Uso de web services e softwares livres na disseminação de informações georreferenciadas sobre produtos da floresta amazônica.

Georreferenced information has been increasingly required for the planning and decision-making in different sectors of society. New ways of dissemination of data, such as the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web services, have contributed to the ease of access to this information. Even with all the technological advances in the area of data distribution, there is still low availability of georreferenced data about the Amazon. The goal of the present work is the development of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI), that is, an environment of sharing and use of georreferenced data based on the technology of web services, metadata and interfaces that allow the user easy access to these data. The present work discussess the OGC patterns, the most relevant georeferrenced data servers, the main web clients, and the revolution in the dissemination of georeferrenced data which geobrowsers and web clients offered to regular users. Data to be released for the case study come from the project Exploitation of Non-wooden Forest Products-PFNM-in progress at the National Institute of Research in the Amazon-INPA-as well as from inventories of NGOs and other government bodies. Besides contributing to the enhancement of PFNM, this project aims at encouraging the use of GIS in the state of Amazonas offering tech support for the deployment of geographic databases and sharing between agencies, optimizing the resources applied in this area through the use of free software and integration of diffuse information currently available.

Análise da evolução termomecânica da Bacia do Amazonas

Os dados geológicos e geofísicos escolhidos para o tema de estudo pertencem a Bacia do Amazonas, na região centro-norte do Brasil. A Bacia do Amazonas é uma bacia intracratônica com cerca de 500.000 km. A mesma está limitada ao norte pelo Escudo das Guianas e ao sul pelo Escudo Brasileiro. O limite oeste com a Bacia do Solimões é marcado pelo Arco de Purus, ao passo que o Arco de Gurupá constitui seu limite leste. Possui características inerentes a uma bacia intracratônica paleozóica, com uma longa história evolutiva, marcada por discordâncias expressivas e com uma cunha sedimentar relativamente rasa se comparada às bacias cretáceas brasileiras, o que levanta controvérsia a respeito da suficiência do soterramento para a eficiência de geração de hidrocarboneto. Podem ser reconhecidas nos 5000 m do preenchimento sedimentar da Bacia do Amazonas, duas seqüências de primeira ordem: uma paleozóica, intrudida por diques e soleiras de diabásio, na passagem do Triássico para o Jurássico, e uma mesozóica-cenozóica que representam um aspecto importante na evolução térmica da matéria orgânica que ocorre na primeira seqüência. Com relação à exploração de petróleo, apesar do fomento exploratório ocorrido nos últimos anos, a bacia ainda é considerada pouco explorada sendo sua maior reserva a da província de Urucu. Um dos fatores que dificultam bastante a exploração desta bacia assim como a bacia do Solimões a oeste é o acesso restrito, pois estão situadas em áreas remotas e florestadas, de difícil acesso, com muitas reservas indígenas e florestais, o que causa restrições logísticas, operacionais e legais. O efeito térmico das intrusões ígneas é considerado como o responsável pelo acréscimo de calor necessário à maturação da matéria orgânica e conseqüente geração de hidrocarbonetos. Este trabalho contribui com a reconstrução da história térmica desta bacia a partir da modelagem das variáveis termais e da história de soterramento. Para isso, foram utilizados modelos consagrados na literatura, que permitem, de forma simples, a estimativa do fluxo térmico através do embasamento e da seqüência sedimentar. Na análise da influência de intrusões ígneas na estrutura térmica da bacia, o modelo bidimensional desenvolvido pelo método de diferenças finitas se mostrou apropriado. Utilizou-se o fluxo térmico basal calculado nas condições de contorno da modelagem da influência térmica das ígneas. Como resultado obteve-se a estruturação térmica da bacia e a historia maturação de suas rochas geradoras

