Utilização de RNA´s na construção do diagrama de vida constante de probabilidade de materiais compósitos

The static and cyclic assays are common to test materials in structures.. For cycling assays to assess the fatigue behavior of the material and thereby obtain the S-N curves and these are used to construct the diagrams of living constant. However, these diagrams, when constructed with small amounts of S-N curves underestimate or overestimate the actual behavior of the composite, there is increasing need for more testing to obtain more accurate results. Therewith, , a way of reducing costs is the statistical analysis of the fatigue behavior. The aim of this research was evaluate the probabilistic fatigue behavior of composite materials. The research was conducted in three parts. The first part consists of associating the equation of probability Weilbull equations commonly used in modeling of composite materials S-N curve, namely the exponential equation and power law and their generalizations. The second part was used the results obtained by the equation which best represents the S-N curves of probability and trained a network to the modular 5% failure. In the third part, we carried out a comparative study of the results obtained using the nonlinear model by parts (PNL) with the results of a modular network architecture (MN) in the analysis of fatigue behavior. For this we used a database of ten materials obtained from the literature to assess the ability of generalization of the modular network as well as its robustness. From the results it was found that the power law of probability generalized probabilistic behavior better represents the fatigue and composites that although the generalization ability of the MN that was not robust training with 5% failure rate, but for values mean the MN showed more accurate results than the PNL model

Simulação computacional do escoamento em bombas de cavidades progressivas

The use of Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCPs) in artificial lift applications in low deep wells is becoming more common in the oil industry, mainly, due to its ability to pump heavy oils, produce oil with large concentrations of sand, besides present high efficiency when compared to other artificial lift methods. Although this system has been widely used as an oil lift method, few investigations about its hydrodynamic behavior are presented, either experimental or numeric. Therefore, in order to increase the knowledge about the BCP operational behavior, this work presents a novel computational model for the 3-D transient flow in progressing cavity pumps, which includes the relative motion between rotor and stator, using an element based finite volume method. The model developed is able to accurately predict the volumetric efficiency and viscous looses as well as to provide detailed information of pressure and velocity fields inside the pump. In order to predict PCP performance for low viscosity fluids, advanced turbulence models were used to treat, accurately, the turbulent effects on the flow, which allowed for obtaining results consistent with experimental values encountered in literature. In addition to the 3D computational model, a simplified model was developed, based on mass balance within cavities and on simplification on the momentum equations for fully developed flow along the seal region between cavities. This simplified model, based on previous approaches encountered in literature, has the ability to predict flow rate for a given differential pressure, presenting exactness and low CPU requirements, becoming an engineering tool for quick calculations and providing adequate results, almost real-time time. The results presented in this work consider a rigid stator PCP and the models developed were validated against experimental results from open literature. The results for the 3-D model showed to be sensitive to the mesh size, such that a numerical mesh refinement study is also presented. Regarding to the simplified model, some improvements were introduced in the calculation of the friction factor, allowing the application fo the model for low viscosity fluids, which was unsuccessful in models using similar approaches, presented in previous works

Análise da magnetohidrodinâmica com transferência de calor em canais de placas paralelas via transformação integral

The main goal of the present work is related to the dynamics of the steady state, incompressible, laminar flow with heat transfer, of an electrically conducting and Newtonian fluid inside a flat parallel-plate channel under the action of an external and uniform magnetic field. For solution of the governing equations, written in the parabolic boundary layer and stream-function formulation, it was employed the hybrid, numericalanalytical, approach known as Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT). The flow is sustained by a pressure gradient and the magnetic field is applied in the direction normal to the flow and is assumed that normal magnetic field is kept uniform, remaining larger than any other fields generated in other directions. In order to evaluate the influence of the applied magnetic field on both entrance regions, thermal and hydrodynamic, for this forced convection problem, as well as for validating purposes of the adopted solution methodology, two kinds of channel entry conditions for the velocity field were used: an uniform and an non-MHD parabolic profile. On the other hand, for the thermal problem only an uniform temperature profile at the channel inlet was employed as boundary condition. Along the channel wall, plates are maintained at constant temperature, either equal to or different from each other. Results for the velocity and temperature fields as well as for the main related potentials are produced and compared, for validation purposes, to results reported on literature as function of the main dimensionless governing parameters as Reynolds and Hartman numbers, for typical situations. Finally, in order to illustrate the consistency of the integral transform method, convergence analyses are also effectuated and presented

