997 resultados para (H2S HS- S2-)
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The present paper was prepared for the course Project III, with the supervision of Prof. Antnio Moniz, reporting on the author speaking notes at the Winter School on Technology Assessment, 6-7 December 2010, as part of the Doctoral Programme on Technology Assessment at FCT-UNL.
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In recent years it has been noticed the progressive disappearance of vernacular sustainable building technologies all over the world mainly due to a strong urban rehabilitation process with modern technologies not compatible with ancient knowledge. Simultaneously new dwellings are needed all over the world and in this sense it was decided to study an ecological and cost-controlled building technology of monolithic walls that can combine the use of low carbon footprint materials, such as earth, fibres and lime using an invasive species: giant reed cane (Arundo Donax). This paper explains the development of this building technology through testing diverse prototypes.
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RESUMO: A infeco por H. pylori, enquadra-se nas doenas infecciosas gastroduodenais e estima-se que mais de 50% da populao mundial esteja infectada. A histria natural da infeco por H. pylori, sofre interferncias relacionadas com a gentica do hospedeiro, a estirpe e as caractersticas da toxicidade da bactria. Associam-se a estes factores, o tempo de exposio infeco, assim como as condies sociais e higino-sanitrias. Paralelamente, o H. pylori considerado o principal agente patognico das doenas gastroduodenais. Este estudo teve como objectivo principal caracterizar a infeco por H. pylori em populaes de Angola e sua avaliao como problema de Sade Pblica. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo dirigido a dois grupos populacionais, um constitudo por indivduos aparentemente saudveis, sem queixas gstricas especficas, em ambiente de comunidade, Grupo I, e outro, Grupo II, constitudo por doentes que acorreram ao servio de Gastrenterologia do Hospital Militar Principal de Luanda (HMP). No que diz respeito ao estudo na comunidade a pesquisa de H. pylori foi realizada pelo mtodo ELISA de pesquisa de antignios nas fezes. Por sua vez, a nvel hospitalar, os mtodos de diagnstico da infeco por H. pylori foram: a endoscopia digestiva alta para a colheita de bipsias da mucosa gstrica destinadas ao exame anatomopatolgico, ao exame citobacteriolgico e aos mtodos moleculares. Como mtodo no invasivos foi utilizado o teste respiratrio com ureia marcada. Grupo I: o diagnstico da infeco por H. pylori, realizado pela pesquisa de antignios deste microrganismo nas fezes, revelou uma frequncia de 69,6% na populao em estudo. Considerando em cada regio, verificou-se que a regio do Sambizanga possua o valor mais elevado de frequncia, 81,2%, seguida do Dinge com 79,5%, estatisticamente significativas (p 0,001). A avaliao da distribuio da frequncia da infeco por grupo etrio, revelou que os indivduos com idade inferior a 15 anos, possuam uma frequncia de infeco de 63,5% e sendo de 76% nos indivduos com idade superior a 15 anos. Este estudo permitiu concluir que a frequncia da infeco por H. pylori nas regies estudadas, de 70% excepo do Capulo, zona litoral em que no obstante as precrias condies de saneamento, a frequncia da infeco por H. pylori baixa. Grupo II: dos 309 doentes avaliados, verificou-se que 22 (7%), apresentavam uma mucosa normal e 287 (93%) uma mucosa alterada. A avaliao histolgica das bipsias do antro, em 270 amostras de acordo com o Sistema de Sidney, em 235 (87,0%), revelou a presena de gastrite, 13 (4,8%) a presena de lcera e em 9 (3,3%), uma leso tumoral. A avaliao histolgica da actividade nas 226 amostras do antro gstrico, verificou-se que 129 (57%) possuam actividade e 97 (43%) no possuam. O estudo das 255 bipsias do corpo, revelou em 212 (83,1%), a presena de leses de gastrite, em 7 (2,7%), observaram-se leses tumorais e 2 (0.8%) apresentaram lcera. Dos 263 doentes avaliados histologicamente para pesquisa do H. pylori, 148 (58,2%) revelaram a presena positiva desta bactria e 106 (41,7%) foram negativas. No que diz respeito susceptibilidade aos macrlidos, do universo de 158 doentes com H. pylori positivo, 125 (79,1%) doentes apresentaram estirpes sensveis aos macrlidos e 33 (20,9%) estirpes resistentes. Em relao aos factores de virulncia, na avaliao conjunta dos dois factores de virulncia estudados (cagA e vacA), em relao ao tipo de leses encontradas na mucosa gstrica, verificou-se que dos 11 doentes com lcera, 7 (63,6%), apresentavam uma estirpe cagA negativa, sendo 6 vacA s1 (85,7%), uma s2 e 4 (36,3%) com uma estirpe cagA positiva e vacA s1. Por sua vez dos 2 doentes com tumor, ambas as estirpes eram cagA negativas, sendo uma vacA s1 e outra vacA s2. Em relao aos factores de virulncia nos doentes aos quais se diagnosticou lcera e tumor apresentavam estirpe cagA negativa, vacAs1. Em