e não diferiram entre as rações. As silagens apresentaram perdas acentuadas na fase fermentativa e o uso de aditivos não alterou essas perdas. A inoculação com bactérias não influenciou o consumo ou a digestibilidade das rações.

Modelagem e controle de um microveículo aéreo: uma aplicação de estabilidade robusta com a técnica backstepping em uma estrutura hexarrotor

In this Thesis, the development of the dynamic model of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle with vertical takeoff and landing characteristics, considering input nonlinearities and a full state robust backstepping controller are presented. The dynamic model is expressed using the Newton-Euler laws, aiming to obtain a better mathematical representation of the mechanical system for system analysis and control design, not only when it is hovering, but also when it is taking-off, or landing, or flying to perform a task. The input nonlinearities are the deadzone and saturation, where the gravitational effect and the inherent physical constrains of the rotors are related and addressed. The experimental multirotor aerial vehicle is equipped with an inertial measurement unit and a sonar sensor, which appropriately provides measurements of attitude and altitude. A real-time attitude estimation scheme based on the extended Kalman filter using quaternions was developed. Then, for robustness analysis, sensors were modeled as the ideal value with addition of an unknown bias and unknown white noise. The bounded robust attitude/altitude controller were derived based on globally uniformly practically asymptotically stable for real systems, that remains globally uniformly asymptotically stable if and only if their solutions are globally uniformly bounded, dealing with convergence and stability into a ball of the state space with non-null radius, under some assumptions. The Lyapunov analysis technique was used to prove the stability of the closed-loop system, compute bounds on control gains and guaranteeing desired bounds on attitude dynamics tracking errors in the presence of measurement disturbances. The controller laws were tested in numerical simulations and in an experimental hexarotor, developed at the UFRN Robotics Laboratory

Desenvolvimento de Modelos no Programa DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM para o Estudo de Estabilidade Transitória em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência com Aerogerador

This work presents a description of models development at DigSILENT PowerFactoryT M program for the transient stability study in power systems with wind turbine. The main goal is to make available means to use a dynamic simulation program in power systems, widely published, and utilize it as a tool that helps in programs results evaluations used for this intent. The process of simulations and analyses results starts after the models setting description phase. The results obtained by the DigSILENT PowerFactoryT M and ATP, program chosen to the validation also international recognized, are compared during this phase. The main tools and guide lines of PowerFactoryT M program use are presented here, directing these elements to the solution of the approached problem. For the simulation it is used a real system which it will be connected a wind farm. Two different technologies of wind turbines were implemented: doublyfed induction generator with frequency converter, connecting the rotor to the stator and to the grid, and synchronous wind generator with frequency converter, interconnecting the generator to the grid. Besides presenting the basic conceptions of dynamic simulation, it is described the implemented control strategies and models of turbine and converters. The stability of the wind turbine interconnected to grid is analyzed in many operational conditions, resultant of diverse kinds of disturbances

Desenvolvimento de modelos no programa digSILENT powerfactoryTM para o estudo de estabilidade transitória em sistemas elétricos de potência com aerogerador

This work presents a description of models development at DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM program for the transient stability study in power systems with wind turbine. The main goal is to make available means to use a dynamic simulation program in power systems, widely published, and utilize it as a tool that helps in programs results evaluations used for this intent. The process of simulations and analyses results starts after the models setting description phase. The results obtained by the DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM and ATP, program chosen to the validation also international recognized, are compared during this phase. The main tools and guide lines of PowerFactoryTM program use are presented here, directing these elements to the solution of the approached problem. For the simulation it is used a real system which it will be connected a wind farm. Two different technologies of wind turbines were implemented: doubly-fed induction generator with frequency converter, connecting the rotor to the stator and to the grid, and synchronous wind generator with frequency converter, interconnecting the generator to the grid. Besides presenting the basic conceptions of dynamic simulation, it is described the implemented control strategies and models of turbine and converters. The stability of the wind turbine interconnected to grid is analyzed in many operational conditions, resultant of diverse kinds of disturbances