Estudo numérico de escoamento turbulento em padrão anular gás-líquido em dutos verticais

Multiphase flows in ducts can adopt several morphologies depending on the mass fluxes and the fluids properties. Annular flow is one of the most frequently encountered flow patterns in industrial applications. For gas liquid systems, it consists of a liquid film flowing adjacent to the wall and a gas core flowing in the center of the duct. This work presents a numerical study of this flow pattern in gas liquid systems in vertical ducts. For this, a solution algorithm was developed and implemented in FORTRAN 90 to numerically solve the governing transport equations. The mass and momentum conservation equations are solved simultaneously from the wall to the center of the duct, using the Finite Volumes Technique. Momentum conservation in the gas liquid interface is enforced using an equivalent effective viscosity, which also allows for the solution of both velocity fields in a single system of equations. In this way, the velocity distributions across the gas core and the liquid film are obtained iteratively, together with the global pressure gradient and the liquid film thickness. Convergence criteria are based upon satisfaction of mass balance within the liquid film and the gas core. For system closure, two different approaches are presented for the calculation of the radial turbulent viscosity distribution within the liquid film and the gas core. The first one combines a k- Ɛ one-equation model and a low Reynolds k-Ɛ model. The second one uses a low Reynolds k- Ɛ model to compute the eddy viscosity profile from the center of the duct right to the wall. Appropriate interfacial values for k e Ɛ are proposed, based on concepts and ideas previously used, with success, in stratified gas liquid flow. The proposed approaches are compared with an algebraic model found in the literature, specifically devised for annular gas liquid flow, using available experimental results. This also serves as a validation of the solution algorithm

Modelagem numérica de escoamento em padrão anular com transferência de calor e massa

Annular flow is the prevailing pattern in transport and energy conversion systems and therefore, one of the most important patterns in multiphase flow in ducts. The correct prediction of the pressure gradient and heat transfer coefficient is essential for optimizing the system s capacity. The objective of this work is to develop and implement a numerical algorithm capable of predicting hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics for upflow, vertical, annular flow. The numerical algorithm is then complemented with the physical modeling of phenomena that occurs in this flow pattern. These are, turbulence, entrainment and deposition and phase change. For the development of the numerical model, axial diffusion of heat and momentum is neglected. In this way the time-averaged equations are solved in their parabolic form obtaining the velocity and temperature profiles for each axial step at a time, together with the global parameters, namely, pressure gradient, mean film thickness and heat transfer coefficient, as well as their variation in the axial direction. The model is validated for the following conditions: fully-developed laminar flow with no entrainment; fully developed laminar flow with heat transfer, fully-developed turbulent flow with entrained drops, developing turbulent annular flow with entrained drops, and turbulent flow with heat transfer and phase change

Simulação das temperaturas diárias na cidade de Natal-rn

Information retrieval is of paramount importance in all areas of knowledge. Regarding the temperatures of Natal, they were simulated and analyzed. Thus, it was possible to recover, with some accuracy, the temperatures of days they were not collected. For this we constructed a software that displays the temperature value at each moment in the city. The program was developed in Delphi using interpolated polynomial function of third degree. The equations were obtained in Excel and data were collected at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). These functions were changed from a correction factor in order to provide values to temperatures between those who were not collected. Armed with this program you can build tables and charts to analyze the temperatures for certain periods of time. The same analysis was done by developing mathematical functions that describes the temperatures. With the data provided by this software is possible to say which are the hours of highest and lowest temperatures in the city, as the months have indexes with the highest and lowest temperatures.