relao s leses gstricas inflamatrias, os doentes com gastrite apresentavam cagA positivo. Do presente trabalho, em ateno aos resultados obtidos no que concerne a prevalncia em populaes sem queixas gastrenterolgicas, recomenda-se que o mesmo se possa vir a replicar numa abrangncia maior, realizando-se, por exemplo, estudos comparativos de prevalncia entre as populaes residentes no litoral (beira-mar) e as do interior. Pelas caractersticas genotpicas de H. pylori, em correspondncia com as leses encontradas, aps novos estudos mais abrangentes, recomenda-se a avaliao de uma teraputica mais acessvel para o doente e que seja de maior eficcia. Face escassez de mdicos especialistas em gastrenterologia em Angola e de meios de diagnstico, recomenda-se um estudo mais alargado da eficcia do seguimento do doente dispptico, conforme protocolo avaliado pelo Colgio da Especialidade de Gastrenterologia da Ordem dos Mdicos de Angola e j em prtica em algumas instituies de sade.--------------------------- ABSTRACT: H.pylori infection, is part of the gastroduodenal infectious diseases and it is estimated that over 50% of the world population is infected. The natural history of H.pylori infection, is influenced by host genetic, strain type, of bacterial virulence factors, time of exposure to the infection, as well as social and hygienic-sanitary conditions. In parallel, H.pylori is considered the main pathogen of gastroduodenal diseases. This study's main objective was to characterize H.pylori infection in populations of Angola and its evaluation as a public health problem. This is a prospective study conducted in two population groups, one in community environment composed by healthy individuals without specific gastric complaints - Group I, and Group II consisting of patients who went to the Gastroenterology Service of the Hospital Military of Luanda (HMP). As regards to the study in the community detection of H.pylori was carried out by antigen search in faeces using ELISA method. At hospital level H.pylori infection diagnostic methods were: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to obtain gastric mucosal biopsies for histology, culture and molecular methods. As a non-invasive breath test with labelled urea was used. Group I: the diagnosis of H.pylori infection, by antigens detection in faeces, revealed a frequency of 69.6% in the study population. Whereas in each region, it was found that the Sambizanga region had the highest frequency of positive cases, 81.2% , followed by Dinge with 79.5%, Funda with 78.7 and Capulo with 39.8% being differences statistically significant (p=0.001). The evaluation of the distribution of the infection frequency by age group, revealed that individuals younger than 15 years had a frequency of 63.5% and in individuals older than 15 years, 76%. This study showed that the frequency of H.pylori infection in the regions studied was 70% exception due to Capulo, a coastal zone where despite the poor sanitation conditions; the frequency of H.pylori infection is lower. Group II: from the 309 patients evaluated, it was found that 22 (7%) had a normal mucosa and 287 (93%) a modified mucosa. Histological evaluation of antrum biopsies in 270 samples according to the Sydney System revealed the presence of gastritis in 235 (87.0%), the presence of ulcers in 13 (4.8%) and a tumour in 9 (3 3%). Histological assessment of activity in the gastric antrum of 226 samples, revealed that 129 (57%) had activity and 97 (43%) did not. The evaluation of the 255 corpus biopsies showed in 212 (83.1%), the presence of lesions of gastritis, in 7 (2.7%) tumour lesions and in 2 (0.8%) an ulcer. Of the 263 patients histological evaluated for H.pylori, 148 (58.2%) revealed the presence of this bacteria and 106 (41.7%) were negative. As regards susceptibility to macrolides from the universe of 158 patients with H.pylori, 125 (79.1%) patients had macrolides susceptible strains and 33 (20.9%) resistant strains. Regarding virulence factors (vacA and cagA), it was found that from the 11 patients with ulcers, 7 (63.6%), had a cagA negative strain, being 6 vacA s1, (85.7%) one vacA s2 and 4 (36.3%) with a cagA positive strain vacA s1. Concerning the 2 patients with tumour, both strains were cagA negative, one vacA s1 and other vacA s2. Patients with ulcer and tumour had cagA negative strains vacAs1. From this work, considering the prevalence of H.pylori obtained in health population, it is recommended that the same study should be performed in larger scale to confirm these results. The results of H.pylori genotyping suggest that more comprehensive studies are needed. Given the reduce number gastroenterology specialist in Angola and the lack of diagnostics methods, we recommend a larger study of the effectiveness of follow-up the patient dyspeptic, according to the protocol assessed by the College of Gastroenterology Specialty of the Order of Doctors and Angola already in place in some health institutions.
