Étude exploratoire et comparative de la culture organisationnelle de deux commissions scolaires du Québec : une commission scolaire francophone et une commission scolaire anglophone : le point de vue de cadres intermédiaires.

Cette recherche est issue d'un questionnement personnel au regard d'impressions singulières ressenties lors de certaines interactions professionnelles avec des confrères de commissions scolaires distinctes au niveau de la langue d’enseignement. Elle compare les cultures organisationnelles de deux commissions scolaires différentes par la langue d'enseignement et de travail : une commission scolaire francophone et une commission scolaire anglophone. Ces cultures organisationnelles sont esquissées à partir de propos recueillis auprès de cadres intermédiaires issus de différentes unités administratives de chacune des commissions scolaires. Ce statut d'emploi a été choisi car ces cadres sont au cœur des flux informationnels entre le sommet stratégique et les centres opérationnels. De plus, bien qu’ils interviennent officiellement dans les processus consultatifs et décisionnels de leur commission scolaire, leurs rôles sont peu étudiés par les chercheurs en administration. Cette recherche exploratoire de deux commissions scolaires utilise une approche multiperspective afin d'éclairer les différentes facettes que peut présenter une culture organisationnelle. Trois perspectives sont considérées : la perspective de l'intégration qui explore les caractéristiques culturelles qui favorisent une cohérence des comportements des acteurs aux objectifs organisationnels; la perspective de la différenciation qui tente de discerner l'existence de sous-cultures dans les organisations; la perspective de la fragmentation qui interroge les significations particulières que peuvent attribuer, aux actions et aux décisions des pairs, certains regroupement d'individus. Deux processus d'enquête ont été utilisés dans cette recherche : l'interview semi-directif et la recherche documentaire. Les données recueillies ont été analysées selon le procédé de l'analyse thématique. Ainsi, les propos émis par les cadres intermédiaires ont été transposés en un certain nombre de thèmes en rapport avec l'orientation de recherche. Les résultats révèlent que les cadres intermédiaires sont des acteurs réflexifs dans l'appropriation, la construction et la diffusion de la culture générale de leur commission scolaire, mais également d'une culture identitaire de leur unité administrative. De plus, des différences significatives ont été identifiées, entre autres, sur l'identification des éléments culturels propre à chacun des groupes linguistiques. Alors que les cadres de la commission scolaire francophone décrivent leur culture comme une structure d'encadrement des processus consultatifs, décisionnels et d'accompagnement, les cadres de la commission scolaire anglophone mentionnent surtout des valeurs associées à des postulats de base issus de leur appartenance linguistique.

Intervention dans le processus de réinsertion sociale au Québec : une étude du point de vue des agents de réinsertion sociale en collectivité

Ce mémoire a pour objectif de comprendre l’expérience de travail des agents œuvrant en réinsertion sociale auprès de condamnés provinciaux en collectivité au Québec. Plus précisément, cette recherche souhaite saisir le rôle exercé par ces agents, dans un contexte où ils exercent un double mandat de sécurité publique et de réinsertion sociale. L’étude tente aussi de mettre en lumière leurs pratiques de travail, inscrites dans une logique de gestion efficace des risques. Enfin, ce mémoire vise à comprendre la place qu’occupe la réinsertion sociale dans le cadre de leur travail. Pour ce faire, l’approche qualitative a permis de mener quinze (15) entretiens auprès d’agents de probation et d’intervenants issus du secteur communautaire responsables de la surveillance de justiciables provinciaux en collectivité. Deux (2) thèmes principaux émergent de ces entrevues. D’une part, Le travail est décrit par les participants en regard du double rôle exercé, des responsabilités légales et cliniques qui leur incombent, et de l’intervention centrée sur le risque et la réinsertion sociale auprès des contrevenants. D’autre part, Le contexte de travail réfère au partenariat établi entre les intervenants, au recours aux outils actuariels, ainsi qu’aux instances modulant leurs pratiques de travail : les médias, la Commission québécoise des libérations conditionnelles et les Services correctionnels du Québec. Il ressort de nos analyses que la sécurité publique par la gestion efficace des risques se manifeste par une forme de rationalisation des pratiques de travail et par l’intégration d’un rôle de contrôle. Il appert cependant que ces deux (2) aspects sont motivés avant tout par le désir de venir en aide à la population contrevenante. Il résulte finalement de l’étude que la réinsertion sociale ne constitue qu’un objectif de l’intervention parmi d’autres. Les participants doivent jongler avec ces diverses finalités afin de s’ajuster à l’acteur principal de leur travail : le contrevenant.