Influência da corrente de pulso, do tempo de pulso e diâmetro de gota sobre a estabilidade da transferência metálica no processo MIG-P

To obtain a process stability and a quality weld bead it is necessary an adequate parameters set: base current and time, pulse current and pulse time, because these influence the mode of metal transfer and the weld quality in the MIG-P, sometimes requiring special sources with synergistic modes with external control for this stability. This work aims to analyze and compare the effects of pulse parameters and droplet size in arc stability in MIG-P, four packets of pulse parameters were analysed: Ip = 160 A, tp = 5.7 ms; Ip = 300 A and tp = 2 ms, Ip = 350 A, tp = 1.2 ms and Ip = 350 A, tp = 0.8 ms. Each was analyzed with three different drop diameters: drop with the same diameter of the wire electrode; droplet diameter larger drop smaller than the diameter of the wire electrode. For purposes of comparison the same was determined relation between the average current and welding speed was determined generating a constant (Im / Vs = K) for all parameters. Welding in flat plate by simple deposition for the MIG-P with a distance beak contact number (DBCP) constant was perfomed subsequently making up welding in flat plate by simple deposition with an inclination of 10 degrees to vary the DBCP, where by assessment on how the MIG-P behaved in such a situation was possible, in addition to evaluating the MIG-P with adaptive control, in order to maintain a constant arc stability. Also high speed recording synchronized with acquiring current x voltage (oscillogram) was executed for better interpretation of the transfer mechanism and better evaluation in regard to the study of the stability of the process. It is concluded that parameters 3 and 4 exhibited greater versatility; diameters drop equal to or slightly less than the diameter of the wire exhibited better stability due to their higher frequency of detachment, and the detachment of the drop base does not harm the maintenance the height of the arc

Efeito de sistemas de manejo na estabilidade de agregados de um Nitossolo Vermelho

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo na estabilidade de agregados de um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, localizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu - SP, amostraram-se, em outubro de 2001, três sistemas de manejo de solo: (i) mata (MA), (ii) preparo convencional por 10 anos seguido de semeadura direta por 12 anos (PC/SD) e (iii) preparo convencional por 22 anos (PC), em quatro camadas: 0,0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30 e 0,30-0,40 m. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As amostragens foram feitas após a cultura do milho (safra 2000-2001). As amostras foram submetidas às análises físicas e químicas, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP), o índice de estabilidade dos agregados (IEA) e a percentagem de agregados em classes de diâmetro médio foram obtidos com os resultados do peneiramento obtidos pelo método por via úmida. O diâmetro médio ponderado e o índice de estabilidade dos agregados foram menores para o preparo convencional do solo. Os três sistemas de manejo apresentaram maior percentagem de agregados com diâmetro entre 7,93 e 2,00 mm. A substituição do preparo convencional pela semeadura direta favoreceu a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. O diâmetro médio ponderado, o índice de estabilidade de agregados e a percentagem de agregados por classe de diâmetro médio evidenciaram diferenças entre os sistemas de manejo do solo.

Estabilidade de agregados do solo após manejo com rotações de culturas e escarificação

