Partie d'une « Bible historiée toute figurée ».

Miniatures italiennes à chaque page. — Cet exemplaire n'est pas, comme on l'a cru, celui qui avait appartenu à la reine Jeanne d'Évreux, femme de Charles le Bel, puis au roi Charles V.

Portraits des grands hommes, femmes illustres et sujets mémorables de France, gravés et imprimés en couleur...chez Blin.... Numérisation de l'exemplaire NA-33-4

Référence bibliographique : Cohen, 951

Local acquisition of methicillin-resistance in predominant Staphylococcus aureus clones of western Switzerland.

Objectives: Recent population genetic studies suggest that the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassettes mec (SCCmec) was acquired at a global scale much more frequently than previously thought. We hypothesized that such acquisitions can also be observed at a local level. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the diversity of SCCmec in a local MRSA population, where the dissemination of four MRSA clones has been observed (JCM 2007, 45: 3729). Methods: All the MRSA isolates (one per patient) recovered in the Vaud canton of Switzerland from January 2005 to December 2008 were analyzed in this study. We used the Double Locus Sequence Typing (DLST) method, based on clfB and spa loci, and the e-BURST algorithm to group the types with one allele in common (i.e. clone). To increase the discriminatory power of the DLST method, a third polymorphic marker (clfA) was further analyzed on a sub-sample of isolates. The SCCmec type of each isolate was determined with the first two PCRs of the Kondo scheme. Results: DLST analysis indicated that 1884/2036 isolates (92.5%) belong to the four predominant clones. A majority of isolates in each clone harboured an identical SCCmec type: 61/64 (95%) isolates to DLST clone 1−1 SCCmec IV, 1282/1323 (97%) to clone 2−2 SCCmec II, 237/288 (82%) to clone 3−3 SCCmec IV, and 192/209 (92%) to clone 4−4 SCCmec I. Unexpectedly, different SCCmec types were present in a single predominant DLST clone: SCCmec V plus one unusual type in 3 isolates of clone 1−1; SCCmec I, IV, V, VI plus two unusual types in 41 isolates of clone 2−2; SCCmec I, II, VI plus three unusual types in 51 isolates of clone 3−3; and SCCmec II, IV, V plus one unusual type in 17 isolates of clone 4−4. Interestingly, adding a third locus generally did not change the classification of incongruent SCCmec types, suggesting that these SCCmec elements have been acquired locally during the dissemination of the clones. Conclusion: Although the SCCmec diversity within clones was relatively low at a local level, a significant proportion of isolates with different SCCmec have been identified in the four major clones. This suggests that the local acquisition of SCCmec elements is not a rare event and illustrates the great capacity of S. aureus to quickly adapt to its environment by acquiring new genetic elements.

Cinética de liberação de potássio e magnésio pelos minerais da fração argila de solos do Triângulo Mineiro

Estudos sobre cinética de liberação de K e Mg permitem uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica desses nutrientes no solo e podem fornecer subsídios para adequação das recomendações de adubação e aumentar a produção das plantas. A seleção do local de amostragem foi definida com base nas diferenças entre os materiais de origem (Grupo Bauru, Araxá, São Bento e Coberturas Detritico-Lateríticas Terciárias), estádio de desenvolvimento dos solos e representação espacial das litologias. Os teores de K total da fração argila foram determinados após digestão das amostras com HF, HNO3 e H2SO4 concentrados. Para avaliar o potencial dos minerais da fração argila de liberar K e Mg para as plantas, a partir de formas inicialmente não-trocáveis e estruturais, foram utilizadas nove extrações seqüenciais dos nutrientes com solução de ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1, com os seguintes tempos de contato com a amostra: 2, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 288 e 576 h. O tempo total acumulado de extração foi de 1.382 h. A liberação da reserva de K e Mg foi definida pelo estádio de intemperismo e material de origem dos solos. A fração argila dos Argissolos desenvolvidos de arenito da Formação Uberaba e de micaxisto/granito (Grupo Araxá), de maneira geral, apresentou os maiores teores totais de K e Mg e teores acumulados até 1.382 h de extração com ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1. Contudo, mesmo nos Latossolos (baixos teores totais), verificou-se liberação relativamente alta de K e Mg (teores acumulados até 1.382 h), quando comparada aos teores trocáveis da TFSA, evidenciando o potencial das plantas na utilização de formas não-trocáveis e estruturais desses nutrientes ao longo dos cultivos. A descrição da cinética de liberação de K e Mg pela equação parabólica de difusão mostrou que o processo ocorreu, a diferentes velocidades, em duas fases, tendo sido, na maioria das amostras, a taxa de liberação na primeira fase maior para o K e menor para o Mg. Este comportamento diferenciado indica o predomínio de K na forma não-trocável em sítios de média/alta energia de adsorção e de Mg na estrutura de minerais ferromagnesianos, predominantemente a biotita, retardando a liberação do nutriente pela dependência de reações de intemperismo promovidas pelo ácido cítrico.