Carboxilesterase na adaptação do metabolismo de lipídios do pacu à hipoxia

Os peixes são vertebrados que vivem em vários habitats. Adaptações de sua fisiologia e de sua bioquímica são estudadas para entender como conseguem sobreviver aos desafios presentes em cada ambiente. A diminuição da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido na água é um fenômeno natural cíclico em águas do Pantanal e da Amazônia. A crescente poluição antrópica dos rios da Amazônia e do Pantanal pode, somada à hipoxia, oferecer ameaça à permanência de muitas espécies de peixes. Ao estudarmos a carboxilesterase (CarbE), enzima importante para a biotransformação de xenobióticos, observamos que sua atividade diminuía em plasma de pacu, um peixe típico do Pantanal, mantido em hipoxia durante 42 horas. As carboxilesterases participam de inúmeras reações químicas no organismo, incluindo uma transesterificação capaz de produzir ésteres etílicos tóxicos de ácido graxo (FAEE, fatty acid ethyl esters) a partir de etanol e ésteres de ácidos graxos. Já que a diminuição da atividade de CarbE poderia ser uma vantagem, pois que o etanol (um produto da glicólise em peixes sob hipoxia) seria menos esterificado, resolvemos saber mais sobre a bioquímica da CarbE do plasma e do fígado de pacus. Os pacus foram submetidos à hipoxia por diminuição da concentração até 0,5 mg O2/L por meio de borbulhamento de nitrogênio na água. Os animais ficaram nessas condições por 42 horas, quando então coletamos sangue e retiramos seus fígados. A atividade de CarbE ensaiada foi 50% menor no soro e 25% menor nos microssomos de fígado se comparada com a de peixes sob 6 mg O2/L. A CarbE isolada do soro dos pacus em normoxia possui massa molecular relativa de 56.000. A eletroforese em gel desnaturante com a fração purificada rendeu três bandas, mas o gel nativo apresentou só duas bandas com atividades sobre α-naftil acetato. Inferimos que mais do que uma isoforma da enzima está no plasma dos pacus. A CarbE isolada do soro não possui atividade de lipase sobre o Tween 20, mas os microssomos dos fígados dos animais em normoxia e hipoxia possuem. No entanto, a CarbE possui atividade sobre acil-CoA assim como o microssomo de fígado. A enzima pura apresenta Vmáx três vezes maior e uma KM quatro vezes maior do que a atividade presente nos microssomos. Além disso, os microssomos do fígado dos pacus em normoxia podem hidrolisar acil-CoA com o dobro da velocidade daqueles em hipoxia. A atividade clássica de CarbE do soro foi inibida por 4-HNE a 4 mM. A atividade de acil-CoA dos microssomos de fígado também foi sensível a 4-HNE a 4 mM, enquanto 2 mM de 4-HNE inibiu metade desta atividade do soro.

