Flour production from shrimp by-products and sensory evaluation of flour-based products

The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of flour using by-products (cephalothorax) obtained from the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) industry, and to perform a sensory analysis of shrimp flour-based products. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses on fresh cephalothorax and on manufactured flour were performed, as well as the determination of cholesterol content of this flour, and the sensorial evaluation of soup and pastry made with this flour. By the microbiological analyses, no pathogenic microorganism was detected in the samples. Physicochemical analyses of flour showed high levels of protein (50.05%) and minerals (20.97%). Shrimp cephalothorax flour showed high levels of cholesterol. The sensory evaluation indicated a good acceptance of the products, with satisfactory acceptability index (81% for soup, and 83% for pastry), which indicates that shrimp cephalothorax in the form of flour has a potential for developing new products.

Spatial filtering for pilot-aided WCDMA systems: a semi-blind subspace approach

This paper proposes a spatial filtering technique forthe reception of pilot-aided multirate multicode direct-sequencecode division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems such as widebandCDMA (WCDMA). These systems introduce a code-multiplexedpilot sequence that can be used for the estimation of thefilter weights, but the presence of the traffic signal (transmittedat the same time as the pilot sequence) corrupts that estimationand degrades the performance of the filter significantly. This iscaused by the fact that although the traffic and pilot signals areusually designed to be orthogonal, the frequency selectivity of thechannel degrades this orthogonality at hte receiving end. Here,we propose a semi-blind technique that eliminates the self-noisecaused by the code-multiplexing of the pilot. We derive analyticallythe asymptotic performance of both the training-only andthe semi-blind techniques and compare them with the actual simulatedperformance. It is shown, both analytically and via simulation,that high gains can be achieved with respect to training-onlybasedtechniques.

Building Environmental Management System for Laboratory Products Manufacturing Company according ISO 14001-standard

Tutkielman tavoitteena on rakentaa toimiva ympäristöjärjestelmä Thermo Fisher Scientific Oy:lle. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös löytää kahdelle täysin erilaiselle toiminnalle yhtenäinen ympäristöjärjestelmä, jonka avulla pystytään ottamaan huomioon molempien toimipaikkojen hieman erilaiset vaatimukset. Lisäksi tavoitteena on muodostaa ympäristöjärjestelmälle oma organisaatio, jonka avulla ympäristöjärjestelmän integrointi yrityksen prosesseihin voidaan suorittaa sujuvasti. Aluksi tutkimusongelmaa lähestytään teoreettisesta näkökulmasta,jossa tarkastellaan ympäristöjärjestelmän historiaa, rakennetta, etuja sekä ISO 14001–standardin rakennetta ja sen etenemistä ympäristöjärjestelmän rakentamisen yhteydessä aina kolmannen osapuolen sertifiointiin asti. Empiria osa alkaa alustavalla ympäristökatselmuksella, jossa selvitetään ympäristöasioiden hoidon nykytaso ja luodaan pohja koko ympäristöjärjestelmän luomiselle, jonka vankimpana perustana on ympäristöpolitiikka. Johdon hyväksymä ympäristöpolitiikka varmistaa johdon sitoutumisen järjestelmään. Ympäristöjärjestelmän toimintarakenteen muodostaminen kahdelle erilaiselle toiminnalle onnistui tutkimuksessa kiitettävästi. Se miten ympäristöjärjestelmä toimii todellisuudessa, tullaan näkemään käytännön kokemuksien yhteydessä.

Drosophila rely on learning while foraging under semi-natural conditions

Learning is predicted to affect manifold ecological and evolutionary processes, but the extent to which animals rely on learning in nature remains poorly known, especially for short-lived non-social invertebrates. This is in particular the case for Drosophila, a favourite laboratory system to study molecular mechanisms of learning. Here we tested whether Drosophila melanogaster use learned information to choose food while free-flying in a large greenhouse emulating the natural environment. In a series of experiments flies were first given an opportunity to learn which of two food odours was associated with good versus unpalatable taste; subsequently, their preference for the two odours was assessed with olfactory traps set up in the greenhouse. Flies that had experienced palatable apple-flavoured food and unpalatable orange-flavoured food were more likely to be attracted to the odour of apple than flies with the opposite experience. This was true both when the flies first learned in the laboratory and were then released and recaptured in the greenhouse, and when the learning occurred under free-flying conditions in the greenhouse. Furthermore, flies retained the memory of their experience while exploring the greenhouse overnight in the absence of focal odours, pointing to the involvement of consolidated memory. These results support the notion that even small, short lived insects which are not central-place foragers make use of learned cues in their natural environments.

