Constituintes químicos voláteis das folhas e galhos de Zanthoxylum syncarpum Tull.

The essential oils of the leaves and twigs from Zanthoxylum syncarpum Tull. were examined by GC/MS and GC-FID. Variation in the oil composition relative to the harvesting time was also described. The major components in the leaves oils were limonene (23.1-47.3%) and myrcene (4.8-10.8%). In the oils of twigs, the main components were ar-curcumene (12.8-18.1%), E-β-farnesene (9.1-9.7%) and β-caryophyllene (9.2-9.3%). This paper describes for the first time the composition of the essential oil of the twigs from Z. syncarpum.

Geologian ja sen lähitieteiden kirjat

Kokoelma koostuu noin 16 000 nimikkeestä (kevät 2009) geologian ja sen lähitieteiden (kuten geofysiikan, geokemian, mineralogian, petrologian, geologisten kongressijulkaisujen jne.) kirjoja, joita ei ole julkaistu monografiasarjoissa, eivät ole opinnäytteitä eivätkä GTK:n omia julkaisuja. Kokoelma käsittää UDK-luokat 061.3, 528, 548 – 56. Kirjojen laina-aika on 28 vrk. Kokoelma karttuu pääosin ostojen ja lahjoitusten kautta. Se on luokitettu UDK:n mukaan ja asiasanoitukseen on käytetty Geosanastoa sekä YSAa. Kopioluetteloituihin tietueisiin on jätetty niissä olevat asiasanat. Kokoelmaa on kartutettu vuodesta 1885 lähtien ja myös vanhempaa aineistoa on säilytetty systemaattisesta. Osa vanhempaa aineistoa on siirretty varastoon (reilu 800 nimikettä), josta se on lainattavissa muutamaa huonokuntoista poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta. Kokoelmaa säilytetään GTK:n Espoon, Rovaniemen ja Kuopion kirjastoissa. Kirjoista 66 % sijaitsee Espoossa, 16 % Rovaniemellä ja 18 % Kuopiossa. Suurimmat aihealueet ovat alan kokous- ja kongressijulkaisut 17,4 % (UDK 061.3), malmigeologia 16 % (UDK 553), geodynamiikka, vulkanologia ja tektoniikka 13,6 % (UDK 551) sekä yleinen ja aluegeologia 9,1 % (UDK 55(1)). Käyttäjät koostuvat pääosin GTK:n omasta henkilökunnasta, tutkijoista sekä alan opiskelijoista.

Combat : organe du Mouvement de libération française

1943/11/11 (DOUBLE).

Combat : organe du Mouvement de libération française

1942/11 (N37).

Conhecimento e interesse em ética médica e bioética na graduação médica

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o interesse e o conhecimento sobre ética médica e bioética na graduação médica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e descritivo. Foram utilizados dois questionários auto-aplicáveis, um para docentes e outro para discentes, com questões sobre o interesse em ética médica e bioética e conhecimento sobre o Código de Ética Médica (CEM). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 101 professores e 331 estudantes. O CEM brasileiro foi lido por 86,2% dos professores e 100% dos alunos. A importância dada à disciplina de ética médica, numa escala de 1 a 5, foi semelhante entre professores e estudantes (4,7 ± 0,7 vs. 4,5 ± 0,8; p = 0,086), enquanto o autoconhecimento sobre o tema foi maior no primeiro grupo (3,4 ± 0,9 vs. 3,2 ± 0,7; p = 0,017). De um total de nove questões avaliadas sobre o conhecimento do CEM, a média de acertos foi de 5,0 ± 1,9 questões para os professores e de 5,9 ± 1,5 para os acadêmicos (p < 0,001), sendo os acertos correlacionados positivamente com a leitura do código. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo fornece um panorama inédito sobre a percepção de professores e estudantes de Medicina sobre a ética médica e bioética, podendo servir para fundamentar a melhora do ensino dessa disciplina em nossas faculdades.