青藏高原过牧草地上灌木种类和分布对小尺度植被格局的影响

植物种间作用是决定物种分布、种群动态、群落演变和生态系统功能的重要因子。长期以来，相关研究集中在竞争作用上。然而自1990年代以来，易化作用逐渐受到重视，被认为是植物群落中物种共存的主要推动力，尤其是在极端和受到干扰的环境中。很多研究都揭示出植物对其他特定的物种产生直接或间接的正向的作用。护卫植物主要通过两种机制对临近的物种产生正向作用，即对恶劣的自然环境的改善和对高强度干扰的阻止和减轻。灌木在很多条件下能够成为护卫植物，影响种群的分布、群落的多样性和生态系统的功能。 中国西南部的青藏高原的牧场上，非生物的环境胁迫（比如生长季短暂、辐射强度大和极端温度等）和生物的干扰作用（比如过度放牧等）都很强。有文献表明，随着过度放牧现象的加重和草地的不断退化，灌木的分布有逐渐扩大的趋势。针对灌木对过度放牧草地上小尺度植被格局的影响，我们在若尔盖地区展开了以下两方面的研究。 为了研究不同种类灌木的影响，我们在若尔盖高原上选择了既具有恶劣的自然环境又遭受过度放牧压力的草地，对三种灌木内外的相同大小面积上小尺度范围内的植被进行调查。三种灌木分别是高山绣线菊、窄叶鲜卑花和金露梅，它们在形态结构、高度和可食性上都存在差异。在不考虑灌木种类的基础上，我们发现物种丰度、总盖度、开花的物种数和花序数都是灌木内部高于外部，而均匀度则恰好相反，是外部要高于内部，香农多样性指数内外没有明显的差异。金露梅灌丛中内外物种丰度和均匀度的差异要明显高于窄叶鲜卑花，但是总盖度、开花的物种数和花序数的差异不随着灌木种类的不同而有明显的差异。大多数的物种（占总物种数的47-85%）并没有因为灌木的存在而在内外出现的频数上表现出差异，而相当一部分物种（占总物种数的13-39%）在灌木外部的频率要高，仅仅有很少的物种（占总物种数的3-13%）因为灌木的存在而受益，内部的频数要高于外部。这种对某些物种的保护作用没有表现在群落水平上，即提高群落的物种丰富度和多样性，因为同时发生的灌木和其他植物的竞争作用也会限制以致排除冠层下面某些物种的存在。灌木的可食性和形态结构（比如盖度、高度、冠层的紧实度等）能对它们跟其他植物的相互之间净作用的类型和强度产生影响。不同的灌木能保护不同种类、不同数量的植物，表明易化作用是物种特异性的，跟护卫植物有关，也跟受益者有关。通过植被的排序，金露梅和高山绣线菊内外的植被得到了很明显的分离，而窄叶鲜卑花的则没有。总体上来说，灌木的存在确实能够通过提高出现或开花的频率，保护了某些对放牧比较敏感的物种，而且这种易化作用是物种特异性的。内外植被的差异在放牧压力最大的金露梅灌丛中最大，表明过度放牧导致的大尺度的植被状况对于小尺度上灌丛内外的植被的差异所起的作用比灌木种类的作用更大。 为了研究同种灌木不同的分布类型对植被格局的影响，选择金露梅作为目标灌木。金露梅是当地常见灌木，有的植株孤立存在，有的则是很多株联合形成比较大的斑块。我们选择金露梅形成的斑块中央、外沿金露梅植株内部、外围和孤立的金露梅植株内部、外部五个位置，并在小尺度上进行了植被调查和比较，发现金露梅的存在确实保护了一些物种，但是种类有限，反而是大部分的物种在外部的频数要高与内部;从群落水平来看，金露梅冠层下的植被从丰富度、多样性上来讲并没有超过外部，仅仅是具有更高的均匀度和同质性;生殖方面的结果也是类似的，而且大部分物种跟其分布呈现出基本类似的格局。金露梅斑块的存在和自然围栏的产生没有起到很明显的保护作用，并没有使得斑块中央植被的丰富度、多样性、均匀度提高，而仅仅是提高了植物的长势（表现为具有较高的总盖度等）;在物种水平，没有发现什么特异种的存在，仅仅发现能够促进一些物种在内部的生长或开花，而且比例很低。在这种效应的影响下，斑块边缘的金露梅相对于孤立的金露梅而言，也没有表现出更好的保护植被的能力。几乎所有的群落水平的指标都仅仅是受到灌木内外这个因素的影响，而两种分布格局（即：在斑块边缘和孤立存在）的影响是微乎其微的。植被排序的结果也充分证明了这一点，灌木内外的植被被明显的分离开来，而不同灌木中相应位置的植被则是混杂在一起。并且在物种水平上，除了极个别的物种之外，绝大部分物种内外的差异是是一致的，没有受到灌木分布格局的影响。即使个别物种具有不同的格局，也没有证据表明是受到了斑块中央植被的影响而产生的。

Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and nisin on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in light salted silver carp fillet (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