Population Ethics, Social Choice Theory, and Two problems in the Measurement of Economic Poverty

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L’abandon scolaire en milieu rural marocain : une analyse interactionniste du point de vue des familles.

Cette recherche appréhende le phénomène de l’abandon scolaire en contexte rural marocain à partir du point de vue privilégié des familles sur cette question. L’abandon scolaire est d’une ampleur importante dans les pays en développement, comme l’ont mentionné plusieurs rapports de l’UNESCO (2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, etc.). Plusieurs facteurs contribueraient à l’abandon scolaire des élèves: la pauvreté, le redoublement, l’échec scolaire, les effets de culture liés au genre, la qualité des écoles et des apprentissages, le travail des enfants, le cout d’opportunité, l’analphabétisme des parents, etc. (Ananga, 2011; Chedati, 2004; Diagne, 2007; Gouzi et El Aoufi, 2006; Naseer et al., 2011; Sabates, Hossain et Lewin, 2010a). La recension des écrits effectuée indique aussi différentes conséquences du phénomène sur le plan social, notamment l’augmentation du taux d’analphabétisme, la non réalisation de la scolarisation primaire universelle, ainsi que sur le plan économique, dont le taux de chômage élevé. La majorité des études qui se sont penchées sur ce phénomène sont surtout de nature économique, abordant peu la question par le point de vue des familles qui sont pourtant les premières concernées par l’abandon scolaire de leur enfant. En outre, elles sont presqu’essentiellement quantitatives, les chiffres obtenus indiquant l’importance des facteurs de risque, laissant dans l’ombre une explication en profondeur du phénomène. L’angle théorique retenu pour éclairer ce phénomène est celui de la théorie des représentations sociales développée par Moscovici (1989) qui jette une lumière sur les rapports qu’entretient un acteur ou groupe social à l’égard d’objets sociaux tels que l’éducation. Cette théorie est appuyée par les concepts de «rapport à l’école» et de «rapport au savoir» de Charlot (1992) qui permettent d’examiner comment les élèves et leurs familles se positionnent face au processus de scolarisation, à partir de la question suivante : Quelles représentations les familles de milieux ruraux ont-elles de l’école marocaine et qui participeraient au processus conduisant éventuellement à l’abandon de l’école par leur(s) enfant(s)? Quels sont leurs rapports à l’école? Pour répondre à cette question, des entretiens biographiques compréhensifs ont été menés auprès de six familles de la région rurale de Tidili; rencontrées séparément, elles se sont exprimées sur l’abandon scolaire de l’un de leurs enfants. Une analyse de contenu telle que proposée par Bardin (dans Negura, 2006) a été mobilisée sur les verbatim des entretiens pour rendre compte de leur point de vue. Celle-ci a conduit à dégager deux registres d’analyse, tels que proposés par Morrissette (2010) pour exploiter d’au plus près le matériau d’analyse. (1) Le premier s’inscrit dans une logique descriptive et restitutive; il rend compte du point de vue des familles selon deux catégories, soit le rapport à l’école et le rapport à la société. Il ressort de ce registre l’importance des rapports entre les familles et les enseignants dans le phénomène de l’abandon scolaire. (2) Le deuxième registre s’inscrit dans une logique plus conceptualisante; il propose un nouvel éclairage du point de vue des familles à partir d’une perspective interactionniste (Becker, 1982) qui permet de poser un regard transversal sur le registre précédent. C’est ainsi qu’ont émergé des négociations sociales conduisant à l’abandon scolaire d’un enfant, lesquels sont marqués par des «modes d’interaction» entre les familles et l’école et des conventions sociales, deux niveaux d’interaction qui renseignent la dynamique évolutive conduisant à l’abandon scolaire d’un enfant.

AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR SONAR TARGET DETECTION

Neural Network has emerged as the topic of the day. The spectrum of its application is as wide as from ECG noise filtering to seismic data analysis and from elementary particle detection to electronic music composition. The focal point of the proposed work is an application of a massively parallel connectionist model network for detection of a sonar target. This task is segmented into: (i) generation of training patterns from sea noise that contains radiated noise of a target, for teaching the network;(ii) selection of suitable network topology and learning algorithm and (iii) training of the network and its subsequent testing where the network detects, in unknown patterns applied to it, the presence of the features it has already learned in. A three-layer perceptron using backpropagation learning is initially subjected to a recursive training with example patterns (derived from sea ambient noise with and without the radiated noise of a target). On every presentation, the error in the output of the network is propagated back and the weights and the bias associated with each neuron in the network are modified in proportion to this error measure. During this iterative process, the network converges and extracts the target features which get encoded into its generalized weights and biases.In every unknown pattern that the converged network subsequently confronts with, it searches for the features already learned and outputs an indication for their presence or absence. This capability for target detection is exhibited by the response of the network to various test patterns presented to it.Three network topologies are tried with two variants of backpropagation learning and a grading of the performance of each combination is subsequently made.

Recyclable Short Fibre Reinforced Plastics PP/Nylon and HDPE/Nylon composites

The study shows that standard plastics like polypropylene and high density polyethylene can be reinforced by adding nylon short fibres. Compared to the conventional glass reinforced thermoplastics this novel class of reinforced thermoplastics has the major advantage of recyclability. Hence such composites represent a new spectrum of recyclable polymer composites. The fibre length and fibre diameter used for reinforcement are critical parameters While there is a critical fibre length below which no effective reinforcement takes place, the reinforcement improves when the fibre diameter decreases due to increased surface area.While the fibres alone give moderate reinforcement, chemical modification of the matrix can further improve the strength and modulus of the composites. Maleic anhydride grafting in presence of styrene was found to be the most efficient chemical modification. While the fibre addition enhances the viscosity of the melt at lower shear rates, the enhancement at higher shear rate is only marginal. This shows that processing of the composite can be done in a similar way to that of the matrix polymer in high shear operations such as injection moulding. Another significant observation is the decrease in melt viscosity of the composite upon grafting. Thus chemical modification of matrix makes processing of the composite easier in addition to improving the mechanical load bearing capacity.For the development of a useful short fibre composite, selection of proper materials, optimum design with regard to the particular product and choosing proper processing parameters are most essential. Since there is a co-influence of many parameters, analytical solutions are difficult. Hence for selecting proper processing parameters 'rnold flow' software was utilized. The orientation of the fibres, mechanical properties, temperature profile, shrinkage, fill time etc. were determined using the software.Another interesting feature of the nylon fibre/PP and nylon fibre/HDPE composites is their thermal behaviour. Both nylon and PP degrade at the same temperature in single steps and hence the thermal degradation behaviour of the composites is also being predictable. It is observed that the thermal behaviour of the matrix or reinforcement does not affect each other. Almost similar behaviour is observed in the case of nylon fibre/HDPE composites. Another equally significant factor is the nucleating effect of nylon fibre when the composite melt cools down. In the presence of the fibre the onset of crystallization occurs at slightly higher temperature.When the matrix is modified by grafting, the onset of crystallization occurs at still higher temperature. Hence it may be calculated that one reason for the improvement in mechanical behaviour of the composite is the difference in crystallization behaviour of the matrix in presence of the fibre.As mentioned earlier, a major advantage of these composites is their recyclability. Two basic approaches may be employed for recycling namely, low temperature recycling and high temperature recycling. In the low temperature recycling, the recycling is done at a temperature above the melting point of the matrix, but below that of the fibres while in the high temperature route. the recycling is done at a temperature above the melting points of both matrix and fibre. The former is particularly interesting in that the recycled material has equal or even better mechanical properties compared to the initial product. This is possible because the orientation of the fibre can improve with successive recycling. Hence such recycled composites can be used for the same applications for which the original composite was developed. In high temperature recycling, the composite is converted into a blend and hence the properties will be inferior to that of the original composite, but will be higher than that of the matrix material alone.