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Even though the seroprevalence of H. pylori may be high in the normal population, a minority develops peptic ulcer. Colonization of the gastric mucosa by more pathogenic vacA strains of H. pylori seems to be associated with enhanced gastric inflammation and duodenal ulcer. H. pylori genotyping from positive CLOtests was developed to determine the vacA genotypes and cagA status in 40 duodenal ulcer patients and for routine use. The pathogenic s1b/ m1/ cagA genotype was the most frequently occurring strain (17/42.5%); only two (5%) patients presented the s2/ m2 genotype, the less virulent strain. Multiple strains were also detected in 17 (42.5%) patients. Multiple strains of H. pylori colonizing the human stomach have been underestimated, because genotyping has been performed from cultures of H. pylori. We concluded that genotyping of H. pylori from a positive CLOtest had the advantages of reducing the number of biopsies taken during endoscopy, eliminating the step of culturing H. pylori, and assuring the presence of H. pylori in the specimen being processed.
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Based on samples cross-sections from the Main Altarpiece of the Coimbra Old Cathedral, where a blue coating performed in 1685 is observed (that was partly covered with a Prussian blue-containing overpaint), the raw materials present in this coating were reproduced and studied. Blue areas were painted with smalt in oil, according to the contract signed by Manoel da Costa Pereira in 1684 and the analysis by Le Gac in 2009. Based on these, three batches of cobalt-based glasses (S1, S2 and S3) were heated and melted in alumina crucibles in the kiln. S1 contained 6.03 % of cobalt oxide, S2 contained 2.10 %, with the addition of 1.49 % of magnesium oxide, and S3 contained 6.82 % of cobalt oxide, with the addition of 4.63% of antimony trioxide. These batches were ground mechanically with water and manually with different vehicles stated in recipes. The results were studied by means of OM, SEM-EDS, X-Ray CT, Colorimetry and Vickers HT. Different binders were also produced and analyzed by means of -FTIR, in order to perform their characterization and obtain Standard Spectra. Since anhydrite was identified in the ground layers, gypsum from bidos was also characterized by XRD. The main goal of this thesis was to study all the raw materials present in the 1685-blue coating, in order to allow the historically accurate reconstruction of the layers build-up in the next future.