Low income, community poverty and risk of end stage renal disease

BACKGROUND: The risk of end stage renal disease (ESRD) is increased among individuals with low income and in low income communities. However, few studies have examined the relation of both individual and community socioeconomic status (SES) with incident ESRD. METHODS: Among 23,314 U.S. adults in the population-based Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study, we assessed participant differences across geospatially-linked categories of county poverty [outlier poverty, extremely high poverty, very high poverty, high poverty, neither (reference), high affluence and outlier affluence]. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations of annual household income and geospatially-linked county poverty measures with incident ESRD, while accounting for death as a competing event using the Fine and Gray method. RESULTS: There were 158 ESRD cases during follow-up. Incident ESRD rates were 178.8 per 100,000 person-years (105 py) in high poverty outlier counties and were 76.3 /105 py in affluent outlier counties, p trend = 0.06. In unadjusted competing risk models, persons residing in high poverty outlier counties had higher incidence of ESRD (which was not statistically significant) when compared to those persons residing in counties with neither high poverty nor affluence [hazard ratio (HR) 1.54, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.75-3.20]. This association was markedly attenuated following adjustment for socio-demographic factors (age, sex, race, education, and income); HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.46-2.00. However, in the same adjusted model, income was independently associated with risk of ESRD [HR 3.75, 95% CI 1.62-8.64, comparing the < $20,000 income group to the > $75,000 group]. There were no statistically significant associations of county measures of poverty with incident ESRD, and no evidence of effect modification. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to annual family income, geospatially-linked measures of county poverty have little relation with risk of ESRD. Efforts to mitigate socioeconomic disparities in kidney disease may be best appropriated at the individual level.

Éléments d'hygiène générale (4e édition) / par le Dr Louis Cruveilhier

Collection : Bibliothèque utile ; II

Ly49D engagement on T lymphocytes induces TCR-independent activation and CD8 effector functions that control tumor growth.

Recent data showing expression of activating NK receptors (NKR) by conventional T lymphocytes raise the question of their role in the triggering of TCR-independent responses that could be damaging for the host. Transgenic mice expressing the activating receptor Ly49D/DAP12 offer the opportunity to better understand the relevance of ITAM signaling in the biology of T cells. In vitro experiments showed that Ly49D engagement on T lymphocytes by a cognate MHC class I ligand expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or by specific Ab triggered cellular activation of both CD4 and CD8 populations with modulation of activation markers and cytokine production. The forced expression of the ITAM signaling chain DAP12 is mandatory for Ly49D-transgenic T cell activation. In addition, Ly49D stimulation induced T lymphocyte proliferation, which was much stronger for CD8 T cells. Phenotypic analysis of anti-Ly49D-stimulated CD8 T cells and their ability to produce high levels of IFN-gamma and to kill target cells indicate that Ly49D ligation generates effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Ly49D engagement by itself also triggered cytotoxic activity of activated CD8 T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that Ly49D-transgenic CD8 T cells are able to control growth of CHO tumor cells or RMA cells transfected with Hm1-C4, the Ly49D ligand normally expressed by CHO. In conclusion, Ly49D engagement on T cells leads to T cell activation and to a full range of TCR-independent effector functions of CD8 T cells.

Total lipid and fatty acid accumulation during basidiospore formation in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp.

The basidiospores of Pisolithus sp. contain large amounts of lipids, indicating provision for future germination in the host rhizosphere. However, the accumulation, composition, and mobilization of lipids during formation and germination of these spores are largely unknown. In this study, lipid storage and fatty acid composition during basidiosporogenesis were analyzed in fresh basidiocarps using bright-field microscopy and gas chromatography. Abundant lipid bodies are found in the hyphae, basidia, and basidiospores of fungal basidiocarps. This evidences a considerable C transport in the basidiocarp to meet the C demand during basidiospore formation. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds with chains of 9 to 18 C atoms, either saturated or insaturated, with one or two insaturations. The fatty acid composition and content varied according to the developmental stage of the peridioles. In free basidiospores, the predominant compounds were 16:0, 16:1w5c, 18:1w9c, and 18:2w6,9c/18:0ante, at concentrations of 76, 46, 192, and 51 µg g-1 dry matter, respectively. Our results indicate that oleic acid is the major constituent of lipid reserves in Pisolithus sp. basidiospores. Further studies are being conducted to determine the factors that induce lipid mobilization during spore germination.