There is an increasing demand in developing newer and safer methods in preserving food products.Among which herbal additives seem to attract evermore attention recently.the major advantage of herbal additives is due to their favorable aroma besides their antimicrobial effects and less expensive than chemical additives. Zataria multiflora Boiss is a native Iranian herb which is used vastly as a food preserver essential oils and also medical usage. Metabolites of harmless bacteria, such as Nisin are also known to be safe preservatives that have antimicrobial activity. However to establish the usefulness of natural antimicrobial preservatives, they must be evaluated alone and in combination with other preservation factors to determine whether there are synergistic effects in rigid media . In this study were evaluated the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora (EO 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 ,0.810 %) and Nisin(0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.75 μg/ml) and Storage time (up to 21 days) on growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 in a food model system(light salted fish of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The results on growth of S. aureus were evaluated using SPSS 15.0 statistical software (SPSS 15.0 for windows, SPSS Inc.) and analyzed the logarithm of total count of the bacteria by Tukey Test. Results were considered statistically significant when P≤0.05. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was affected significantly(P<0.05) by EO and Nisin and also combinations of EO and Nisin. Samples treated with 0.135, 0.405 and 0.810% of thyme essential oil showed a significant decrease on the growth of the bacteria compared with an treated samples(P<0.05). No significant difference was seen on the growth of S.aureus in samples treated with lower concentrations of Z.multiflora(below 0.045%) and untreated group(P>0.05). The most inhibitory effects were seen in samples treated with 0.405% and 0.810% of thyme essential oil until 9 and 12 days after storage,respectively. Also there was significant inhibtory effect(P<0.05) in different concentration of nisin on the organism compared with an treated samples. The synergism effects of the Eo and nisin on the growth rate of the bacteria was significant (P<0.05) compared with untreated samples and samples treated with the Eo or nisin, only. Synergismic effects was observed at concentration of 0.405 and 0.810% of Z. multiflora essential oil with 0.25 μg/ml Nisin, respectively until 15 days after storage. As expected it is preferred to apply the least possible amounts of additives in food preserving that not only are effective and safe but are economically justifiable.

Management of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in Lake Victoria Basin

Water hyacinth is a free-floating waterweed native to the Amazon River Basin in South America. In its native range, water hyacinth is not an environmental problem, although the weed is one of the most invasive alien plants in freshwater environments. Water hyacinth has the potential to become invasive through fast vegetative reproduction and rapid growth to accumulate huge biomass and extensive cover in freshwater environments. Over the last 150 years water hyacinth has invaded most countries in the tropics and sub-tropics, introduced by man, mainly for ornamental purposes. Such introductions led to the infestation of most freshwater-ways in the southern United States of America, parts of Australia, the pacific islands, and most countries in Asia and Africa. The extensive tightly packed mats of water hyacinth are often associated with devastating socio-economic and environmental impacts. Invasion by the weed has, therefore, often generated urgent costly problems associated with the weed biomass and its management. A classic example of such problems was triggered by the invasion and proliferation of water hyacinth in the Lake Victoria Basin during the 1980s (Freilink 1989, Taylor 1993, Twongo et al., 1995). The weed infestation marked the beginning of a decade of intensive and systematic campaign by the three riparian states (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) to bring weed proliferation under control. The discussions in this Chapter span over ten years of dealing with the challenges paused by the imperative to manage infestations of water hyacinth in the Lake Victoria Basin. The challenges included the need to understand the dynamics of water hyacinth infestation; its distribution, proliferation and impact modalities; and the development and implementation of appropriate weed control strategies and options. Most specific examples were taken from the Ugandan experience (NARO, 2002).

NATURAL FOODS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR MACACA-THIBETANA AT MOUNT EMEI, CHINA

Natural food plants of partly provisioned groups of Macaca thibetana included about 196 species belonging to 135 genera and 72 families. The macaques consumed mainly bamboo shoots and fruits for about 2 months in autumn, whereas they relied on active or passive provisions from visitors, a variety of structural parts of plants and a small amount of invertebrates in late spring and summer and ate mainly mature leaves and bark for the rest of the year. About half of the species eaten came from the dense herb and shrub layers. This forest-dwelling species shows a distinctive feeding and foraging pattern in comparison with other macaques, explaining why M. thibetana has the largest body weight of all macaques.

Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: The monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins

SINE (short interspersed element) insertion analysis elucidates contentious aspects in the phylogeny of toothed whales and dolphins (Odontoceti), especially river dolphins. Here, we characterize 25 informative SINEs inserted into unique genomic loci during evolution of odontocetes to construct a cladogram. and determine a total of 2.8 kb per taxon of the flanking sequences of these SINE loci to estimate divergence times among lineages. We demonstrate that: (i) Odontocetes are monophyletic; (ii) Ganges River dolphins, beaked whales, and ocean dolphins diverged (in this order) after sperm whales; (iii) three other river dolphin taxa, namely the Amazon, La Plata, and Yangtze river dolphins, form a monophyletic group with Yangtze River dolphins being the most basal; and (iv) the rapid radiation of extant cetacean lineages occurred some 28-33 million years B.P., in strong accord with the fossil record. The combination of SINE and flanking sequence analysis suggests a topology and set of divergence times for odontocete relationships, offering alternative explanations for several long-standing problems in cetacean evolution.

Whistles of boto, Inia geoffrensis, and tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis

Whistles were recorded and analyzed from free-ranging single or mixed species groups of boto and tucuxi in the Peruvian Amazon, with sonograms presented. Analysis revealed whistles recorded falling into two discrete groups: a low-frequency group with maximum frequency below 5 kHz, and a high-frequency group with maximum frequencies above 8 kHz and usually above 10 kHz. Whistles in the two groups differed significantly in all five measured variables (beginning frequency, end frequency, minimum frequency, maximum frequency, and duration). Comparisons with Published details of whistles by other platanistoid river dolphins and by oceanic dolphins suggest that the low-frequency whistles were produced by boto, the high-frequency whistles by tucuxi. Tape recordings obtained on three occasions when only one species was present tentatively support this conclusion, but it is emphasized that this is based on few data. (C) 2001 Acoustical Society of America.

HYDROGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN SIZE STRUCTURE OF PLANKTON BIOMASS IN A CHANGJIANG FLOODPLAIN LAKE

The size structure of the planktonic community in a Changjiang floodplain lake (Lake Chenhu, Hubei, P. R. China) was described for the inundation period of May through September 1983. The modality of the Sheldon-type size distributions changed hydrographically with the spectral profiles being bimodal during low, rising, mid-high and falling water phases, and trimodal soon after filling and shortly before falling. The modal peaks corresponded respectively to the dominant organisms of chlorophytes and nauplii, while the troughs centered on the bacteria and macrocrustacean size classes in the lake. The slope of the normalized biomass spectrum (an index of plankton size distribution) was less than -1.0 for the filling and falling phases or close to -1.0 for the high water period, indicating that the planktonic biomass tended to decrease or evenly distributes across logarithmically ordered size classes, respectively. This observed variation in the size distribution of the plankton community mainly resulted from changes in water levels and contents of particulate inorganic matter (PIM) in the lake.

CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOPLANKTON, PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON AND DETRITUS TO ORGANIC SESTON CARBON LOAD IN A CHANGJIANG FLOODPLAIN LAKE (CHINA)

