高度特化等级裂腹鱼类分子系统发育与生物地理学

分析了分布于青藏高原及其邻近地区23个种和亚种36个群体高度特化等级裂腹鱼类的线粒体DNA细胞色素b序列,重建了系统发育关系.并采用地质隔离事件校正分支时间,估计了主要分支发生时间.结果发现,高度特化等级裂腹鱼类不是单系群,裸鲤属和裸裂尻属也不是单系群.全裸重唇鱼可能是特化类群向高度特化类群演化的过渡类型.高度特化等级裂腹鱼类的系统发育关系总体上反映了水系之间和地质历史的联系,即来自相同和相邻水系的物种通常具有更近的亲缘关系.估计的主要分支发生事件与青藏高原近晚地质时期强烈隆起有很好的一致性,表明高度特化

银鲫Ran基因的cDNA克隆、表达特征及其在精核解凝中的作用

采用RACE-PCR技术结合SMART cDNA合成技术,从银鲫中克隆到Ran的全长cDNA并对其编码区全长进行了原核表达、相应抗体制备及其时空表达特征分析。RT-PCR结果表明,Ran基因除在脑组织的转录水平较低外,其它组织中的转录水平几乎相同;Ran基因在不同发育阶段的胚胎中都有mRNA转录,但其mRNA的量在原肠期以后呈下降趋势。Western blot结果表明,Ran在卵巢和精巢中均高水平表达,在心、脑、肝、脾、肾中有较低水平表达,在肌肉中则不表达。同时检测到Ran在不同胚胎发育阶段均有较强表达。

双链RNA病毒诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞差减cDNA文库的构建

以紫外线灭活的dsRNA病毒草鱼出血病病毒(GCHV)诱导和模拟诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞为材料,利用抑制性差减杂交(SSH)技术,成功构建了双链RNA病毒诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞(FEC)差减cDNA文库。以管家基因αtub lin作为差减指标,经检测,该文库差减效率达210倍,表明经病毒诱导后某些差异表达基因也得到了相应倍数的富集。将获得的cDNA片段连接到pGEM T载体,PCR检测显示差减片段在250bp~2 000bp之间。该差减cDNA文库的构建为从分子水平研究牙鲆培养细胞对dsRNA病毒的免疫反应、以及进

银鲫ZP3的表达特征和卵壳ZP3蛋白的分离

克隆得到银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)ZP3基因全长cDNA,在体外表达出银鲫的ZP3融合蛋白,并制备出多抗血清;通过免疫印迹和RT-PCR分析,研究了银鲫ZP3在卵子发生过程中的表达特征和在早期发育胚胎中的状态变化。研究结果表明,银鲫ZP3的转录发生在卵黄发生以前,而ZP3蛋白的翻译起始于卵黄形成阶段,且随着卵母细胞进一步成熟,其含量不断增加。ZP3蛋白的存在状态在受精后和早期胚胎发育过程中发生了明显变化。在受精后5—30min期间,抽提液中原始的ZP3蛋白带迅速消失,取而代

雌核发育银鲫原肠期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎差异表达基因的呈现

构建了雌核发育银鲫原肠期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎间的抑制性差减杂交cDNA质粒文库。对原肠期739个 和尾芽期816个PCR阳性克隆进行斑点杂交,得到72个原肠期和98个尾芽期斑点杂交阳性克隆。测序和基因 数据库比对结果表明:72个原肠期斑点杂交阳性克隆中,包括19个已知基因的cDNA片段和31个没有同源性的 cDNA片段;98个尾芽期斑点杂交阳性克隆中,包括52个已知基因的cDNA片段和37个没有同源性的cDNA片 段。采用虚拟Northern杂交和RT PCR证实了部分基因在银鲫胚胎发育过程中的差异表达。这些

金鱼藻抗氧化酶对水体无机氮升高的响应

为了研究水体富营养化引起的无机氮升高对沉水植物的胁迫 ,本研究用 4种浓度的碳酸铵和 5种浓度的硝酸钾对金鱼藻进行急性处理 ,分别在 5— 4 8h内测定植株超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX)的活力。结果表明铵盐处理下 4种酶中CAT活性变化最大 ,在 5— 15h时其活性与处理浓度正相关。更长时间 2 4h处理则导致响应停止。硝酸盐处理下SOD、APX和CAT活性在 2 4h时才有明显升高。SOD和CAT活性在 4种酶中变化最大 ,它

两种缘毛类纤毛虫胞质Hsp70基因序列的克隆及其系统发育分析

克隆得到 2种缘毛类纤毛虫———钟形钟虫 (Vorticellacampanula)和螅状独缩虫 (Carchesiumpolyp inum)的胞质Hsp70基因部分序列 ,长度均为 4 38bp ,编码 14 6个氨基酸。以细菌为外类群 ,利用最大似然法和邻接法构建包括其他 5种纤毛虫在内的共 2 6个物种的Hsp70基因氨基酸序列系统发育树 ,其拓扑结构显示 :V campanula和C polypinum聚在一起 ,并与另 2种寡膜纲的嗜热四膜虫 (Tetrahymenathermophila)及草