Análise da indução de fluxo de ar por convecção livre em chaminé solar

Experiments were performed to study the effect of surface properties of a vertical channel heated by a source of thermal radiation to induce air flow through convection. Two channels (solar chimney prototype) were built with glass plates, forming a structure of truncated pyramidal geometry. We considered two surface finishes: transparent and opaque. Each stack was mounted on a base of thermal energy absorber with a central opening for passage of air, and subjected to heating by a radiant source comprises a bank of incandescent bulbs and were performed field tests. Thermocouples were fixed on the bases and on the walls of chimneys and then connected to a data acquisition system in computer. The air flow within the chimney, the speed and temperature were measured using a hot wire anemometer. Five experiments were performed for each stack in which convective flows were recorded with values ranging from 17 m³ / h and 22 m³ / h and air flow velocities ranging from 0.38 m / s and 0.56 m / s for the laboratory tests and air velocities between 0.6 m/s and 1.1m/s and convective airflows between 650 m³/h and 1150 m³/h for the field tests. The test data were compared to those obtained by semi-empirical equations, which are valid for air flow induced into channels and simulated data from 1st Thermodynamics equation. It was found that the chimney with transparent walls induced more intense convective flows than the chimney with matte finish. Based on the results obtained can be proposed for the implementation of prototype to exhaust fumes, mists, gases, vapors, mists and dusts in industrial environments, to help promote ventilation and air renewal in built environments and for drying materials, fruits and seeds

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de soluções ternárias água-glicerol-propilenoglicol como fluido refrigerante secundário

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Germinação de sementes armazenadas de guandu

O guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) é uma leguminosa arbustiva utilizada para adubação verde e como forrageira; seus grãos ricos em proteína servem de alimento animal e humano. No presente experimento objetivou-se estudar o comportamento da germinação de sementes de guandu de dois cultivares (um com e outro sem sementes duras) durante o armazenamento. As sementes recém-colhidas foram embaladas em sacos de papel e armazenadas durante seis anos em condições ambientais de laboratório, sem controle de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Logo após a colheita e depois anualmente, foi determinado o teor de água das sementes e realizado o teste de germinação. Os dados de germinação foram submetidos à análise estatística, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, considerando as sete avaliações durante o armazenamento como tratamentos, com quatro repetições. As análises de variância foram realizadas separadamente para cada cultivar e a seguir feita análise conjunta. Equações de regressão foram calculadas, escolhendo-se aquelas com melhor ajuste e maior coeficiente de determinação (R²). As sementes das duas cultivares se mantiveram viáveis durante três anos de armazenamento com germinação acima de 70%, seguido de queda, para no sexto ano estar próxima a 10%. A presença de sementes duras ocasiona diferença na germinação dos cultivares no transcorrer do período de armazenamento.

Degradação luminosa e retenção foliar dos corantes azul brilhante FDC-1 e amarelo tartrasina FDC-5 utilizados como traçadores em pulverizações

Três estudos foram conduzidos no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia (NUPAM) pertencente à UNESP/FCA - campus de Botucatu-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade dos corantes Azul Brilhante FDC-1 e Amarelo Tartrasina FDC-5 quanto a diferentes períodos de exposição à luz solar e contato com folhas de Eichhornia crassipes. No primeiro estudo, soluções de 0,3125, 0,625, 1,25, 2,5, 5, 10 e 20 ppm dos corantes Azul Brilhante FDC-1 e Amarelo Tartrasina FDC-5 foram acondicionadas em tubos de quartzo hermeticamente fechados e submetidos a 0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6 e 10 horas de exposição à luz solar e ao escuro. Ao final de cada período, amostras de 10 mL foram retiradas dos tubos e analisadas. No segundo estudo, os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial 2x7: duas condições luminosas (escuro e pleno sol) e sete períodos de exposição (0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6 e 10 horas), com seis repetições. Com o auxílio de micropipeta, oito gotas de 5 µL das soluções Azul Brilhante e Amarelo Tartrasina a 4.000 ppm foram depositadas em placas de Petri de vidro. Após o término dos períodos de exposição, as placas foram lavadas com 50 mL de água destilada, com o objetivo de extrair o corante depositado sobre elas. No terceiro estudo, adotaram-se os mesmos tratamentos do segundo experimento, com quatro repetições, porém as soluções foram depositadas sobre as folhas de plantas de Eichhornia crassipes. Foram adotados também os mesmos procedimentos de extração dos corantes após o término dos períodos de exposição. As soluções finais obtidas nos três estudos foram submetidas à leitura óptica de absorbância em espectrofotômetro UV-visível nos comprimentos de onda de 630 e 427 nm, para os corantes Azul Brilhante FDC-1 e Amarelo Tartrasina FDC-5, respectivamente. As várias concentrações das soluções de ambos os corantes não sofreram degradação pela luz solar quando submetidas aos vários períodos de incidência luminosa nos tubos de quartzo (ambiente fechado), visto que as curvas de recuperação apresentaram equações semelhantes àquelas concentrações que foram mantidas no escuro. A mesma estabilidade também foi observada quando os corantes foram submetidos à luz solar em ambiente aberto, ou seja, nas placas de Petri. O corante Amarelo Tartrasina também se apresentou muito estável quando depositado sobre as folhas de E. crassipes, independentemente da exposição ou não à luz solar. Para o corante Azul Brilhante, ocorreram significativas perdas de 7,8 e 18,6% quando esteve depositado na superfície da folha de aguapé pelo período de 10 horas sob condições de escuro e plena luz solar, respectivamente.