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RESUMO: Na sociedade contempornea a diabetes tipo 2 e a obesidade esto a aumentar exponencialmente, representando um grave problema de sade pblica. De acordo com a IDF A diabetes e a obesidade so o principal problema de sade pblica do sculo XXI. Para alm destas duas patologias, a prevalncia de esteatose heptica no-alcolica (NAFLD), entre a populao obesa e diabtica, de cerca de 90%. O aumento da obesidade, diabetes e NAFLD tem uma forte correlao com o aumento do consumo de gorduras e acares, acompanhado de um decrscimo acentuado da actividade fsica. A obesidade, diabetes e NAFLD tem sido escrupolosamente investigada mas as teraputicas disponveis continuam a ser muito limitadas. Tendo em conta o nmero crescente e alarmante de obesos e diabticos o conhecimento detalhado da patofisiologia da obesidade, diabetes e NAFLD, tendo em vista a necessidade extrema de desenvolvimento de novas estratgias teraputicas, da mais elevada urgncia. O fgado reconhecido como um orgo primordial no controlo da homeostase. No estado ps-prandial, o fgado converte a glucose em glicognio e lpidos. Em contraste, no estado de jejum, o fgado promove a produo de glucose. Sistemas neuronais e hormonais, bem como o estado metablico do fgado, controlam de forma muito precisa a alternncia entre os diferentes substratos metablicos, dependente do estado prandial. A insulina tem um papel central no controlo do metabolismo energtico no fgado; se, por um lado, inibe a produo heptica de glucose e corpos cetnicos, por outro, promove a gliclise e a lipognese. O metabolismo energtico no fgado tambm regulado por vrios factores de transcrio e co-reguladores que, por sua vez, so regulados pela insulina, glucagina e outras hormonas metablicas. Em conjunto, todos estes factores e reguladores vo controlar de forma muito estreita a gluconeognese, a -oxidao e a lipognese, no fgado. Para alm dos j conhecidos reguladores do metabolismo heptico, novas molculas tm sido estudadas como tendo um papel fundamental na regulao do metabolismo energtico no fgado. Qualquer desequilbrio no metabolismo heptico vai contribuir para a insulino-resistncia, NAFLD e diabetes tipo 2. O principal objectivo do trabalho de investigao aqui apresentado o contributo para o estudo detalhado da patognese da diabetes e obesidade, num contexto de dietas ricas em acares e gorduras, e com a perspectiva de explorar novas estratgias teraputicas. Os objectivos especficos deste trabalho eram: primeiro, determinar se o tratamento com glutationo (GSH) e xido ntrico (NO) era suficiente para melhorar a insulino-resistncia associada ao elevado consumo de sacarose; segundo, determinar o papel da Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1) na regulao do metabolismo heptico da glucose e dos lpidos; e terceiro, estudar o efeito do metilsulfonilmetano (MSM) em doenas metablicas associadas obesidade. Na primeira parte deste trabalho de investigao foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos sujeitos a uma dieta rica em sacarose (HS). Tal como esperado, estes animais apresentavam insulino-resistncia e hiperinsulinmia. A dieta HS levou ao aumento dos nveis hepticos de NO e ao decrscimo dos nveis de GSH no fgado. Em jejum, a administrao intraportal de GSH e NO, a animais saudveis promoveu um aumento significativo da sensibilidade insulina. Tambm nestes animais, a administrao intravenosa de S-nitrosotiis, compostos orgnicos que contm um grupo nitroso acoplado a um tomo de enxofre de um tiol, promoveu o aumento significativo da sensibilidade insulina. Pelo contrrio, em animais sujeitos dieta HS, as doses padro de GSH + NO e de S-nitrosotiis no conseguiram promover o aumento da sensibilidade insulina. No entanto, ao aumentar a dose de S-nitrosotiis administrados por via intravenosa, foi possvel observar o aumento da sensibilidade insulina dependente da dose, indicando um possvel papel dos S-nitrosotiis como sensibilizadores de insulina. O estudo detalhado do papel dos S-nitrosotiis na via de sinalizao da insulina revelou que h um aumento da fosforilao do receptor da insulina (IR) e da protena cinase B (Akt), sugerindo um efeito dos S-nitrosotiis nesta via de sinalizao. Os resultados apresentados nesta primeira parte sugerem que os S-nitrosotiis promovem a correcta aco da insulina, podendo vir a ser importantes alvos teraputicos. Na segunda parte deste trabalho de investigao utilizmos murganhos, com uma deleco especfica da ROCK1 no fgado, e sujeitos a uma dieta rica em lpidos (HFD). Foi possvel concluir que a ausncia da ROCK1 no fgado previne a obesidade, melhora a sensibilidade insulina e protege contra a esteatose heptica. A ausncia de ROCK1 no fgado levou a um decrscimo significativo da expresso gnica de genes associados lipognese, com uma diminuio acentuada do fluxo metablico associado a esta via. Pelo contrrio, a sobreexpresso de ROCK1, exclusivamente no fgado, promove a insulino-resistncia e a esteatose heptica no contexto de obesidade induzida pela dieta. Para alm disto, a deleco da ROCK1 no fgado de animais obesos e diabticos, os murganhos deficientes em leptina, corroborou os dados obtidos no primeiro modelo animal, com a franca melhoria da