Fuzzy Principal Components Analysis

Due to the large number of characteristics, there is a need to extract the most relevant characteristicsfrom the input data, so that the amount of information lost in this way is minimal, and the classification realized with the projected data set is relevant with respect to the original data. In order to achieve this feature extraction, different statistical techniques, as well as the principal components analysis (PCA) may be used. This thesis describes an extension of principal components analysis (PCA) allowing the extraction ofa finite number of relevant features from high-dimensional fuzzy data and noisy data. PCA finds linear combinations of the original measurement variables that describe the significant variation in the data. The comparisonof the two proposed methods was produced by using postoperative patient data. Experiment results demonstrate the ability of using the proposed two methods in complex data. Fuzzy PCA was used in the classificationproblem. The classification was applied by using the similarity classifier algorithm where total similarity measures weights are optimized with differential evolution algorithm. This thesis presents the comparison of the classification results based on the obtained data from the fuzzy PCA.

Managing Configurable Products in Mass Customization

Massaräätälöinti on tärkeä osa nykyaikaista tuotestrategiaa. Massaräätälöinti mahdollistaa asiakaskohtaisesti muokattujen tuotteiden valmistuksen massatuotannon tehokkuudella. Massaräätälöinti edellyttää laajamittaista tietojärjestelmien hyväksikäyttöä, niin räätälöityjen tuotteiden mallinnuksessa, tuotteistuksessa kuin ylläpidossakin. Diplomityössä käsittelen taustatekijöitä jotka ovat johtaneet massaräätälöinnin syntyyn ja yleistymiseen. Käsittelyssä ovat myös erilaiset tavat toteuttaa massaräätälöintiä ja tietojärjestelmät jota tukevat massaräätälöintiä. Diplomityön empiirisessä osassa tarkastellaan Nokia Networksin tapaa toteuttaa massaräätälöintiä sekä esitellään tärkeimmät tätä tukevat järjestelmät. Empiirisen osan painopiste on kuitenkin hyvin vahvasti keskittynyt yhteen tuoterakenteiden osaan, joka on aiheuttanut haasteita Nokia Networksin massaräätälöintikonseptille. Tämä tuoterakenteen osa on valjastettu moneen erilaiseen käyttöön, mikä aiheuttaa ongelmia tietojärjestelmissä ja prosesseissa joihin se on vaikuttamassa. Työn tarkoituksena on kartoittaa kaikki ne ongelmat joita tämä tuoterakenteen osa aiheuttaa sulavalle massaräätälöinnin toteuttamiselle, niin yleisesti kuin järjestelmä- ja prosessimielessäkin. Työ on tehty osana laajamittaista projektia. Projektin tarkoituksena on kehittää uusi ja joustavampi ratkaisu tuoterakenteisiin, mandollistaen asiakaskohtaisten räätälöityjen tuotteiden valmistamisen, niin että se sopii Nokia Networksin järjestelmä sekä prosessi ympäristöön.

Feijão guandu cru na alimentação de frangos caipiras criados em sistema semi-intensivo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição do farelo de soja pelo feijão guandu cru na alimentação de frangos caipiras criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Foram utilizados 525 frangos de corte da linhagem Caipira Pesadão, com idade inicial de 35 dias, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições de 21 aves cada um. Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% do farelo de soja pelo feijão guandu cru moído. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes, o peso do pâncreas e a qualidade da carne. A substituição do farelo de soja pelo feijão guandu em até 15,45%, nas dietas de frangos caipiras de corte, com idade de 57 a 71 dias, não altera o ganho de peso. O aumento dos níveis de feijão guandu na ração não afeta o rendimento de carcaça, o peso do pâncreas e os parâmetros de qualidade da carne.

