Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

Adaptive power optimization of on-chip SNUCA cache on tiled chip multicore architecture using remap policy

Advances in technology have increased the number of cores and size of caches present on chip multicore platforms(CMPs). As a result, leakage power consumption of on-chip caches has already become a major power consuming component of the memory subsystem. We propose to reduce leakage power consumption in static nonuniform cache architecture(SNUCA) on a tiled CMP by dynamically varying the number of cache slices used and switching off unused cache slices. A cache slice in a tile includes all cache banks present in that tile. Switched-off cache slices are remapped considering the communication costs to reduce cache usage with minimal impact on execution time. This saves leakage power consumption in switched-off L2 cache slices. On an average, there map policy achieves 41% and 49% higher EDP savings compared to static and dynamic NUCA (DNUCA) cache policies on a scalable tiled CMP, respectively.

Evaluation of kissing bond in composite adhesive lap joints using digital image correlation: Preliminary studies

The assembly of aerospace and automotive structures in recent years is increasingly carried out using adhesives. Adhesive joints have advantages of uniform stress distribution and less stress concentration in the bonded region. Nevertheless, they may suffer due to the presence of defects in bond line and at the interface or due to improper curing process. While defects like voids, cracks and delaminations present in the adhesive bond line may be detected using different NDE methods, interfacial defects in the form of kissing bond may go undetected. Attempts using advanced ultrasonic methods like nonlinear ultrasound and guided wave inspection to detect kissing bond have met with limited success stressing the need for alternate methods. This paper concerns the preliminary studies carried out on detectability of dry contact kissing bonds in adhesive joints using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. In this attempt, adhesive joint samples containing varied area of kissing bond were prepared using the glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRP) as substrates and epoxy resin as the adhesive layer joining them. The samples were also subjected to conventional and high power ultrasonic inspection. Further, these samples were loaded till failure to determine the bond strength during which digital images were recorded and analyzed using the DIC method. This noncontact method could indicate the existence of kissing bonds at less than 50% failure load. Finite element studies carried out showed a similar trend. Results obtained from these preliminary studies are encouraging and further tests need to be done on a larger set of samples to study experimental uncertainties and scatter associated with the method. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Variants of waters’ dual system primitives using asymmetric pairings

Waters, in 2009, introduced an important technique, called dual system encryption, to construct identity-based encryption (IBE) and related schemes. The resulting IBE scheme was described in the setting of symmetric pairing. A key feature of the construction is the presence of random tags in the ciphertext and decryption key. Later work by Lewko and Waters removed the tags and proceeding through composite-order pairings led to a more efficient dual system IBE scheme using asymmetric pairings whose security is based on non-standard but static assumptions. In this work, we have systematically simplified Waters 2009 IBE scheme in the setting of asymmetric pairing. The simplifications retain tags used in the original description. This leads to several variants, the first one of which is based on standard assumptions and in comparison to Waters’ original scheme reduces ciphertexts and keys by two elements each. Going through several stages of simplifications, we finally obtain a simple scheme whose security can be based on two standard assumptions and a natural and minimal extension of the decision Diffie-Hellman problem for asymmetric pairing groups. The scheme itself is also minimal in the sense that apart from the tags, both encryption and key generation use exactly one randomiser each. This final scheme is more efficient than both the previous dual system IBE scheme in the asymmetric setting due to Lewko and Waters and the more recent dual system IBE scheme due to Lewko. We extend the IBE scheme to hierarchical IBE (HIBE) and broadcast encryption (BE) schemes. Both primitives are secure in their respective full models and have better efficiencies compared to previously known schemes offering the same level and type of security.

Emergent properties of the interferon-signalling network may underlie the success of hepatitis C treatment

Current interferon alpha-based treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection fails to cure a sizeable fraction of patients treated. The cause of this treatment failure remains unknown. Here using mathematical modelling, we predict treatment failure to be a consequence of the emergent properties of the interferon-signalling network. HCV induces bistability in the network, creating a new steady state where it can persist. Cells that admit the new steady state alone are refractory to interferon. Using a model of viral kinetics, we show that when the fraction of cells refractory to interferon in a patient exceeds a critical value, treatment fails. Direct-acting antivirals that suppress HCV replication can eliminate the new steady state, restoring interferon sensitivity and improving treatment response. Our study thus presents a new conceptual basis of HCV persistence and treatment response, elucidates the origin of the synergy between interferon and direct-acting antivirals, and facilitates rational treatment optimization.