hiperglicmia, hiperinsulinmia e esteatose heptica. Os dados que compem esta parte do trabalho de investigao sugerem que a ROCK1 tem um papel crucial na regulao do metabolismo lipdico. Na terceira e ltima parte deste trabalho de investigao foi investigado o efeito do composto metilsulfunilmetano (MSM), um composto organosulfrico naturalmente presente em plantas e utilizado tambm como suplemento diettico, em murganhos obesos e insulino-resistentes, por exposio a uma dieta rica em lpidos (DIO). O tratamento com MSM melhorou a insulino-resistncia e protegeu contra a esteatose heptica. O contedo heptico em triglicridos e colesterol tambm diminuu de forma significativa nos animais DIO sujeitos ao tratamento com MSM, bem como a expresso gnica associada lipognese. Para alm disto, o tratamento com MSM levou a uma diminuio da expresso gnica associada inflamao. De realar que o tratamento com MSM levou a uma melhoria do perfil hematopoitico destes animais, tanto na medula ssea como no sangue. Para comprovar o efeito benfico do MSM na obesidade e insulino-resistncia utilizmos murganhos deficientes no receptor da leptina, e por isso obesos e diabticos, tendo observado um perfil semelhante ao obtido para murganhos sujeitos a uma dieta rica em lpidos e tratados com MSM. Conclumos, atravs dos dados recolhidos, que o MSM como suplemento pode ter efeitos benficos na hiperinsulinmia, insulino-resistncia e inflamao que caracterizam a diabetes tipo 2. Em resumo, os dados obtidos neste trabalho de investigao mostram que os S-nitrosotiis podem ter um papel importante como sensibilizadores da insulina, promovendo um aumento da sensibilidade insulina num contexto de dietas ricas em sacarose. Para alm disto, estudos in vitro, sugerem que os S-nitrosotiis regulam, especificamente, a via de sinalizao da insulina. Este trabalho teve tambm como objectivo o estudo da ROCK1 como regulador do metabolismo da glucose e dos lpidos no fgado. Atravs do estudo de animais com uma deleco ou uma sobreexpresso da ROCK1 no fgado mostrou-se que esta tem um papel crucial na patognese da obesidade e diabetes tipo 2, especificamente atravs do controlo da lipognese de novo. Finalmente, foi tambm objectivo deste trabalho, explorar o efeito do MSM em animais DIO e deficientes em leptina. O tratamento com MSM protege de forma evidente contra a obesidade e insulino-resistncia, com especial enfse para a capacidade que esta molcula demonstrou ter na proteco contra a inflamao. Em conjunto os vrios estudos aqui apresentados mostram que tanto os S-nitrosotiis como a ROCK1 tm um papel na patognese da obesidade e diabetes tipo 2 e que a utilizao de MSM como suplemento s teraputicas convencionais pode ter um papel no tratamentos de doenas metablicas.-------------------------------ABSTRACT: In modern western societies type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasing exponentially, representing a somber public concern. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes and Obesity are the biggest public health challenges of the 21st century. Aside from these the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), among the diabetic and obese population, is as high as 90%. It is now well established that the increase in obesity, diabetes and NAFLD strongly correlates with an increase in fat and sugar intake in our diet, alongside physical inactivity. The pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes and NAFLD has been thoroughly studied but the treatment options available are still narrow. Considering the alarming number in the obese and diabetic population the complete understanding of the pathogenesis, keeping in mind that new therapeutic strategies need to be attained, is of the highest urgency. The liver has been well established as a fundamental organ in regulating whole-body homeostasis. In the fed state the liver converts the glucose into glycogen and lipids. Conversely, in the fasted state, glucose will be produced in the liver. Neuronal and hormonal systems, as well as the hepatic metabolic states, tightly control the fast to fed switch in metabolic fuels. Insulin has a central role in controlling hepatic energy metabolism, by suppressing glucose production and ketogenesis, while stimulating glycolysis and lipogenesis. Liver energy metabolism is also regulated by various transcription factors and coregulators that are, in turn, regulated by insulin, glucagon and other metabolic hormones. Together, these regulators will act to control gluconeogenesis, -oxidation and lipogenesis in the liver. Aside from the well-established regulators of liver energy metabolism new molecules are being studied has having a role in regulating hepatic metabolism. Any imbalance in the liver energy metabolism is a major contributor to insulin resistance, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. The overall goal of this research work was to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity, on a setting of high-sucrose and high-fat diets, and to explore potential therapeutic options. The specific aims were: first, to determine if treatment with glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) was sufficient to ameliorate insulin resistance induced by high-sucrose