Kinetics of selective oxidation of lactose to lactobionic acid over Pd-active carbon catalyst

Laktoosi eli maitosokeri on tärkein ainesosa useimpien nisäkkäiden tuottamassa maidossa. Sitä erotetaan herasta, juustosta ja maidosta. Laktoosia käytetään elintarvike- ja lääketeollisuuden raaka-aineena monissaeri tuotteissa. Lääketeollisuudessa laktoosia käytetään esimerkiksi tablettien täyteaineena. Hapettamalla laktoosia voidaan valmistaa laktobionihappoa, 2-keto-laktobionihappoa ja laktuloosia. Laktobionihappoa käytetään biohajoavien pintojen ja kosmetiikkatuotteiden valmistuksessa, sekä sisäelinten säilöntäliuoksissa, joissa laktobionihappo estää happiradikaalien aiheuttamien kudosvaurioiden syntymistä. Tässä työssä laktoosia hapetettiin laktobionihapoksi sekoittimella varustetussa laboratoriomittakaavaisessa panosreaktorissa käyttäenkatalyyttinä palladiumia aktiivihiilellä. Muutamissa kokeissa katalyytin promoottorina käytettiin vismuttia, joka hidastaa katalyytin deaktivoitumista. Työn tarkoituksena oli saada lisää tietoa laktoosin hapettamisen kinetiikasta. Laktoosin hapettumisessa laktobionihapoksi havaittiin selektiivisyyteen vaikuttavan muunmuassa reaktiolämpötila, paine, pH ja käytetyn katalyytin määrä. Katalyyttiä kierrättämällä eri kokeiden välillä saatiin paremmat konversiot, selektiivisyydet ja saannot. Parhaat koetulokset saatiin hapetettaessa synteettisellä ilmalla 60 oC lämpötilassa ja 1 bar paineessa. Tehdyissä kokeissa pH:n säätö tehtiin manuaalisesti, joten pH ei pysynyt koko ajan haluttuna. Laktoosin konversio oli parhaimmillaan 95 %. Laktobionihapon suhteellinen selektiivisyys oli 100% ja suhteellinen saanto 100 %. Kinetiikan matemaattinen mallinnus tehtiin Modest-ohjelmalla käyttäen kokeista saatuja mittaustuloksia.Ohjelman avulla estimoitiin parametreja ja saatiin matemaattinen malli reaktorille. Tässä työssä tehtiin kineettinen mallinnus myös ravistelureaktorissa tehdyille laktoosin hapetuskokeille, missä pH pysyi koko ajan haluttuna 'in-situ' titrauksen avulla. Työn yhteydessä selvitettiin myös mahdollisuutta käyttää monoliittikatalyyttejä laktoosin hapetusreaktiossa.

Model for managing non-core ideas to new companies, products and services in a Finnish forest company

Suomalainen metsäteollisuus on muutoksen partaalla. Uutisissa on nähty miten metsäyrityksen sulkevat tehtaita ja paperikoneita. Suomalaisessa metsäteollisuudessa keskitytään tällä hetkellä lähinnä kulujen alentamiseen ja tuottavuuden parantamiseen. Edellytyssille, että suomalainen metsäteollisuus pysyy kilpailukykyisenä, ovat kuitenkinuudet innovaatiot ja toimialojen välinen yhteistyö. Työn tavoitteena oli luoda toimintamalli UPM-Kymmene Oyj:lle, minkä avulla ydinliiketoimintaan kuulumattomat tuote- ja palveluideat saataisiin hyödynnettyä. Aihe on erittäin ajankohtainen, mikäli halutaan pitää tuotanto jatkossakin Suomessa. Luotumalli painottaa pk-sektorin roolia ja potentiaalia kehittää UPM-Kymmeneltä peräisin olevia ja heidän ydinliiketointaan kuulumattomista tuote ja palveluideoistauusia yrityksiä, tuotteita ja palveluita. Malli edustaa uudenlaista ajattelutapaa ja sen käyttöönotto vaatii perinteisen yrityskulttuurin uudistamista UPM-Kymmenessä.