The relative compositions of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus of seston were studied during the course of inundation in a floodplain lake of central Changjiang (China). Peaks in bacterial biomass developed shortly after flooding, coinciding with the initial leaching of organic nutrients from vegetation submerged under floodwater, and again at high water, shortly before the climax of phytoplankton biomass. Rods predominated the bacterial carbon biomass. Phytoplankton developed a postflood bloom at initial falling, corresponding to the drainage of the lake water into the river. While minimal biomass occurred during the advent of flooding, most likely due to disturbance and dilution. Algal biomass was usually dominated by Chlorophyta. Highest biomass of zooplankton was recorded at the end of the flooding in connection with the decline in turbidity, and once again at early drainage, closely associated with high phytoplankton biomass. Copepods (mainly nauplii) always constituted the majority of zooplankton carbon biomass. Peaks in detrital carbon concentrations were recorded at rising and falling water phases, corresponding respectively to the riverine discharge and decomposition of macrophyte mats. At rising water phase, CPOC was abundant. While during other water phases, this predominance was shifted to FPOC alone. Taken together, average contribution of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus to total seston carbon was 3.29, 21.21, 6.83 and 68.67 %, respectively.

土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中的土壤抗蚀与细沟侵蚀演变

对黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞纸坊沟和县南沟、延安燕沟3个流域不同恢复年限的植物群落的土壤抗蚀性和侵蚀程度进行了研究。对12个土壤抗蚀性指标进行主成分分析表明,土壤抗蚀性(主成分综合指数)强弱为灌木群落阶段>多年生草本和蒿类群落阶段>一二年生草本群落阶段,与一二年生草本群落阶段相比,灌木群落阶段与多年生草本和蒿类群落阶段的土壤抗蚀性分别增加了362.29%～673.33%和574.71%～930.00%;野外调查结果分析表明,随着植被的恢复演替,土壤侵蚀量呈现明显的下降趋势,灌木群落阶段的土壤侵蚀量仅为演替初期的1.42%～5.59%;通过回归分析,土壤侵蚀量和水稳性团聚类因子,以及有机质含量之间分别存在极显著与显著相关关系,鉴于土壤分析的易获性,可选择>0.5mm水稳性团聚体与有机质含量作为反映土壤侵蚀程度的指标。

黄土丘陵区植被次生演替灌木初期土壤物理性质特征

研究了黄土丘陵区植被次生演替草灌过渡灌木初期的土壤物理性质特征。结果表明:当植被次生演替进展到草灌过渡灌木初期,除土壤含水量外,土壤容重、孔隙度、稳定入渗和水稳性团聚体都好于对照白羊草地,表明灌木树种定居的土壤物理条件一般要高于草本群落。植被演替的过程是植被与土壤相互作用复杂变化的过程,它们的相互反馈也是生态恢复的重要标志。随着植物群落的变化土壤也发生着不同程度变化。其中,土壤物理性质各个因子之间的变化是相互影响和相互联系的。土壤稳定入渗速率与土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度和土壤团聚体之间有显著的相关关系;土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管孔隙度线性显著负相关;土壤容重与土壤总孔隙度极显著负相关。

西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分及黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究