Implementação de um modelo computacional para estudo do processo Fischer-Tropsch em reator de leito de lama

This work aims at the implementation and adaptation of a computational model for the study of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction in a slurry bed reactor from synthesis gas (CO+H2) for the selective production of hydrocarbons (CnHm), with emphasis on evaluation of the influence of operating conditions on the distribution of products formed during the reaction.The present model takes into account effects of rigorous phase equilibrium in a reactive flash drum, a detailed kinetic model able of predicting the formation of each chemical species of the reaction system, as well as control loops of the process variables for pressure and level of slurry phase. As a result, a system of Differential Algebraic Equations was solved using the computational code DASSL (Petzold, 1982). The consistent initialization for the problem was based on phase equilibrium formed by the existing components in the reactor. In addition, the index of the system was reduced to 1 by the introduction of control laws that govern the output of the reactor products. The results were compared qualitatively with experimental data collected in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis plant installed at Laboratório de Processamento de Gás - CTGÁS-ER-Natal/RN

Avaliacao de dados de secagem de suspensoes de polpas de frutas em leito de jorro com alimentacao intermitente

The objective of this work was the development and improvement of the mathematical models based on mass and heat balances, representing the drying transient process fruit pulp in spouted bed dryer with intermittent feeding. Mass and energy balance for drying, represented by a system of differential equations, were developed in Fortran language and adapted to the condition of intermittent feeding and mass accumulation. Were used the DASSL routine (Differential Algebraic System Solver) for solving the differential equation system and used a heuristic optimization algorithm in parameter estimation, the Particle Swarm algorithm. From the experimental data food drying, the differential models were used to determine the quantity of water and the drying air temperature at the exit of a spouted bed and accumulated mass of powder in the dryer. The models were validated using the experimental data of drying whose operating conditions, air temperature, flow rate and time intermittency, varied within the limits studied. In reviewing the results predicted, it was found that these models represent the experimental data of the kinetics of production and accumulation of powder and humidity and air temperature at the outlet of the dryer

Modelagem e simulação de um separador bifásico com inversão de fases induzida

The present work has the main goal to study the modeling and simulation of a biphasic separator with induced phase inversion, the MDIF, with the utilization of the finite differences method for the resolution of the partial differencial equations which describe the transport of contaminant s mass fraction inside the equipment s settling chamber. With this aim, was developed the deterministic differential model AMADDA, wich was admensionalizated and then semidiscretizated with the method of lines. The integration of the resultant system of ordinary differential equations was realized by means of a modified algorithm of the Adam-Bashfort- Moulton method, and the sthocastic optimization routine of Basin-Hopping was used in the model s parameter estimation procedure . With the aim to establish a comparative referential for the results obtained with the model AMADDA, were used experimental data presented in previous works of the MDIF s research group. The experimental data and those obtained with the model was assessed regarding its normality by means of the Shapiro-Wilk s test, and validated against the experimental results with the Student s t test and the Kruskal-Wallis s test, depending on the result. The results showed satisfactory performance of the model AMADDA in the evaluation of the MDIF s separation efficiency, being possible to determinate that at 1% significance level the calculated results are equivalent to those determinated experimentally in the reference works