斜带石斑鱼sox3基因cDNA的克隆及其时空表达特征分析

采用RACE-PCR方法从斜带石斑鱼的下丘脑SMART cDNA中克隆sox3基因,并研究其时空表达模式。研究结果表明,sox3 cDNA片段全长1152bp,共编码300个氨基酸。该基因在未受精卵和桑椹胚期仅可检测到微弱的转录本,从高囊胚期开始转录,一直到鱼苗1天,都维持着较高的表达水平。在肝和肾等6种组织中均检测不到转录本的存在,而在包括垂体和下丘脑等6种脑组织中可检测到不同强弱的转录本,呈现出很强的中枢神经系统的表达特异性。在未成熟卵巢中可检测到大量转录本的存在,在成熟卵子中可检测到微弱的转录本,而

Making the case for inclusive design.

This paper describes the University of Cambridge, Engineering Design Centre's (EDC) case for inclusive design, based on 10 years of research, promotion and knowledge transfer. In summary, inclusive design applies an understanding of customer diversity to inform decisions throughout the development process, in order to better satisfy the needs of more people. Products that are more inclusive can reach a wider market, improve customer satisfaction and drive business success. The rapidly ageing population increases the importance of this approach. The case presented here has helped to convince BT, Nestlé and others to adopt an inclusive approach.

从灭活病毒诱导的培养细胞中鉴定鱼类抗病毒相关基因

紫外线灭活的草鱼出血病病毒(GCHV)能诱导鲫鱼囊胚培养细胞(CAB)产生高滴度的干扰素并抵抗病毒入侵,其机制可能是通过诱导一组抗病毒相关基因的表达,而使寄主细胞建立起抗病毒状态.利用抑制性差减杂交技术,构建了灭活病毒诱导鱼类培养细胞基因差异表达的差减cDNA文库.从差减文库中筛选鉴定出272个差异cDNA片段,测序分析发现它们为69个基因,其中46个为已知基因的同源物,23个为未知的假定基因.已知基因包括I型干扰素信号通路的基因Statl和JakI,抗病毒基因Mx和Viperin,以及一系列干扰素激活基

Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain.

Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.

洪湖及其周围三种湖相粘土的微结构特征与沉积环境

在江汉平原濒临长江北岸的洪湖及其周围的土壤中 ,分别取得沉积物柱状钻孔样品和土壤剖面样品 ,用偏光显微镜和电子显微镜观察了 2 .5kaBP以来形成的三种湖相粘土的微结构特征 ,并以此解释的其成因和沉积环境 .0 .9- 2 .5kaBP期间形成的青色粘土的典型微结构有 :凝胶结构、细颗粒粒径和小孔隙、矿物颗粒低圆度和淡水中心冈硅藻等生物框架结构 .主要是有机质胶体与粘土胶体相互作用形成的 .此期间 ,河流带入湖泊的泥沙少 ,洪湖拥有一个开阔、稳定、浮游生物较多的淡水湖泊环境 .0 .4 5 - 1kaB

水生植物对富营养水体水质净化作用研究

利用富营养浅水湖泊武汉东湖中所建立的大型实验围隔系统 ,对沉水植物的水质净化作用作了现场实验研究。重建后的沉水植物可以显著改善水质 ,水体透明度显著提高 ,水色降低。在研究期间 ,水生植物围隔 CODCr和 BOD5一般分别为 2 0和 5 mg/L左右 ;对照围隔和大湖水体则分别约为 40和 1 0 mg/L。水生植物围隔水体中可检出的有机污染种类也较对照围隔和大湖水体低。实验结果表明恢复以沉水植物为主的水生植被是改善富营养湖泊水质和重建生态系统的有效措施

The impact of government policy on technology transfer: An aircraft industry case study

This case study explores the interaction between domestic and foreign governmental policy on technology transfer with the goal of exploring the long-term impacts of technology transfer. Specifically, the impact of successive licensing of fighter aircraft manufacturing and design to Japan in the development of Japan's aircraft industry is reviewed. Results indicate Japan has built a domestic aircraft industry through sequential learning with foreign technology transfers from the United States, and design and production on domestic fighter aircraft. This process was facilitated by governmental policies in both Japan and the United States. Published by Elsevier B.V.

A theory of slow feature analysis for transformation-based input signals with an application to complex cells

We develop a group-theoretical analysis of slow feature analysis for the case where the input data are generated by applying a set of continuous transformations to static templates. As an application of the theory, we analytically derive nonlinear visual receptive fields and show that their optimal stimuli, as well as the orientation and frequency tuning, are in good agreement with previous simulations of complex cells in primary visual cortex (Berkes and Wiskott, 2005). The theory suggests that side and end stopping can be interpreted as a weak breaking of translation invariance. Direction selectivity is also discussed. © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.