本论文由四部分组成，前三部分为实验论文，第四部分为文献综述。第一、二部分分别报道了中药西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分研究结果。从两种药用植物中共分离和鉴定了32个化学成分，其中3个为新化合物。第三部分为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。第四部分概述了近年来植物多糖的研究进展。 第一章为西藏胡黄连化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法从药用植物西藏胡黄连（Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell）的根茎中共分离纯化出7个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HSQC和HMBC等现代谱学方法，结合理化分析对这些化合物的结构进行了分析鉴定。7个化合物中有两个是酚性的葡萄糖苷类成分：西藏胡黄连酚苷D (1)、4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl glucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6)；四个苯乙基苷类化合物：plantamajoside (2)、plantainoside D (3)、西藏胡黄连苷A (4) 和西藏胡黄连苷F (5)；一个苯基小分子化合物：香豆酸甲酯 (7)。其中化合物1和5未见文献报道，确定为新化合物；化合物3为首次从该种植物中分到。 第二章为鸡矢藤化学成分研究。从鸡矢藤（Paederia scandense (Lour) Merrill）全草中分离出25个化合物，通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构。25个化合物中包括一个蒽醌类成分：茜根定-1-甲醚 (1)；两个香豆素：异东莨菪香豆素 (2)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基吡喃香豆素 (3)；两个香豆素-木脂素化合物：臭矢菜素 B (4)和臭矢菜素 D (5)；一个木脂素：异落叶松树脂醇 (6)；两个黄酮：diadzein (7)和蒙花苷 (8)；三个三萜类化合物：齐墩果酸 (9)、乌苏酸 (10)和 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基乌苏烷 (11)；三个甾体及其糖苷：b-谷甾醇 (12)、胡萝卜苷 (13)和(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (14)；六个小分子化合物：对羟基苯甲酸 (15)，咖啡酸 (16)，香豆酸 (17)，丁烯二酸 (18)，3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(19)，咖啡酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(20)；五个环烯醚萜类化合物：鸡矢藤苷 (21)，鸡矢藤酸 (22)，鸡矢藤酸甲酯 (23)，saprosmoside E (24)和paederoside B (25)。其中化合物25未见文献报道，为新化合物。化合物1～8、11、14、15～20为首次从该化合物中分离得到。同时对鸡矢藤中环烯醚萜类化合物做了高效液相-串联质谱(HPLC-MSn)分析，探讨了这类化合物的质谱裂解规律。 第三章为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。首先确定了黄芪多糖含量的测定方法，并进行了方法学验证；其次探讨了黄芪中黄芪多糖的提取工艺，确定以酶法-Sevag法联用来去除黄芪多糖中的蛋白质，可使其提取物中黄芪多糖总含量达到70％以上。 第四章为近年来植物多糖的研究进展。主要包括植物多糖的提取纯化、多糖的定性定量检测方法、多糖的结构分析和多糖的药理活性。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first and second parts reports the studies on the chemical constituents of medicinal plants of Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora and Paederia scandens. The third part is about the extract technique of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The last part reviews the progress of the studies on plant polysaccharides. 　 The first chapter is about the chemical constituents of P. Scrophulariiflora which is widely used as an important medicine to treat various immune-related diseases. A new phenyl glycoside, scrophenoside D (1) and a new phenylethyl glycoside, scroside F (5), together with five known compounds, plantamajoside (2), plantainoside D (3), scroside A (4), 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloylglucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6); and methyl-p-coumarate (7) were isolated from the stems of P. scrophulariiflora. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The second chapter is about the chemical constituents of medicinal herb of P. scandens. Twenty-five compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, their structures were identified as rubiadin-1-methylether (1), isoscopoletin (2), 5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-coumarin (3), cleomiscosin B (4), cleomiscosin D (5), isolariciresinol (6), diadzein (7), linarin (8), oleanolic acid (9), ursolic acid (10), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyl-ursane (11), b-sitosterol (12), b-daucosterol (13), (24R)-stigmast-4-ene-3-one (14), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (15), caffic acid (16), coumaric acid (17), trans-butenedioic acid (18), 3,5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxylbenzoic acid (19), caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (20), paederoside (21), paederosidic acid (22), paederosidic acid methyl ester (23), saprosmoside E (24), paederoside B (25). Among them, compound 25 is a new compound. Compounds 1～8、11、14、15～20 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Futhermore, we studied the HPLC-MSn analysis and investigation of fragmentation behavior of the sulfur-containing iridoid glucosides. The third chapter is about the extracting process of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The method of the content determination is built. The optimum condition of extraction of polysaccharides from Radix Astragali is defined and the more effective way to remove protein is combined enzyme method with Sevag method, by which the content of polysaccharides extract can be up to 70%. The last part is a review of the research progress of the plant polysaccharides, which includes its extraction, isolation, purification, determination, structure analysis, and pharmacology.