Transtornos psiquiátricos menores e procura por cuidados em estudantes de Medicina

A carreira médica pode desencadear alterações patológicas na saúde mental, que podem ter início já na graduação. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Transtornos Psiquiátricos Menores (TPMe) e a procura por ajuda em estudantes de um curso de Medicina. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma população de 343 estudantes da primeira à quarta série, maiores de 18 anos. Foram realizadas entrevistas, em salas de aula, por meio de dois questionários estruturados, o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e outro elaborado pelos autores. Análises descritiva, univariada, bivariada e estatística foram utilizadas mediante o programa Microsoft Excel. Os resultados evidenciaram que, entre os acadêmicos com TPMe, 41,6% (a maioria) moravam sozinhos e 75% eram mulheres. Entre os acometidos, 59,2% não conheciam qualquer programa e apenas 9,1% procuraram ajuda. O uso de medicamento foi duas vezes mais prevalente em mulheres com TPMe do que em homens, sendo antidepressivos e ansiolíticos os mais usados. A prevalência de 26,1% de TPMe nos alunos, associada a baixa procura por cuidados e a relatos de automedicação, demonstra a inefetividade dos atuais programas de apoio.

Adherence and perceptions regarding simulation training in undergraduate health Sciences

BACKGROUND: Simulation techniques are spreading rapidly in medicine. Suc h resources are increasingly concentrated in Simulation Laboratories. The MSRP-USP is structuring such a laboratory and is interested in the prevalence of individual initiatives that could be centralized there. The MSRP-USP currently has five full-curriculum courses in the health sciences: Medicine, Speech Therapy, Physical Therapy, Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy, all consisting of core disciplines. GOAL: To determine the prevalence of simulation techniques in the regular courses at MSRP-USP. METHODS: Coordinators of disciplines in the various courses were interviewed using a specifically designed semi-structured questionnaire, and all the collected data were stored in a dedicated database. The disciplines were grouped according to whether they used (GI) or did not use (GII) simulation resources. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 256 disciplines were analyzed, of which only 18.3% used simulation techniques, varying according to course: Medicine (24.7.3%), Occupational Therapy (23.0%), Nutrition (15.9%), Physical Therapy (9.8%), and Speech Therapy (9.1%). Computer simulation programs predominated (42.5%) in all five courses. The resources were provided mainly by MSRP-USP (56.3%), with additional funding coming from other sources based on individual initiatives. The same pattern was observed for maintenance. There was great interest in centralizing the resources in the new Simulation Laboratory in order to facilitate maintenance, but there was concern about training and access to the material. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The MSRP-USP simulation resources show low complexity and are mainly limited to computer programs; 2) Use of simulation varies according to course, and is most prevalent in Medicine; 3) Resources are scattered across several locations, and their acquisition and maintenance depend on individual initiatives rather than central coordination or curricular guidelines

Recuperação de áreas contaminadas por pesticidas organoclorados na Cidade dos Meninos, município de Duque de Caxias, RJ

O Serviço Nacional de Malária operacionalizou uma fábrica de pesticidas organoclorados utilizados em campanhas de saúde pública (HCH e DDT) entre 1950 e 1965, na Cidade dos Meninos, no município de Duque de Caxias, RJ, visando combater doenças rurais endêmicas. Após denúncia na mídia, em 1989, a FEEMA detectou que, com a desativação da fábrica, foram deixados resíduos da produção dos pesticidas, causando a contaminação do solo. Neste trabalho foram realizadas análises foliares e de solo em dois talhões de espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis e Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Jhonson), com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial da espécie como fitorremediador de área contaminada por organoclorados. Coletaram-se cinco amostras compostas de folhas (três do C. citriodora e duas do E. grandis) e uma composta de solo em cada um dos talhões estudados para análise de organoclorados por cromatografia gasosa. As alturas médias dos talhões de E. grandis e C. citriodora foram, respectivamente, de 9,1 e 16,8 com diâmetros médios de 7,8 e 15,95 cm; a média de C. citriodora foi similar à de outros plantios em regiões de mata atlântica, ficando a de E. grandis pouco abaixo. Detectou-se a presença de organoclorados nas folhas analisadas, porém em baixas concentrações. Nos solos, as concentrações encontradas foram altas, sendo maiores no talhão de E. grandis. Os resultados foram comparados com análises prévias na área, indicando que as espécies atuaram como fitorremediadoras, especialmente o C. citriodora, uma vez que houve redução na contaminação do solo e absorção dos organoclorados pelas folhas.

