O que pode uma reforma de ensino: os efeitos no cotidiano docente no contexto dos Governos do PT em Chapeco-Sc

Esta tese versa sobre a história da implantação de uma reforma de ensino implementada durante dois governos petistas no município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina. No desenvolvimento do texto busco, a partir das falas coletadas em entrevistas realizadas com professoras, analisar os efeitos produzidos no cotidiano docente a partir da referida reforma. Inicio o trabalho apresentando diversos momentos da história política e educacional brasileiros nos quais diferentes reformas de ensino foram realizadas, apontando as inter-relações existentes entre as políticas governamentais e as políticas de educação. Em seguida, apresento o cenário específico Chapecó no qual ocorreu a reforma estudada. Neste ponto procuro apresentar a constituição política do município e discutir a novidade que um governo, considerado progressista, pode trazer para o campo da educação. Ao final analiso as entrevistas apontando e discutindo os efeitos que a reforma do ensino provocou, a partir das considerações feitas pelas professoras. Partindo de uma perspectiva transdisciplinar busco, auxiliada por referências das ciências humanas e sociais (política, história, sociologia, economia, psicologia) e da filosofia da diferença, compor um dispositivo metodológico que abarque a complexidade da temática proposta. Concluo o trabalho considerando que os efeitos produzidos pela citada reforma de ensino foram variados e só devem ser considerados em sua provisoriedade.

Space-selective precipitation of Au nanoparticles inside silica gel

Au colloids were prepared by irradiation with a Nd:YAG laser. Au nanoparticles were characterized by absorption spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is found that the wavelength of the laser has no effect on the size but the number of the Au nanoparticles. By irradiating a transparent silica gel doped with gold ions with the focused laser in the gel and subsequent exposing in air, a space-selective pattern of letter "P" consisting of Au nanoparticles was observed inside the silica gel.

Nanosecond nonlinear absorption in Au and Ag nanoparticles precipitated glasses induced by a femtosecond laser

We obtain Au and Ag nanoparticles precipitated in glasses by irradiation of focused femtosecond pulses, and investigate the nonlinear absorptions of the glasses by using Z-scan technique with ns pulses at 532 nm. We observe the saturable absorption behavior for An nanoparticles precipitated glasses and the reverse saturable ones for Ag ones. We also obtain, by fitting to the experimental results in the light of the local field effect near and away from the surface plasmon resonance, chi(m)((3)) = 4.5 x 10(-7) and 5.9 x 10(-8) esu for m the imaginary parts of the third-order susceptibilities for Au and Ag nanoparticles, respectively. The nonlinear response of Au nanoparticles in the glass samples arises mainly from the hot-electron contribution and the saturation of the interband transitions near the surface plasmon resonance, whereas that of Ag nanoparticles in the glass samples from the interband transitions. These show that the obtained glasses can be used as optoelectronic devices suiting for different demands. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Precipitation of Ge nanoparticles from GeO2 glasses in transmission electron microscope

We show, using spatially resolved energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), that GeO2 and GeO2-SiO2 glasses are extremely sensitive to high energy electrons. Ge nanoparticles can be precipitated in GeO2 glasses efficiently by the high-energy electron beam of a TEM. This is relevant to TEM characterization of luminescent Ge nanoparticles in silicate glasses, which may produce artificial results. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Preparation and optical properties of silicate glasses containing Pd nanoparticles

We report the space selective precipitation of Pd nanoparticles in Pd2+ -doped silicate glass by ultrashort laser pulses irradiation and further annealing. Absorption spectra, transmission electron microscopy, refractive index measurement and Z-scan technique demonstrated that metallic Pd nanoparticles were precipitated in the glass sample after irradiation by an 800-nm femtosecond laser and subsequent annealing at 600 degrees C. We discuss a refractive index change and nonlinear absorption that combines the precipitation of Pd nanoparticles. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação de uma resina polimérica contendo nanopartículas de prata