feeding; second, to determine the physiological role of rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1) in regulating hepatic and lipid metabolism; and third, to study the effect of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on obesity-linked metabolic disorders. In the first part of this research work we used male Wistar rats fed a high-sucrose (HS) diet. As expected, rats fed a HS diet were insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic. HS feeding increased hepatic levels of NO, while decreasing GSH. In fasted healthy animals administration of both GSH and NO, to the liver, was able to increase insulin sensitivity. Intravenous administration of S-nitrosothiols, organic compounds containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol, in fasted control animals also increased insulin sensitivity. Under HS feeding the standard doses of GSH + NO and S-nitrosothiols were unable to promote an increase in insulin sensitivity. However, the intravenous administration of increasing concentrations of S-nitrosothiols was able to restore insulin sensitivity, suggesting that S-nitrosothiols have an insulin sensitizing effect. Investigation of the effect of S-nitrosothiols on the insulin signaling pathway showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) and protein kinase B (Akt), suggesting that S-nitrosothiols may have an effect on the insulin signaling pathway. Together, these data showed that S-nitrosothiols promote normal insulin action, suggesting that they may act as potential pharmacological tools. In the second part of this research work we used liver-specific ROCK1 knockout mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Liver-specific deletion of ROCK1 prevented obesity, improved insulin sensitivity and protected against hepatic steatosis. Deficiency of ROCK1 in the liver caused a significant decrease in the gene expression of lipogenesis associated gene, ultimately leading to decreased lipogenesis. Contrariwise, ROCK1 overexpression in the liver promoted insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, liver-specific deletion of ROCK1 in obese and diabetic mice, the leptin-deficient mice, improved the typical hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and liver steatosis. Together, these data identify ROCK1 as a crucial regulator of lipid metabolism. In the third and final part of this research work we investigated the effect of MSM, an organosulfur compound naturally found in plants and used as a dietary supplement, on diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin resistant mice. MSM treatment ameliorated insulin resistance and protected against hepatosteatosis. Hepatic content in triglycerides and cholesterol was significantly decreased by MSM treatment, as well as lipogenesis associated gene expression. Furthermore, MSM treated mice had decreased inflammation associated gene expression in the liver. Importantly, FACS analysis showed that MSM treatment rescued the inflammatory hematopoietic phenotype of DIO mice in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. Moreover, MSM treatment of the obese and diabetic mice, the leptin-deficient mice, resulted in similar effects as the ones observed for DIO mice. Collectively, these data suggest that MSM supplementation has a beneficial effect on hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and inflammation, which are often found in type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, this research work showed that S-nitrosothiols may play a role as insulin sensitizers, restoring insulin sensitivity in a setting of high-sucrose induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that S-nitrosothiols specifically regulate the insulin signaling pathway. This research work also investigated the role of hepatic ROCK1 in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Using liver-specific ROCK 1 knockout and ROCK1 overexpressing mice it was shown that ROCK1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes, specifically through regulation of the de novo lipogenesis pathway. Finally, this research work aimed to explore the effect of MSM in DIO and leptin receptor-deficient mice. MSM strongly protects against obesity and insulin resistance, moreover showed a robust ability to decrease inflammation. Together, the individual studies that compose this dissertation showed that S-nitrosothiols and ROCK1 play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes and that MSM supplementation may have a role in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Neste trabalho estuda-se a embebio das sementes de Marup (Simaruba amara Aubl.), sua composio qumica e germinao 20, 25, 30 e 35C. A embebio, expressa como percentagem do peso inicial das sementes, foi aproximadamente 150,0% depois de 24 hs e 179,3% depois de 144 hs. A maior percentagem de germinao e I. V. E., respectivamente 66% e 1,02, foram obtidos 30C. 0 teor de carboidrato total foi de 78,1% no tegumento e 46,7% na semente inteira, enquanto que o de lipdios foi 45,7% nos cotildones e 23,8% na semente inteira. Os resultados podero auxiliar estudos posteriores na fisiologia da germinao de sementes desta espcie.
