Drilling delamination outcomes on glass and sisal reinforced plastics

Nowadays, fibre reinforced plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Apart from the most known reinforcement fibres, like glass or carbon, natural fibres can be seen as an economical alternative. However, some mistrust is yet limiting the use of such materials, being one of the main reasons the inconsistency normally found in their mechanical properties. It should be noticed that these materials are more used for their low density than for their high stiffness. In this work, two different types of reinforced plates were compared: glass reinforced epoxy plate and sisal reinforced epoxy plate. For material characterization purposes, tensile and flexural tests were carried out. Main properties of both materials, like elastic modulus, tensile strength or flexural modulus, are presented and compared with reference values. Afterwards, plates were drilled under two different feed rates: low and high, with two diverse tools: twist and brad type drill, while cutting speed was kept constant. Thrust forces during drilling were monitored. Then, delamination area around the hole was assessed by using digital images that were processed using a computational platform previously developed. Finally, drilled plates were mechanically tested for bearing and open-hole resistance. Results were compared and correlated with the measured delamination. Conclusions contribute to the understanding of natural fibres reinforced plastics as a substitute to glass fibres reinforced plastics, helping on cost reductions without compromising reliability, as well as the consequence of delamination on mechanical resistance of this type of composites.

Modelação térmica e de tensões residuais de soldadura de metais duros

Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Drilling of fibre reinforced plastic laminates

The use of fibre reinforced plastics – FRP’s – in structures is under a considerable increase. Advantages of their use are related with their low weight, high strength and stiffness. The improvement of the dynamic characteristics has been profitable for aeronautics, automobile, railway, naval and sporting goods industries. Drilling is a widely used machining technique as it is needed to assemble parts in a structure. This is a unique machining process, characterized by the existence of two different mechanisms: extrusion by the drill chisel edge and cutting by the rotating cutting lips. Drilling raises particular problems that can reduce mechanical and fatigue strength of the parts. In this work, quasi-isotropic hybrid laminates with 25% of carbon fibre reinforced plies and 4 mm thickness are produced, tested and drilled. Three different drill geometries are compared. Results considered are the interlaminar fracture toughness in Mode I – GIc –, thrust force during drilling and delamination extent after drilling. A bearing test is performed to evaluate tool influence on the load carrying capacity of the plate. Results consider the influence of drill geometry on delamination. A correlation linking plate damage to bearing test results is presented.

Damage analysis of carbon/epoxy plates after drilling

Drilling of composites plates normally uses traditional techniques but damage risk is high. NDT use is important. Damage in a carbon/epoxy plate is evaluated by enhanced X-rays. Four different drills are used. The images are analysed using Computational Vision techniques. Surface roughness is compared. Results suggest strategies for delamination reduction.

Numerical prediction of delamination onset in carbon/epoxy composites drilling

Despite the fact that their physical properties make them an attractive family of materials, composites machining can cause several damage modes such as delamination, fibre pull-out, thermal degradation, and others. Minimization of axial thrust force during drilling reduces the probability of delamination onset, as it has been demonstrated by analytical models based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). A finite element model considering solid elements of the ABAQUS® software library and interface elements including a cohesive damage model was developed in order to simulate thrust forces and delamination onset during drilling. Thrust force results for delamination onset are compared with existing analytical models.

Análise comparativa de sistemas centralizados e descentralizados de valorização de chorumes de suiniculturas, utilizando o software UMBERTO

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Perfil de Engenharia Sanitária

Tool effects on hybrid laminates drilling

Fiber reinforced plastics are increasing their importance as one of the most interesting groups of material on account of their low weight, high strength, and stiffness. To obtain good quality holes, it is important to identify the type of material, ply stacking sequence, and fiber orientation. In this article, the drilling of quasi-isotropic hybrid carbon +glass/epoxy plates is analyzed. Two commercial drills and a special step drill are compared considering the thrust force and delamination extension. Results suggest that the proposed step drill can be a suitable option in laminate drilling.

Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminates

In this work, a comparative study on different drill point geometries and feed rate for composite laminates drilling is presented. For this goal, thrust force monitoring during drilling, hole wall roughness measurement and delamination extension assessment after drilling is accomplished. Delamination is evaluated using enhanced radiography combined with a dedicated computational platform that integrates algorithms of image processing and analysis. An experimental procedure was planned and consequences were evaluated. Results show that a cautious combination of the factors involved, like drill tip geometry or feed rate, can promote the reduction of delamination damage.

Estudo da influência da pré-furação no dano em laminados carbono/epóxido

Na furação de placas em materiais compósitos é corrente o uso de técnicas tradicionais de furação adaptadas. O defeito mais grave é a delaminação, que nem sempre é visível à superfície e pode causar o colapso prematuro das estruturas. Para a avaliação dos danos provocados nas peças utilizam-se meios de controlo não-destrutivo. Neste artigo são analisados os resultados obtidos através do recurso à pré-furação em placas carbono/epóxido e de duas técnicas de controlo. Os resultados obtidos permitem estabelecer a influência da pré-furação na delaminação Neste trabalho, utilizam-se técnicas de Visão Computacional no processamento e análise das imagens obtidas nos ensaios experimentais.

Damage assessment of drilled hybrid composite laminates

Hole drilling operations are common in fibre reinforced plastics - FRP’s - to facilitate fastener assembly to other parts in more complex structures. As these materials are non-homogeneous, drilling causes some damages, like delamination, for example. Delamination can be reduced by a careful selection of drilling parameters, drill material and drill bit geometry. In this work two types of laminates are drilled using different machining parameters and comparing drill geometries. Results show the importance of a cautious selection of these variables when composites’ drilling is involved.

Influência dos parâmetros de maquinagem no dano de placas compósitas

Os materiais compósitos têm-se tornado cada vez mais importantes em virtude das suas características específicas, tais como o baixo peso e uma boa relação peso/resistência. As operações de furação são habituais neste tipo de peças, devido à necessidade de posterior montagem em conjuntos. Devido à não-homogeneidade dos compósitos, a furação pode causar alguns danos, de que podem resultar perda de propriedades mecânicas da peça. Uma escolha adequada da ferramenta e dos parâmetros pode diminuir estas consequências. Neste artigo são comparados os resultados obtidos com três diferentes velocidades de corte, três avanços e três geometrias de ferramenta. As conclusões apontam para a importância duma adequada selecção dos parâmetros de maquinagem na redução do dano.

Avaliação de ferramentas para a furação de laminados

“Drlling of polymeric matrix composites structures"

Avaliação da delaminação após furação em compósitos laminados

As características excepcionais dos materiais compósitos de matriz polimérica têm conduzido à sua crescente utilização em todos os domínios. A necessidade de ligar estas peças entre si obriga à realização frequente de operações de furação que, embora devidamente adaptada, pode provocar diferentes tipos de dano nas peças a ligar. Desses, o dano mais grave é a delaminação pelas suas consequências na perda das propriedades mecânicas. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo da extensão do dano em função da geometria de ferramenta utilizada. Para tal as placas foram radiografadas após furação e a imagem resultante segmentada para medição das áreas associadas. Os resultados mostram a importância de uma adequada geometria de ferramenta na redução do dano causado pela furação em compósitos laminados.

Drilling process of composite laminates – a tool based analysis

“Drilling of polymeric matrix composites structures”

Utilização de algoritmos de processamento e análise de imagem na avaliação do dano em placas compósitas

PTDC/EME–TME/66207/2006 e POSC/EEA-SRI/55386/2004