Neste trabalho foi testada a eficiência antimicrobiana de um nanocompósito de prata preparado a partir da modificação da resina comercial Lewatit VPOC1800 (contendo grupos sulfônicos) para três espécies de bactérias (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli.) cuja estrutura e composição das camadas externas da parede celular são distintas. Em termos da susceptibilidade aos biocidas essa diferença pode significar um fator importante de estudo. A avaliação da atividade biocida foi feita através de experimento que estimou a zona de inibição proporcionada pela atividade da resina sobre as bactérias estudadas. A resina mostrou eficiência biocida que aparentemente não é afetada pelas diferenças morfológicas das bactérias estudadas. Uma série de teste em batelada foi realizado com o intuito de se verificar a massa da resina e o tempo de contato ideal com a solução a ser descontaminada, chegando aos valores de 0,2g e 1minuto. As diferentes concentrações bacterianas utilizadas no estudo não influenciaram na atividade antimicrobiana da resina. Um estudo em coluna foi realizado para se averiguar o ponto de saturação do compósito, observando-se que a curva de ruptura da resina segue um tendência exponencial crescente igual a todas as espécies estudas, atingindo a saturação em aproximadamente 2250 mL

Absence of room-temperature ferromagnetism in Al-codoped Zn0.95Co0.05O nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline Zn0.95-xCo0.05AlxO (x=0, 0.01, 0.05) diluted magnetic semiconductors have been synthesized by an auto-combustion method. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that Al-doped Zn0.95Co0.05O samples had the pure wurtzite structure. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and Co 2p core-level photoemission spectroscope analyses indicated that Co2+ substituted for Zn2+ without forming any secondary phases or impurities. Resistance measurements showed that the resistance values of Co and Al codoped samples were still so large in the giga magnitude. Magnetic investigations showed that nanocrystalline Al-doped Zn0.95Co0.05O samples had no indication of room temperature ferromagnetism. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for RNAi against Viral Infections: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The efforts made to develop RNAi-based therapies have led to productive research in the field of infections in humans, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpetic keratitis, human papillomavirus, or influenza virus. Naked RNAi molecules are rapidly digested by nucleases in the serum, and due to their negative surface charge, entry into the cell cytoplasm is also hampered, which makes necessary the use of delivery systems to exploit the full potential of RNAi therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) represent one of the most widely used delivery systems for in vivo application of RNAi due to their relative safety and simplicity of production, joint with the enhanced payload and protection of encapsulated RNAs. Moreover, LNP may be functionalized to reach target cells, and they may be used to combine RNAi molecules with conventional drug substances to reduce resistance or improve efficiency. This review features the current application of LNP in RNAi mediated therapy against viral infections and aims to explore possible future lines of action in this field.

Development of nucleic acid vaccines: use of self-amplifying RNA in lipid nanoparticles

Self-amplifying RNA or RNA replicon is a form of nucleic acid-based vaccine derived from either positive-strand or negative-strand RNA viruses. The gene sequences encoding structural proteins in these RNA viruses are replaced by mRNA encoding antigens of interest as well as by RNA polymerase for replication and transcription. This kind of vaccine has been successfully assayed with many different antigens as vaccines candidates, and has been shown to be potent in several animal species, including mice, nonhuman primates, and humans. A key challenge to realizing the broad potential of self-amplifying vaccines is the need for safe and effective delivery methods. Ideally, an RNA nanocarrier should provide protection from blood nucleases and extended blood circulation, which ultimately would increase the possibility of reaching the target tissue. The delivery system must then be internalized by the target cell and, upon receptor-mediated endocytosis, must be able to escape from the endosomal compartment into the cell cytoplasm, where the RNA machinery is located, while avoiding degradation by lysosomal enzymes. Further, delivery systems for systemic administration ought to be well tolerated upon administration. They should be safe, enabling the multiadministration treatment modalities required for improved clinical outcomes and, from a developmental point of view, production of large batches with reproducible specifications is also desirable. In this review, the concept of self-amplifying RNA vaccines and the most promising lipid-based delivery systems are discussed.