Salmonella methylglyoxal detoxification by STM3117-encoded lactoylglutathione lyase affects virulence in coordination with Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and phagosomal acidification

Intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) manipulate their host cells through the interplay of various virulence factors. A multitude of such virulence factors are encoded on the genome of S. Typhimurium and are usually organized in pathogenicity islands. The virulence-associated genomic stretch of STM3117-3120 has structural features of pathogenicity islands and is present exclusively in non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella. It encodes metabolic enzymes predicted to be involved in methylglyoxal metabolism. STM3117-encoded lactoylglutathione lyase significantly impacts the proliferation of intracellular Salmonella. The deletion mutant of STM3117 (Delta lgl) fails to grow in epithelial cells but hyper-replicates in macrophages. This difference in proliferation outcome was the consequence of failure to detoxify methylglyoxal by Delta lgl, which was also reflected in the form of oxidative DNA damage and upregulation of kefB in the mutant. Within macrophages, the toxicity of methylglyoxal adducts elicits the potassium efflux channel (KefB) in the mutant which subsequently modulates the acidification of mutant-containing vacuoles (MCVs). The perturbation in the pH of the MCV milieu and bacterial cytosol enhances the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 translocation in Delta lgl, increasing its net growth within macrophages. In epithelial cells, however, the maturation of Delta lgl-containing vacuoles were affected as these non-phagocytic cells maintain less acidic vacuoles compared to those in macrophages. Remarkably, ectopic expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on epithelial cells partially restored the survival of Delta lgl. This study identified a novel metabolic enzyme in S. Typhimurium whose activity during intracellular infection within a given host cell type differentially affected the virulence of the bacteria.

Probabilistic stress variation studies on composite single lap joint using Monte Carlo simulation

The work presented in this paper involves the stochastic finite element analysis of composite-epoxy adhesive lap joints using Monte Carlo simulation. A set of composite adhesive lap joints were prepared and loaded till failure to obtain their strength. The peel and shear strain in the bond line region at different levels of load were obtained using digital image correlation (DIC). The corresponding stresses were computed assuming a plane strain condition. The finite element model was verified by comparing the numerical and experimental stresses. The stresses exhibited a similar behavior and a good correlation was obtained. Further, the finite element model was used to perform the stochastic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The parameters influencing stress distribution were provided as a random input variable and the resulting probabilistic variation of maximum peel and shear stresses were studied. It was found that the adhesive modulus and bond line thickness had significant influence on the maximum stress variation. While the adherend thickness had a major influence, the effect of variation in longitudinal and shear modulus on the stresses was found to be little. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aportes teóricos de la psicología cognitiva para la construcción de una nueva economía científica

Resumen: El presente ensayo teórico se orienta a revisar las concepciones de sujeto de uno de los sistemas teóricos de economía-política que han tenido mayor influencia hasta el presente. El padre del liberalismo (Adam Smith) sustentó una teoría de sujeto cartesiano (moderno), es decir, un verdadero sapiens sapiens racional y autoconsciente. A través de la psicología cognitiva, los Premios Nobel en economía Kanheman y Tversky presentan una nueva variante de homoeconomicus, enriquecida con aportes de la ciencia experimental, modificando sustancialmente aquella vieja concepción de hombre como ser racional que signó casi todo el pensamiento moderno. Dadas estas “recientes revisiones” teórico-metodológicas, gestadas a la luz de la denominada ciencia de la mente, es que se hace indispensable re-pensar las viejas nociones de sujeto que sirvieron de cimiento al sistema económico y político, antes citadas. Para tal fin, se propone efectuar una sinergia teórico-metodológica entre dos disciplinas científicas: la economía y la psicología. Dicho sincretismo podría proporcionar las bases para una nueva disciplina científica integradora, que muchos teóricos ya han denominado neuro-economía. Es por esto que en el presente trabajo se propone realizar una crítica fundamentada de una de las teorías económicas vigentes, haciendo principal hincapié en los supuestos psicológicos y antropológicos. Finalmente, se intenta re-pensar un nuevo modelo de homoeconomicus, articulando los principales supuestos de la economía actual con algunos de los aportes de la psicología cognitiva, la biología y las neurociencias cognitivas, que redunde en un nuevo paradigma integrador denominado psiconeuro- economía.