Packaging materials for shrimp, fish and fish products, their properties, selection and effect of different packaging materials on their shelf life

Packaging is important not only in extending the shellife of fish and fishery products but also improving their marketability. In the recent years, significant development have taken place in the packaging industry. During the past decade in India, there is almost a packaging revolution with the availability of variety packaging materials, thus generating better packaging consciousness in other producer/manufacturing industries. But unfortunately, such realisation is not forthcoming in the fisheries sector and packaging techniques for local and export trade continues to be on traditional lines with their inherent drawbacks and limitations. Better packaging ensures improved quality and presentation of the products and ensures higher returns to the producer. Among several packaging materials used in fishery industry, ISI specifications had been formulated only for corrugated fibre board boxes for export of seafoods and froglegs. This standard was formulated before containersiation came into existance in the export of marine products. Before containerisation, the standards were stringent in view of the rough handling, transportation and storage. Two of the common defects reported in the master cartons exported from India are low mechanical strength and tendency to get wet. They are weakened by the deposits of moisture caused by temperature fluctuations during loading, unloading and other handling stages. It is necessary to rectify the above defects in packaging aquatic products and hence in the present study extensive investigations are carried out to find out the reasons for the damage of master cartons, to evolve code of practice for the packaging oi frozen shrimp for exports, development of alternative style of packaging for the shipping container, development of suitable consumer packaging materials for fish soup powder, cured dried mackeral, fish pickles in oil and frozen shrimp. For the development of suitable packaging materials, it is absolutely essential to know the properties of packaging materials, effect of different packaging materials on theirshelf life and their suitability for food contact applications.

Onset And Characterisation Of Chaos In A Two Dimensional Nonlinear Deterministic Model

Nature is full of phenomena which we call "chaotic", the weather being a prime example. What we mean by this is that we cannot predict it to any significant accuracy, either because the system is inherently complex, or because some of the governing factors are not deterministic. However, during recent years it has become clear that random behaviour can occur even in very simple systems with very few number of degrees of freedom, without any need for complexity or indeterminacy. The discovery that chaos can be generated even with the help of systems having completely deterministic rules - often models of natural phenomena - has stimulated a lo; of research interest recently. Not that this chaos has no underlying order, but it is of a subtle kind, that has taken a great deal of ingenuity to unravel. In the present thesis, the author introduce a new nonlinear model, a ‘modulated’ logistic map, and analyse it from the view point of ‘deterministic chaos‘.

Fixed Point Decimal Multiplication Using RPS Algorithm

Decimal multiplication is an integral part of financial, commercial, and internet-based computations. A novel design for single digit decimal multiplication that reduces the critical path delay and area for an iterative multiplier is proposed in this research. The partial products are generated using single digit multipliers, and are accumulated based on a novel RPS algorithm. This design uses n single digit multipliers for an n × n multiplication. The latency for the multiplication of two n-digit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) operands is (n + 1) cycles and a new multiplication can begin every n cycle. The accumulation of final partial products and the first iteration of partial product generation for next set of inputs are done simultaneously. This iterative decimal multiplier offers low latency and high throughput, and can be extended for decimal floating-point multiplication.

Computation of relativistic symmetry orbitals for finite double point groups

A program is presented for the construction of relativistic symmetry-adapted molecular basis functions. It is applicable to 36 finite double point groups. The algorithm, based on the projection operator method, automatically generates linearly independent basis sets. Time reversal invariance is included in the program, leading to additional selection rules in the non-relativistic limit.

User Profile Management and Selection in Context-Aware Service Platforms for Networks Beyond 3G

In recent years, progress in the area of mobile telecommunications has changed our way of life, in the private as well as the business domain. Mobile and wireless networks have ever increasing bit rates, mobile network operators provide more and more services, and at the same time costs for the usage of mobile services and bit rates are decreasing. However, mobile services today still lack functions that seamlessly integrate into users’ everyday life. That is, service attributes such as context-awareness and personalisation are often either proprietary, limited or not available at all. In order to overcome this deficiency, telecommunications companies are heavily engaged in the research and development of service platforms for networks beyond 3G for the provisioning of innovative mobile services. These service platforms are to support such service attributes. Service platforms are to provide basic service-independent functions such as billing, identity management, context management, user profile management, etc. Instead of developing own solutions, developers of end-user services such as innovative messaging services or location-based services can utilise the platform-side functions for their own purposes. In doing so, the platform-side support for such functions takes away complexity, development time and development costs from service developers. Context-awareness and personalisation are two of the most important aspects of service platforms in telecommunications environments. The combination of context-awareness and personalisation features can also be described as situation-dependent personalisation of services. The support for this feature requires several processing steps. The focus of this doctoral thesis is on the processing step, in which the user’s current context is matched against situation-dependent user preferences to find the matching user preferences for the current user’s situation. However, to achieve this, a user profile management system and corresponding functionality is required. These parts are also covered by this thesis. Altogether, this thesis provides the following contributions: The first part of the contribution is mainly architecture-oriented. First and foremost, we provide a user profile management system that addresses the specific requirements of service platforms in telecommunications environments. In particular, the user profile management system has to deal with situation-specific user preferences and with user information for various services. In order to structure the user information, we also propose a user profile structure and the corresponding user profile ontology as part of an ontology infrastructure in a service platform. The second part of the contribution is the selection mechanism for finding matching situation-dependent user preferences for the personalisation of services. This functionality is provided as a sub-module of the user profile management system. Contrary to existing solutions, our selection mechanism is based on ontology reasoning. This mechanism is evaluated in terms of runtime performance and in terms of supported functionality compared to other approaches. The results of the evaluation show the benefits and the drawbacks of ontology modelling and ontology reasoning in practical applications.