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, em solo compactado, a estabilidade dos agregados influenciada pelo cultivo de espécies de cobertura em esquema de rotações de culturas, em sistema de semeadura direta, mediante o efeito da escarificação mecânica. As rotações de culturas repetidas por três anos consecutivos envolveram o cultivo de triticale e girassol, no outono-inverno, associados ao cultivo de milheto, de sorgo forrageiro e de Crotalária júncea como plantas de cobertura, antecedendo o da soja (cultura de verão). No tratamento envolvendo a escarificação mecânica, a área permaneceu em pousio entre os cultivos de outono-inverno e de verão. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado (Botucatu-SP), nos anos agrícolas de 2003/2004, 2004/2005 e 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As amostras para a análise da estabilidade de agregados foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 a 0,05 m e de 0,05 a 0,10 m após o manejo das plantas de cobertura em dezembro de 2003 e de 2005. Logo no primeiro ano de instalação do experimento, o cultivo de triticale resultou em maior porcentagem de agregados com mais de 2 mm, maior DMG e maior DMP na camada de 0 a 5 cm, além de maior DMP na camada de 0,05 a 0,10 m. Já a escarificação do solo e a ausência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura proporcionaram menor porcentagem de agregados maiores que 2 mm e menor DMP na camada de 0,05 a 0,10 m. A estabilidade dos agregados foi influenciada pela rotação de culturas, sendo maior na camada de 0 a 0,05 m e de 0,05 a 0,10 m quando o triticale foi introduzido como espécie de outono-inverno.

Saúde física e emocional de cuidadores da cidade de Santa Cruz-RN: perfil epidemiológico e fatores associados

Taking care for an impaired elderly is a hard and costly task that could affect directly the caregiver health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and mental health of elderly caregivers from the city of Santa Cruz-RN and analyze the potential correlated factors through an observational analytic design of a crosssectional. A multidimensional questionnaire was used to evaluation of the social demographics characteristics and those related to the care activity, as well as the caregivers´ physical and mental health. It was realized a descriptive analyze using frequency distribution and measures of the central tendency and dispersion to description of the caregivers. To verify the magnitude of the association between the variables was used the bivariate analysis through the Pearson and Spearman correlations and qui-square test. To evaluation of the association of the correlated factors to the adverse outcome with the caregivers´ physical and mental health was made a multivariate analysis by logistic binary regression and multiple linear regression models. The final sample was constituted by 304 persons, mostly women with a mean age of 50.3 ±16.8 years. The principal factors related to the physical health were age, stress and life satisfaction. Be a male caregiver, caring for a little while the elderly with cognitive deficit and not been spouse were related to worse mental health. Have worse physical health, high stress, depressive symptomatology, burden and low levels of satisfaction were also related to the mental health. After adjust through multiple linear regression was observed R2 values of R2=0,21 for Stress, R2 =0,17 for Depressive Symptomatology, R2 =0,21 for Burden and R2 =0,16 for Satisfaction. The attainment of the factors associated with caregiver´s health can help in the elaboration of specifics politics witch the goal is the integral attention to the elderly and his caregiver. The inability of continuous taking care could result in adverse outcomes such as institutionalization, impairment and death

Déficits de memória induzidos por baixas doses de reserpina em ratos: possível relação com prejuízos no processamento emocional na Doença de Parkinson

We have recently verified that the monoamine depleting drug reserpine at doses that do not modify motor function - impairs memory in a rodent model of aversive discrimination. In this study, the effects of reserpine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) on the performance of rats in object recognition, spatial working memory (spontaneous alternation) and emotional memory (contextual freezing conditioning) tasks were investigated. While object recognition and spontaneous alternation behavior were not affected by reserpine treatment, contextual fear conditioning was impaired. Together with previous studies, these results suggest that mild monoamine depletion would preferentially induce deficits in tasks involved with emotional contexts. Possible relationships with cognitive and emotional processing deficits in Parkinson disease are discussed

A influência da prática meditativa sobre parâmetros psicofisiológicos e tarefas de memória operacional em indivíduos saudáveis

Meditation is described as a method for improving attention and promoting psychological and emotional stability, presenting favourable results on memory and stress tolerance as well. Studies have shown differences in physiological and psychological measurements between meditators and non-meditators. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of regular meditation practice on working memory, psychological measurements and quality of life of healthy practitioners. We carried out a comparative study with meditators and non-meditators. Working memory tests and standard inventories of life quality, anxiety, mood, sleep quality, depression and stress were applied. Our study showed that meditators presented better scores in parameters indicative of life quality, mood, depression and stress when compared with non-meditators. Moreover, there was a trend in best performance of meditators in memory tasks (forward digit span task and Hanoi tower). These findings corroborate other studies showing that regular meditation can provide an improvement in general quality of life and affecting positively the behavioral and attentional functions in individuals