Modelagem e simulação da solubilização da parafina em tubos circulares e em regime laminar

O óleo produzido nos novos campos de petróleo está cada vez mais parafínico e viscoso, com isso, à medida que o óleo é escoado, parafinas são depositadas sobre as paredes internas do tubo, e ao longo do tempo, tendem a reduzir drasticamente a área transversal ao escoamento. Visando estudar o processo de solubilização da parafina em dutos, esse trabalho objetiva desenvolver modelos matemáticos que represente o processo, com base nos fenômenos envolvidos no mesmo tais como transferência de massa, transferência de energia e equilíbrio sólido-líquido, implementando-os em um ambiente de desenvolvimento VBA (Visual Basic) for Excel ®. O presente trabalho foi realizado em quatro etapas: i) modelagem dos fenômenos de transferência de calor e massa, ii) modelagem da rotina dos coeficientes de atividade através do modelo UNIFAC e modelagem do sistema de equilíbrio sólido-líquido; iii) modelagem matemática do processo de solubilização e cálculo da espessura da parafina ao longo do tempo; iv) implementação dos modelos em um ambiente de desenvolvimento VBA for Excel® e criação de um simulador com uma interface gráfica, para simular o processo de solubilização da parafina depositada em dutos e sua otimização. O simulador conseguiu produzir soluções bastante adequadas, mantendo continuidade das equações diferenciáveis do balanço de energia e de massa, com uma interpretação física viável, sem a presença de dissipação de oscilações nos perfis de temperatura e massa. Além disso, esse simulador visa permitir a simulação nas diversas condições de escoamento, bem como compreender a importância das variáveis (vazão, temperatura de entrada, temperatura externa, cadeia carbônica do solvente). Através dos resultados foram possíveis verificar os perfis de temperatura, fração molar e o de solubilização

Determinação de dados de equilíbrio de fases para sistemas aquosos com eletrólitos

In the present work are established initially the fundamental relationships of thermodynamics that govern the equilibrium between phases, the models used for the description of the behavior non ideal of the liquid and vapor phases in conditions of low pressures. This work seeks the determination of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for a series of multicomponents mixtures of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, prepared synthetically starting from substances with analytical degree and the development of a new dynamic cell with circulation of the vapor phase. The apparatus and experimental procedures developed are described and applied for the determination of VLE data. VLE isobarics data were obtained through a Fischer s ebulliometer of circulation of both phases, for the systems pentane + dodecane, heptane + dodecane and decane + dodecane. Using the two new dynamic cells especially projected, of easy operation and low cost, with circulation of the vapor phase, data for the systems heptane + decane + dodecane, acetone + water, tween 20 + dodecane, phenol + water and distillation curves of a gasoline without addictive were measured. Compositions of the equilibrium phases were found by densimetry, chromatography, and total organic carbon analyzer. Calibration curves of density versus composition were prepared from synthetic mixtures and the behavior excess volumes were evaluated. The VLE data obtained experimentally for the hydrocarbon and aqueous systems were submitted to the test of thermodynamic consistency, as well as the obtained from the literature data for another binary systems, mainly in the bank DDB (Dortmund Data Bank), where the Gibbs-Duhem equation is used obtaining a satisfactory data base. The results of the thermodynamic consistency tests for the binary and ternary systems were evaluated in terms of deviations for applications such as model development. Later, those groups of data (tested and approved) were used in the KijPoly program for the determination of the binary kij parameters of the cubic equations of state original Peng-Robinson and with the expanded alpha function. These obtained parameters can be applied for simulation of the reservoirs petroleum conditions and of the several distillation processes found in the petrochemistry industry, through simulators. The two designed dynamic cells used equipments of national technology for the determination of VLE data were well succeed, demonstrating efficiency and low cost. Multicomponents systems, mixtures of components of different molecular weights and also diluted solutions may be studied in these developed VLE cells