La gestión de marketing de ciudades y áreas metropolitanas: de la orientación al producto a la orientación al marketing

Ponencia aceptada y defendida en el XVI Congreso Nacional y XII Hispano-Francés de AEDEM, celebrado en Alicante, en junio de 2002.

Las deficiencias formativas en la Educación Superior: El caso de las Ingenierías

[ES] El entorno en el que desarrollan sus actividades las instituciones universitarias está poniendo de manifiesto algunas debilidades en la formación impartida a sus egresados. Entre ellas destaca la falta de adecuación entre las competencias potenciadas por las universidades en sus alumnos y las demandadas por las organizaciones. Ante esta situación, este artículo pretende analizar el estado de la cuestión, concretamente centrándonos en el caso de los ingenieros y para el contexto de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. Para ello, se analizan las opiniones manifestadas, a través de un cuestionario, a un grupo de empleadores.

Preservação da memória legislativa na Câmara dos Deputados

A Câmara dos Deputados possui um patrimônio cultural significativo para a sociedade brasileira. No entanto, o processo de manutenção destes bens culturais apresenta vários desafios, dentre eles o de promover uma maior cooperação entre os diversos segmentos da Casa, além de incentivar a participação das pessoas. Sendo assim, procura-se, por meio deste estudo de caso, avaliar qual a percepção dos atores envolvidos em relação ao trabalho de preservação da memória legislativa desenvolvido pela Coordenação de Preservação de Bens Culturais. Para isso, partindo-se dos princípios de que a preservação patrimonial só é possível quando existe a participação de todos e de que a manifestação de vários pontos de vista são fontes potenciais para a realização de mudanças, utilizamos os recursos de entrevistas e questionários para o levantamento de dados. A análise desses resultados indicou que existe um conhecimento amplo sobre a importância do patrimônio Institucional e sua preservação, entretanto esse conhecimento deve ser mais bem definido e aprimorado, buscando-se, por meio de uma comunicação mais clara e efetiva, uma maior colaboração desses atores.

Una longeva técnica forestal: los trasmochos o desmochos guiados en Guipúzcoa durante la Edad Moderna

[ES] A fin de garantizar el aprovechamiento deun recurso renovable como la madera, en un momento de retroceso forestal y escasez de materiales, los habitantes de la provincia de Guipúzcoa, ante lo exiguo de su territorio, arbitraron un sistema que permitió combinar las necesidades y demandas de actividades tan dispares como la ganadería, el consumo doméstico, la siderurgia o la construcción naval. El presente artículo pretende analizar el origen, desarrollo y desaparición de los trasmochos guiados y describir su técnica en el territorio guipuzcoano. A falta de mayores evidencias, parece que la técnica del trasmochado o desmochado guiado inició su andadura en la Baja Edad Media, aunque hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XVI no existen datos documentales de su utilización en territorio guipuzcoano. Su generalización en todo el territorio guipuzcoano no parece producirse definitivamente hasta finales del siglo XVII, aunque para entonces se venía aplicando en la costa y el sector oriental de la reclamaciones de las autoridades reales y territoriales, la obligación de dejar horca y pendón se encontró con la oposición de carboneros y ferrones, quienes trasmochaban los árboles pero sin guiarlos, perjudicando de ese modo a las autoridades e intereses de la Marina Real. Precisamente el incumplimiento de las ordenanzas fue lo que provocó la aparición de dos modelos, con usos diferenciados: trasmochos sin guiar y trasmochos guiados. A lo largo del siglo XIX dicha técnica se fue perdiendo, coincidiendo con la paulatina desaparición de la construcción naval en madera.

Kontabilitate plan orokor berriaren kontzeptu-esparrua

[EU] Kontabilitate Plan Orokorrak aldaketa sakon bat izan du. Aldaketa horien artean lehena, kontabilitatearen oinarria den Kontzeptu-Esparrua da. Kontabilitatearen Kontzeptu-Esparruak, kontabilitatearen oinarriak ezartzen ditu. Bertan adierazten dira kontabilitatearen helburua zein den, hori lortzeko betebeharrak, printzipioak, osagaiak eta erregistro eta balioespen irizpideak. Lehen zati hau ondo ulertzen ez bada, kontabilitateak zentzurik ez daukala esan genezake.