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Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados dos estudos fsicos-qumicos do rio Solimes-Amazonas, em onze (11) locais e em trinta e um (31) afluentes e subafluentes, desde a fronteira do Brasil-Peru-Colmbia, em Tabatinga, at a amostragem, de frente a cidade de Santarm, no Estado do Par, com uma distncia de 2457 km. Os afluentes e subafluentes do rio Solimes-Amazonas ficam reduzidos a pequenos crregos nos seus altos cursos; apenas os rios Juru, Purus, Negro e Madeira em alguns locais ficam com uma lmina d'gua de dois (2) metros, na regio navegvel, isto dependendo da estiagem. Todos os rios de gua barrenta formam vrzeas, que so ricas em nutrientes minerais, vrzeas essas que possuem em toda a sua extenso lagos, parans, igaps, forma-se grande abundncia de capim flutuante que, em parte entre em decomposio, produzindo gases txicos, como H2S, CH4, CO2, etc. Os lagos e a vrzea funcionam como se fossem uma esponja do rio, absolvendo sedimentos suspensos, nutrientes minerais e orgnicos, e liberando uma parte, no perodo de esvaziamento (seca). Os rios de gua preta no formam vrzeas e sim praias, e igaps no perodo da cheia, por possurem pouco sedimentos; a cor escura devida a substancias coloridas, como material hmico, que limitam a produo de fitoplancton. Os rios de gua clara, tambm no formam vrzeas e sim praias com poucos igaps; eles apresentam uma colorao verde azulada dada a grande formaes de algas do tipo Cyanophyta. Os rios de gua barrenta que apresentam maiores concentraes de sedimentos nos meses de novembro e abril tem como abastecedora a mobilizao, com resuspenso, dos sedimentos, devidos ao aumento da vazo e, em parte, ao fenmeno das terras caldas. possvel que o rio Solimes-Amazonas receba suprimentos minerais e orgnicos dos rios de gua barrenta, de pequenos rios que so represados na sua foz, de rios com pequenos afloramentos de calcreo e de rios com elevados teores de substancias coloridas. As menores temperaturas no rio Solimes-Amazonas ocorrem no perodo de enchimento do Canal principal e as maiores no vero; quanto ao oxignio as menores concentraes aparecem nos meses de abril a julho, so de vidas as guas oxidadas provenientes das vrzeas e lagos.
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Foram estudadas 250 crianas na faixa etria de 4 a 6 anos de uma creche destinada a filhos de trabalhadores do Distrito Industrial de Manaus, AM. Os pais dessas crianas foram consideradas de baixa renda. O estado nutricional foi avaliado segundo os critrios de Gomez (1956) e Waterlow et al. (1977); para o inqurito alimentar foi utilizado o mtodo recordatrio de 24 hs e pesagem direta dos alimentos. Os resultados indicaram qe a maioria das crianas, 62,8% estavam em estado nutricional normal pela classificao de Gomez (1974). O clcio, a riboflavina e a vitamina C apresentaram ndices de adequao de 85, 89%, 82, 73% e 89,9% respectivamente. Ferro, tiamina e niacina apresentaram ndices inferiores a 80% do recomendado FAO/OMS (1974).
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Dissertao de mestrado em Construo e Reabilitao Sustentveis
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A selection of queens of Melipona scutellaris through the most productive colonies were carried out during eight months in an orange honeyflow. Each of the colonies was evaluated by its production, that is, the gross weight production ( pollen, brood, geopropolis and wax of each hive). With this data a coefficient of repeatability was estimated by the intraclass correlation method, obtained r = 0.835 0.071. The repeatibility is very high showing that the analysed data (production) is repeatable. Selection was then carried out using the regression coefficient of each colony and the respective production gain. Using these data the colonies were divided into three groups according to the method Vencovsky and Kerr (1982): a with the colonies of highest productivity, b of least productivity, and c of intermediary productivity. Colonies with the highest production (Group a) gave their queens to those of the lowest production (Group b) after their queens were taken out and killed; while those of intermediate (Group c) stayed with the same queens during the entire experiment both before and after the selection. The modifications in weight, that is, the genetic response was (R)= 7.98 gr per day which indicated a selection gain. The estimate of the realized herdability is twice the rate of the response to selection (R) by the selection differential (S2). That is then hR=2(R/S2) then hR= 0.166
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Polyurethane thermoplastic elastomer (TPU) nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of 1 wt% of high-structured carbon black (HSCB), carbon nanofibers (CNF), nanosilica (NS) and nanoclays (NC), following a proper high-shear blending procedure. The TPU nanofilled mechanical properties and morphology was assessed. The nanofillers interact mainly with the TPU hard segments (HS) domains, determining their glass transition temperature, and increasing their melting temperature and enthalpy. A significant improvement upon the modulus, sustained stress levels and deformation capabilities is evidenced. The relationships between the morphology and the nanofilled TPU properties are established, evidencing the role of HS domains on the mechanical response, regardless the nanofiller type.