Impacto na economia das propriedades bananicultoras em Luís Alves-SC, em função da implementação das áreas de preservação permanente

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo principal analisar o impacto econômico das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), bem como os conflitos de uso dessas áreas em propriedades bananicultoras no Município de Luís Alves, Santa Catarina, considerando-se a implementação do Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 4.771/65). A base metodológica provém da economia agrícola, de técnicas de manejo de culturas agrícolas, da gestão ambiental, do sensoriamento remoto e dos sistemas de informações geográficas. Foram consideradas 15 propriedades rurais, tendo como atividade principal a ba nanicultura. Utilizou-se uma planilha para coleta de dados, localização e distribuição das áreas de atividade nas propriedades. A partir dessas informações associadas a informações de imagens de satélite, geraram-se mapas de uso do solo, de limites de propriedades e de APPs. As informações foram organizadas num Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, utilizando o software ARCVIEW 9.1. As propriedades foram analisadas em três grupos (I, II e III), conforme a área de lavoura de banana e investimentos em benfeitorias, máquinas e implementos. Realizou-se uma análise de impacto econômico sobre as propriedades em função da implementação das APPs. Com a pesquisa, percebeu-se que haverá redução da renda líquida das propriedades rurais de 38,58%, 27,65% e 40,21% para os Grupos I, II e III, respectivamente, com a adequação das APPs para a média das propriedades bananicultoras analisadas.

Landscape structure in the northern coast of Paraná state, a hotspot for the brazilian Atlantic Forest conservation

The "Serra do Mar" region comprises the largest remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The coast of the Paraná State is part of the core area of the "Serra do Mar" corridor and where actions for biodiversity conservation must be planned. In this study we aimed at characterizing the landscape structure in the APA-Guaraqueçaba, the largest protected area in this region, in order to assist environmental policies of this region. Based on a supervised classification of a mosaic of LANDSAT-5-TM satellite images (from March 2009), we developed a map (1:75,000 scale) with seven classes of land use and land cover and analyzed the relative quantities of forests and modified areas in slopes and lowlands. The APA-Guaraqueçaba is comprised mainly by the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (68.6% of total area) and secondary forests (9.1%), indicating a forested landscape matrix; anthropogenic and bare soil areas (0.8%) and the Pasture/Grasslands class (4.2%) were less representative. Slopes were less fragmented and more preserved (96.3% of Dense Ombrophilous Forest and secondary forest) than lowlands (71.3%), suggesting that restoration initiatives in the lowlands must be stimulated in this region. We concluded that most of the region sustains well-conserved ecosystems, highlighting the importance of Paraná northern coast for the biodiversity maintenance of the Atlantic Forest.

Identification of extractives and polysaccharides as foulants in membrane filtration of pulp and paper mill effluents