Assessment of Atlantic Red Drum for 1999: Northern and southern regions

An assessment of the status of the Atlantic stock of red drum is conducted using recreational and commercial data from 1986 through 1998. This assessment updates data and analyses from the 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1995 stock assessments on Atlantic coast red drum (Vaughan and Helser, 1990; Vaughan 1992; 1993; 1996). Since 1981, coastwide recreational catches ranged between 762,300 pounds in 1980 and 2,623,900 pounds in 1984, while commercial landings ranged between 60,900 pounds in 1997 and 422,500 pounds in 1984. In weight of fish caught, Atlantic red drum constitute predominantly a recreational fishery (ranging between 85 and 95% during the 1990s). Commercially, red drum continue to be harvested as part of mixed species fisheries. Using available length-frequency distributions and age-length keys, recreational and commercial catches are converted to catch in numbers at age. Separable and tuned virtual population analyses are conducted on the catch in numbers at age to obtain estimates of fishing mortality rates and population size (including recruitment to age 1). In tum, these estimates of fishing mortality rates combined with estimates of growth (length and weight), sex ratios, sexual maturity and fecundity are used to estimate yield per recruit, escapement to age 4, and static (or equilibrium) spawning potential ratio (static SPR, based on both female biomass and egg production). Three virtual analysis approaches (separable, spreadsheet, and FADAPT) were applied to catch matrices for two time periods (early: 1986-1991, and late: 1992-1998) and two regions (Northern: North Carolina and north, and Southern: South Carolina through east coast of Florida). Additional catch matrices were developed based on different treatments for the catch-and-release recreationally-caught red drum (B2-type). These approaches included assuming 0% mortality (BASEO) versus 10% mortality for B2 fish. For the 10% mortality on B2 fish, sizes were assumed the same as caught fish (BASEl), or positive difference in size distribution between the early period and the later period (DELTA), or intermediate (PROP). Hence, a total of 8 catch matrices were developed (2 regions, and 4 B2 assumptions for 1986-1998) to which the three VPA approaches were applied. The question of when offshore emigration or reduced availability begins (during or after age 3) continues to be a source of bias that tends to result in overestimates of fishing mortality. Additionally, the continued assumption (Vaughan and Helser, 1990; Vaughan 1992; 1993; 1996) of no fishing mortality on adults (ages 6 and older), causes a bias that results in underestimates of fishing mortality for adult ages (0 versus some positive value). Because of emigration and the effect of the slot limit for the later period, a range in relative exploitations of age 3 to age 2 red drum was considered. Tuning indices were developed from the MRFSS, and state indices for use in the spreadsheet and FADAPT VPAs. The SAFMC Red Drum Assessment Group (Appendix A) favored the FADAPT approach with catch matrix based on DELTA and a selectivity for age 3 relative to age 2 of 0.70 for the northern region and 0.87 for the southern region. In the northern region, estimates of static SPR increased from about 1.3% for the period 1987-1991 to approximately 18% (15% and 20%) for the period 1992-1998. For the southern region, estimates of static SPR increased from about 0.5% for the period 1988-1991 to approximately 15% for the period 1992-1998. Population models used in this assessment (specifically yield per recruit and static spawning potential ratio) are based on equilibrium assumptions: because no direct estimates are available as to the current status of the adult stock, model results imply potential longer term, equilibrium effects. Because current status of the adult stock is unknown, a specific rebuilding schedule cannot be determined. However, the duration of a rebuilding schedule should reflect, in part, a measure of the generation time of the fish species under consideration. For a long-lived, but relatively early spawning, species as red drum, mean generation time would be on the order of 15 to 20 years based on age-specific egg production. Maximum age is 50 to 60 years for the northern region, and about 40 years for the southern region. The ASMFC Red Drum Board's first phase recovery goal of increasing %SPR to at least 10% appears to have been met. (PDF contains 79 pages)

Building digital capability: the six elements defined

A digital capability framework which describes the skills needed by staff in a wide range of academic, administrative and professional roles to thrive in a digital environment. This will provide a structure to help managers and individuals understand what is needed and supports the development of tools. We have produced an initial model of the framework which describes digital capability as six overlapping elements.