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Neste trabalho foram analisados 73 espcimes de jaraqui Semaprochilodus spp. conservados em caixas de poliestireno expandido entre camadas de gelo. Foram realizadas as seguintes anlises: avaliao sensorial pela tabela de Torry modificada e pelo ndice de qualidade por demritos; determinao do pH e das bases volteis totais (N-BVT); contagem total dos microrganismos aerbios psicrfilos a 20 C por 4 dias, psicrotrficos a 7 C por 10 dias, dos mesfilos a 37 C por 2 dias; contagem, isolamento e identificao das bactrias Aeromonas sp. Bacillus sp. e Pseudomonas sp. a 20 C por 24 horas e de Plesiomonas sp. a 37 C por 2 dias. O jaraqui se manteve em condies de consumo, pela avaliao sensorial, por 18 e 21 dias. O pH e as bases volteis totais no foram bons indicadores de qualidade; as contagens totais de psicrfilos, psicrotrficos e mesfilos no apresentaram diferena significativa e as bactrias no apresentaram comportamento deteriorador pela ausncia da produo de H2S.
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Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission is dedicated to measuring temporal variations of the Earth's gravity field. In this study, the Stokes coefficients made available by Groupe de Recherche en Godsie Spatiale (GRGS) at a 10-day interval were converted into equivalent water height (EWH) for a ~4-year period in the Amazon basin (from July-2002 to May-2006). The seasonal amplitudes of EWH signal are the largest on the surface of Earth and reach ~ 1250mm at that basin's center. Error budget represents ~130 mm of EWH, including formal errors on Stokes coefficient, leakage errors (12 ~ 21 mm) and spectrum truncation (10 ~ 15 mm). Comparison between in situ river level time series measured at 233 ground-based hydrometric stations (HS) in the Amazon basin and vertically-integrated EWH derived from GRACE is carried out in this paper. Although EWH and HS measure different water bodies, in most of the cases a high correlation (up to ~80%) is detected between the HS series and EWH series at the same site. This correlation allows adjusting linear relationships between in situ and GRACE-based series for the major tributaries of the Amazon river. The regression coefficients decrease from up to down stream along the rivers reaching the theoretical value 1 at the Amazon's mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. The variation of the regression coefficients versus the distance from estuary is analysed for the largest rivers in the basin. In a second step, a classification of the proportionality between in situ and GRACE time-series is proposed.
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Background Several studies link the seamless fit of implant-supported prosthesis with the accuracy of the dental impression technique obtained during acquisition. In addition, factors such as implant angulation and coping shape contribute to implant misfit. Purpose To identify the most accurate impression technique and factors affecting the impression accuracy. Material and Methods A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted analyzing articles published between 2009 and 2013. The following search terms were used: implant impression, impression accuracy, and implant misfit. A total of 417 articles was identified, 32 were selected for review. Results All 32 selected studies refer to in vitro studies. Fourteen articles compare open and closed impression technique, 8 advocate the open technique and 6 report similar results. Other 14 articles evaluate splinted and non-splinted techniques; all advocating the splinted technique. Polyether material usage was reported in 9; 6 studies tested vinyl polysiloane and 1 study used irreversible hydrocolloid. Eight studies evaluated different copings designs. Intra-oral optical devices were compared in 4 studies. Conclusions The most accurate results were achieved with two configurations: (1) the optical intra-oral system with powder; and (2) the open technique with splinted squared transfer copings, using polyether as impression material.