The search for new renewable materials has intensified in recent years. Pulp and paper mill process streams contain a number of potential compounds which could be used in biofuel production and as raw materials in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. Prior to utilization, these compounds require separation from other compounds present in the process stream. One feasible separation technique is membrane filtration but to some extent, fouling still limits its implementation in pulp and paper mill applications. To mitigate fouling and its effects, foulants and their fouling mechanisms need to be well understood. This thesis evaluates fouling in filtration of pulp and paper mill process streams by means of polysaccharide model substance filtrations and by development of a procedure to analyze and identify potential foulants, i.e. wood extractives and carbohydrates, from fouled membranes. The model solution filtration results demonstrate that each polysaccharide has its own fouling mechanism, which also depends on the membrane characteristics. Polysaccharides may foul the membranes by adsorption and/or by gel/cake layer formation on the membrane surface. Moreover, the polysaccharides interact, which makes fouling evaluation of certain compound groups very challenging. Novel methods to identify wood extractive and polysaccharide foulants are developed in this thesis. The results show that it is possible to extract and identify wood extractives from membranes fouled in filtration of pulp and paper millstreams. The most effective solvent was found to be acetone:water (9:1 v/v) because it extracted both lipophilic extractives and lignans at high amounts from the fouled membranes and it was also non-destructive for the membrane materials. One hour of extraction was enough to extract wood extractives at high amounts for membrane samples with an area of 0.008 m2. If only qualitative knowledge of wood extractives is needed a simplified extraction procedure can be used. Adsorption was the main fouling mechanism in extractives-induced fouling and dissolved fatty and resin acids were mostly the reason for the fouling; colloidal fouling was negligible. Both process water and membrane characteristics affected extractives-induced fouling. In general, the more hydrophilic regenerated cellulose (RC) membrane fouled less that the more hydrophobic polyethersulfone (PES) and polyamide (PA) membranes independent of the process water used. Monosaccharide and uronic acid units could also be identified from the fouled synthetic polymeric membranes. It was impossible to analyze all monosaccharide units from the RC membrane because the analysis result obtained contained degraded membrane material. One of the fouling mechanisms of carbohydrates was adsorption. Carbohydrates were not potential adsorptive foulants to the sameextent as wood extractives because their amount in the fouled membranes was found to be significantly lower than the amount of wood extractives.

Sähköverkkojen käytöntuki- ja käytönvalvontajärjestelmien käyttöönotto

Käytöntuki- ja käytönvalvontajärjestelmät, eli käytönhallintajärjestelmät ovat osana sähköverkkoyhtiöiden arkea ja ilman niiden tuomaa apua sähkön jakelun valvonta ja hallinta olisi hyvin haastava tehtävä. Lisäksi käytönhallintajärjestelmät moitteeton toi-miminen tarjoaa hyvän alustan kehittää tulevaisuuden tärkeitä hankkeita kuten Smart Grid konseptia. Tässä työssä tarkastellaan käytönhallintajärjestelmien käyttöönottoa, kuinka se voidaan toteuttaa ja mitä asioita pitää ottaa huomioon käyttöönoton eri vaiheissa. Käytönhallintajärjestelmien käyttöönotto suoritettiin Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston sähkömarkkinalaboratoriossa sijaitsevalla verkkosimulaattorille, johon asennettiin MicroSCADA SYS 600 9.1 käytönvalvontajärjestelmä sekä DMS 600 4.2 käytöntukijärjestelmä.

Genetic structure and diversity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. in Cerrado fragments of the São Paulo State, Brazil

The loss of large areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Brazil can lead to reduced biodiversity and to the extinction of species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic fragility of populations of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf exposed to different anthropic conditions in fragments of Cerrado in the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two Experimental Stations operated by the Forest Institute (Assis and Itirapina), in one fully protected conservation unit (Pedregulho) and in one private property (Brotas). Analyses were conducted using leaf samples from 353 adult specimens and eight pairs of microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 13 to 15 in all populations, but the mean number of effective alleles was approximately half this value (7.2 to 9-1). Observed heterozygosity was significant and lower than the expected in all populations. Consequently, all populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expected frequencies. Fixation indexes were significant for all populations, with the Pedregulho population having the lowest value (0.189) and Itirapina having the highest (0.283). The analysis of spatial genetic structure detected family structures at distance classes of 20 to 65 m in the populations studied. No clones were detected in the populations. Estimates of effective population size were low, but the area occupied by each population studied was large enough for conservation, medium and long term. Recent reductions or bottlenecks were detected in all four populations. Mean Gst’ (genetic divergence) indicated that most of the variation was within populations. Cluster structure analysis based on the genotypes detected K= 4 clusters with distinct allele frequencies patterns. The genetic differentiation observed among populations is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and geographic isolation. Therefore, it is essential to adopt conservation strategies that raise the gene flow between fragments.