Efeito do alerta e valência emocional nos componentes de lembrança e familiaridade da memória episódica

The episodic memory system allows us to retrieve information about events, including its contextual aspects. It has been suggested that episodic memory is composed by two independent components: recollection and familiarity. Recollection is related to the vivid e detailed retrieval of item and contextual information, while familiarity is the capability to recognize items previously seen as familiars. Despite the fact that emotion is one of the most influent process on memory, only a few studies have investigated its effect on recollection and familiarity. Another limitation of studies about the effect of emotion on memory is that the majority of them have not adequately considered the differential effects of arousal and positive/negative valence. The main purpose of the current work is to investigate the independent effect of emotional valence and arousal on recollection and familiarity, as well as to test some hypothesis that have been suggested about the effect of emotion on episodic memory. The participants of the research performed a recognition task for three lists of emotional pictures: high arousal negative, high arousal positive and low arousal positive. At the test session, participants also rated the confidence level of their responses. The confidence ratings were used to plot ROC curves and estimate the contributions of recollection and familiarity of recognition performance. As the main results, we found that negative valence enhanced the component of recollection without any effect on familiarity or recognition accuracy. Arousal did not affect recognition performance or their components, but high arousal was associated with a higher proportion of false memories. This work highlight the importance of to consider both the emotional dimensions and episodic memory components in the study of emotion effect on episodic memory, since they interact in complex and independent way

As fontes de desgaste físico e emocional e a Síndrome de Burnout no setor de transporte coletivo urbano de Natal

Recognizing the importance the workplace has on mental health of the individual, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burnout syndrome and the sources of physical and emotional wear which permeate the work conditions of the urban public transport system of the city of Natal. Although existent in international literature, research on burnout in the professional transport category and studies directed to this category are not a tradition in Brazil. The research was carried out using 412 drivers and money-changers of two transport companies of Natal. To collect the data, two questionnaires and a semi-structured interview were used. The first instrument, developed and validated during the research, investigated the sources of wear and the second, the syndrome of burnout. As its main results, two sources of empirical wear were identified as follows: (1) the Conflict of Values and the Lack of Justice at the Workplace, (2) Union and Reward. Besides these, it was observed that there is an incidence of the syndrome of burnout among the drivers and money-changers of urban transport by bus, not only in the caring occupations studied before in Natal and Brazil and that this incidence is related to the sources of wear which permeate the work conditions of these professionals

Melhora da estabilidade dinâmica de sistemas elétricos de potência multimáquinas usando o dispositivo facts thyristor-controlled series capacitor - TCSC

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Investigação da estabilidade térmica e das propriedades elétricas do TiO2 em função da dopagem com Ce(SO4)2

The metalic oxides have been studies due to differents applications as materials semiconductor in solar cells, catalysts, full cells and, resistors. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has a high electric conductivity due to oxygen vacancies. The Ce(SO4)2.2H2O doped samples TiO2 and TiO2 pure was obtained sol-gel process, and characterized by X-ray diffractometry,thermal analysis, and impedance spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns for TiO2 pure samples shows at 700°C anatase phase is absent, and only the diffraction peaks of rutile phase are observed. However, the cerium doped samples only at 900°C rutile in the phase present with peaks of cerium dioxide (CeO2). The thermal analysis of the TiO2 pure and small concentration cerium doped samples show two steps weight loss corresponding to water of hydration and chemisorbed. To larger concentration cerium doped samples were observed two steps weight loss in the transformation of the doped cerium possible intermediate species and SO3. Finally, two steps weight loss the end products CeO2 and SO3 are formed. Analyse electric properties at different temperatures and concentration cerium doped samples have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy. It was observed that titanium, can be substituted by cerium, changing its electric properties, and increased thermal stability of TiO2 anatase structure