几种植物药材的色谱－质谱联用分析

本论文由四章组成，第一、二、三章为实验论文，分别报道了中药羌活、菊花、全缘叶绿绒蒿的化学成分的高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)联用分析以及挥发油的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析。第四章概述了重要藏药材化学成分的研究进展。 第一章首先对28批不同产地的羌活药材进行了HPLC分析，建立了羌活的指纹图谱。结果表明，不同产地羌活的化学成分基本相似，但是各组分在含量上存在较大差异。其次，对羌活的主要化学组分包括紫花前胡苷、紫花前胡素、6'-O-反式阿魏酸紫花前胡苷、茴香酸对羟基苯乙酯、羌活醇和异欧前胡素进行了定量分析。此外，针对同一产地不同采集时间的羌活挥发油进行系统分析，结果表明它们的化学成分基本相似，主要含有a－蒎烯、b－蒎烯、柠檬烯和龙脑乙酸酯等，只是各组分含量有所变化，这说明采集药材时要注意采集时间。 第二章分别报道了不同产地不同品种菊花非挥发性成分的液相色谱－二极管阵列检测－串联质谱(LC-PDA-MSn)分析和挥发性成分的气相色谱－质谱(GC-MS)联用分析比较。首先通过液相色谱－质谱－串联质谱对各色谱峰进行定性分析，通过与标准品对照，以及UV和MSn提供的结构信息，结合文献报道共鉴定了11个化学成分，包括绿原酸和10个黄酮化合物，并比较了不同品种菊花的化学成分相同之处和不同之处。另外，对七种不同品种不同产地的菊花挥发性成分通过GC-MS分析表明其主要挥发性成分为单萜类、倍半萜类化合物，共有成分樟脑、龙脑和龙脑乙酸酯等，各成分在不同挥发油中的含量变化明显。 第三章为藏药全缘叶绿绒蒿不同部位挥发油成分的气相色谱－质谱(GC-MS)联用分析，比较其挥发油化学成分及其含量变化的异同点。研究结果表明，全缘叶绿绒蒿花精油的化学成分明显多于全草部位，且两者主要成分有较大的差别。 第四章综述了青藏高原重要藏药材化学成分的研究进展。分别对藏药的资源特色和110多种常用重要藏药材的化学成分的研究情况以及藏药未来发展思路进行了阐述，以期对相关的研究提供一些信息。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first part reports studies on the fingerprint of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii by HPLC-PDA-MSn, and on the constitutents of essential oil by GC-MS. The second part elaborates the chemical constitutents of Chrysanthemum L. by LC-MS and GC-MS analysis. The third part reports the chemical compositions of the essential oil from the different parts of Meconopsis integrifolia. The fourth part reviews on the progress of the studies on the chemical constitutents in Tibetan medicines. The first chapter is about HPLC analysis of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Qiang-huo (Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii ). Firstly, based on analyzing and contrasting the relative retention time and relative paek area in chromatographic fingerprint, the HPLC chromatographic fingerprint of Notopterygium incisum was established, which can used as a scientific basement for the quality evalution of this herb. Secondly, quantitative analysis were performed on the main chemical constitutents of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii including nodakenin, nodakenetin, 6’-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin, p-hydroxypenethylanisate, notopterol and isoimperatorin. The results indicated that the contents were variable related to different growth regions. Lastly, the essential oil of Notopterygium incisum collected in different harvest times is analyzed by GC-MS. The second chapter is about HPLC-MS and GC-MS analysis of several species of Chrysanthemum L. Firstly, eleven compounds including chlorogenic acid and ten flavone compounds were identified in the methanol extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. from different regions by HPLC-MS analysis. Secondly, the essential oil of seven different species of Chrysanthemum L.were extracted by steam distillation, and its compositions were isolated and identified by GC-MS. The main active constitutents such as camphor, borneol and bornyl acetate were detected, but the relative content varied notably. The third chapter is about GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from different parts of Meconopsis integrifolia. It indicated great difference of the chemical compositions of their oil in the flowers and residual overground part. The last chapter is a review of the research progress of the Tibetan medicines, which includes their features and their main chemical constitutents.