Attentional Selection in Object Recognition

A key problem in object recognition is selection, namely, the problem of identifying regions in an image within which to start the recognition process, ideally by isolating regions that are likely to come from a single object. Such a selection mechanism has been found to be crucial in reducing the combinatorial search involved in the matching stage of object recognition. Even though selection is of help in recognition, it has largely remained unsolved because of the difficulty in isolating regions belonging to objects under complex imaging conditions involving occlusions, changing illumination, and object appearances. This thesis presents a novel approach to the selection problem by proposing a computational model of visual attentional selection as a paradigm for selection in recognition. In particular, it proposes two modes of attentional selection, namely, attracted and pay attention modes as being appropriate for data and model-driven selection in recognition. An implementation of this model has led to new ways of extracting color, texture and line group information in images, and their subsequent use in isolating areas of the scene likely to contain the model object. Among the specific results in this thesis are: a method of specifying color by perceptual color categories for fast color region segmentation and color-based localization of objects, and a result showing that the recognition of texture patterns on model objects is possible under changes in orientation and occlusions without detailed segmentation. The thesis also presents an evaluation of the proposed model by integrating with a 3D from 2D object recognition system and recording the improvement in performance. These results indicate that attentional selection can significantly overcome the computational bottleneck in object recognition, both due to a reduction in the number of features, and due to a reduction in the number of matches during recognition using the information derived during selection. Finally, these studies have revealed a surprising use of selection, namely, in the partial solution of the pose of a 3D object.

Feature Point Detection and Curve Approximation for Early Processing of Freehand Sketches

Freehand sketching is both a natural and crucial part of design, yet is unsupported by current design automation software. We are working to combine the flexibility and ease of use of paper and pencil with the processing power of a computer to produce a design environment that feels as natural as paper, yet is considerably smarter. One of the most basic steps in accomplishing this is converting the original digitized pen strokes in the sketch into the intended geometric objects using feature point detection and approximation. We demonstrate how multiple sources of information can be combined for feature detection in strokes and apply this technique using two approaches to signal processing, one using simple average based thresholding and a second using scale space.

Model Selection in Summary Evaluation

A difficulty in the design of automated text summarization algorithms is in the objective evaluation. Viewing summarization as a tradeoff between length and information content, we introduce a technique based on a hierarchy of classifiers to rank, through model selection, different summarization methods. This summary evaluation technique allows for broader comparison of summarization methods than the traditional techniques of summary evaluation. We present an empirical study of two simple, albeit widely used, summarization methods that shows the different usages of this automated task-based evaluation system and confirms the results obtained with human-based evaluation methods over smaller corpora.

Preconditioning and iterative solution of symmetric indefinite linear systems arising from interior point methods for linear programming

We study the preconditioning of symmetric indefinite linear systems of equations that arise in interior point solution of linear optimization problems. The preconditioning method that we study exploits the block structure of the augmented matrix to design a similar block structure preconditioner to improve the spectral properties of the resulting preconditioned matrix so as to improve the convergence rate of the iterative solution of the system. We also propose a two-phase algorithm that takes advantage of the spectral properties of the transformed matrix to solve for the Newton directions in the interior-point method. Numerical experiments have been performed on some LP test problems in the NETLIB suite to demonstrate the potential of the preconditioning method discussed.