RELAÇÕES HÍDRICAS INTERNAS DO UMBUZEIRO SOB CONDIÇÕES SEMI-ÁRIDAS

Realizou-se um estudo na Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semi-Árido (CPATSA), Petrolina-PE, objetivando identificar os mecanismos, através dos quais o umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) mantém o balanço hídrico interno durante as estações de seca e chuvosa. Os resultados obtidos basearam-se em observações do potencial hídrico e de seus componentes, utilizando-se da câmara de pressão e câmaras higrométricas / microvoltímetro. Sob condições de seca, os valores mais baixos de potencial hídrico e potencial osmótico foram observados em torno das 8 h, atingindo, respectivamente --0,97 MPa e --1,17 MPa, resultando em uma pressão de turgor de 0,2 MPa. A pressão mais baixa ocorreu às 16 h, atingindo 0,16 MPa. Entretanto, a recuperação hídrica não foi observada, até o final dia. Durante a estação chuvosa, os valores de mais baixos de potencial hídrico foram obtidos às 14 h , quando foram detectados, respectivamente --1,55 MPa. Neste momento, o potencial osmótico atingiu --1,57 MPa , culminando com uma pressão de turgor de 0,02 MPa. Entretanto, até o final do dia, a condição hídrica da planta foi similar à observada no início do dia. Estes resultados sugerem que o umbuzeiro apresenta duas estratégias para manter, durante o dia, um balanço hídrico interno favorável, dentro das condições ambientais estudadas. Sob condições de sequeiro, o balanço seria mantido através da utilização da água armazenada nas túberas e uma baixa transpiração. Durante a estação das chuvas, o balanço hídrico pode ter sido mediado por um ajuste osmótico, a julgar pelas variações observadas à tarde entre níveis de potencial hídrico e potencial osmótico.

Pupil responses derived from outer and inner retinal photoreception are normal in patients with hereditary optic neuropathy.

We compared the pupil responses originating from outer versus inner retinal photoreception between patients with isolated hereditary optic neuropathy (HON, n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 8). Three different testing protocols were used. For the first two protocols, a response function of the maximal pupil contraction versus stimulus light intensity was generated and the intensity at which half of the maximal pupil contraction, the half-max intensity, was determined. For the third protocol, the pupil size after light offset, the re-dilation rate and re-dilation amplitude were calculated to assess the post-light stimulus response. Patients with HON had bilateral, symmetric optic atrophy and significant reduction of visual acuity and visual field compared to controls. There were no significant mean differences in the response curve and pupil response parameters that reflect mainly rod, cone or melanopsin activity between patients and controls. In patients, there was a significant correlation between the half-max intensity of the red light sequence and visual field loss. In conclusion, pupil responses derived from outer or inner retinal photoreception in HON patients having mild-to moderate visual dysfunction are not quantitatively different from age-matched controls. However, an association between the degree of visual field loss and the half-max intensity of the cone response suggests that more advanced stages of disease may lead to impaired pupil light reflexes.

Structure, bioactivity and synthesis of natural products with hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole

Research on natural products containing hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole (HPI) has dramatically increased during the past few years. Newly discovered natural products with complex structures and important biological activities have recently been isolated and synthesized. This review summarizes the structures, biological activities, and synthetic routes for natural compounds containing HPI, emphasizing the different strategies for assembling this motif. It covers a broad gamut of molecules, from small alkaloids to complex peptides.

Effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing oxidation of palm oil enriched with heme iron: A model for iron fortification in baked products

Bakery products such as biscuits, cookies, and pastries represent a good medium for iron fortification in food products, since they are consumed by a large proportion of the population at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia, mainly children. The drawback, however, is that iron fortification can promote oxidation. To assess the extent of this, palm oil added with heme iron and different antioxidants was used as a model for evaluating the oxidative stability of some bakery products, such as baked goods containing chocolate. The palm oil samples were heated at 220°C for 10 min to mimic the conditions found during a typical baking processing. The selected antioxidants were a free radical scavenger (tocopherol extract (TE), 0 and 500 mg/kg), an oxygen scavenger (ascorbyl palmitate (AP), 0 and 500 mg/kg), and a chelating agent (citric acid (CA), 0 and 300 mg/kg). These antioxidants were combined using a factorial design and were compared to a control sample, which was not supplemented with antioxidants. Primary (peroxide value and lipid hydroperoxide content) and secondary oxidation parameters (p-anisidine value, p-AnV) were monitored over a period of 200 days in storage at room temperature. The combination of AP and CA was the most effective treatment in delaying the onset of oxidation. TE was not effective in preventing oxidation. The p-AnV did not increase during the storage period, indicating that this oxidation marker was not suitable for monitoring oxidation in this model.

Effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing oxidation of palm oil enriched with heme iron: A model for iron fortification in baked products

Bakery products such as biscuits, cookies, and pastries represent a good medium for iron fortification in food products, since they are consumed by a large proportion of the population at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia, mainly children. The drawback, however, is that iron fortification can promote oxidation. To assess the extent of this, palm oil added with heme iron and different antioxidants was used as a model for evaluating the oxidative stability of some bakery products, such as baked goods containing chocolate. The palm oil samples were heated at 220°C for 10 min to mimic the conditions found during a typical baking processing. The selected antioxidants were a free radical scavenger (tocopherol extract (TE), 0 and 500 mg/kg), an oxygen scavenger (ascorbyl palmitate (AP), 0 and 500 mg/kg), and a chelating agent (citric acid (CA), 0 and 300 mg/kg). These antioxidants were combined using a factorial design and were compared to a control sample, which was not supplemented with antioxidants. Primary (peroxide value and lipid hydroperoxide content) and secondary oxidation parameters (p-anisidine value, p-AnV) were monitored over a period of 200 days in storage at room temperature. The combination of AP and CA was the most effective treatment in delaying the onset of oxidation. TE was not effective in preventing oxidation. The p-AnV did not increase during the storage period, indicating that this oxidation marker was not suitable for monitoring oxidation in this model.

Investigation phytochimique des plantes aquatiques Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. lucens L., P. perfoliatus L. et P. crispus L. (Potamogetonaceae)

Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouveaux composés naturels, les métabolites secondaires de plantes aquatiques indigènes, les potamots Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. lucens L., P. perfoliatus L. et P. crispus L. (Potamogetonaceae), ont été étudiés. Par leur position écologique et évolutive particulière entre environnement terrestre et aquatique, les plantes aquatiques ou macrophytes pourraient en effet avoir sélectionné des composés avec des caractéristiques originales. Les extraits dichlorométhaniques (apolaires) des potamots ont été analysés par HPLCUV, HPLC-MS, HPLC-RMN et GC-MS, et testés contre diverses cibles biologiques. Sur la base de ces résultats, les extraits apolaires de P. pectinatus et P. lucens ont été étudiés de manière plus approfondie. Ils ont été fractionnés sur des colonnes ouvertes et par VLC, LPLC, MPLC, CPC et HPLC semi-préparative. Une partie de leurs constituants ont été isolés et leurs structures déterminées par des méthodes spectroscopiques, en particulier par RMN et par MS. Quinze composés ont été ainsi isolés de P. pectinatus et P. lucens, dont sept sont des nouveaux produits naturels. Parmi ces quinze produits, neuf sont des diterpènes ent-labdanes contenant un noyau furane ou un groupe lactonique, dont six sont décrits ici pour la première fois. Certains de ces diterpènes ont montré une activité algicide, ce qui indique une de leurs fonctions possible dans les potamots, et un de ces labdanes, le méthyl-15,16-époxy-12-oxo-8(17),13(16),14-ent-labatrièn-19-oate, a également des propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Les composés présents dans les extraits méthanoliques (polaires) n?ont pas été isolés, mais quatorze d?entre eux ont pu être identifiés par HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS et HPLCRMN. Une majorité de ces constituants sont des flavonoïdes connus, des dérivés glycosylés de l?apigénine, la lutéoline et le chrysoériol, également présents en tant qu?aglycones. Plusieurs ent-labdanes glycosylés ont pu être également identifiés dans ces extraits, parmi lesquels un nouveau composé dont la structure a pu être partiellement déterminée. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mieux connaître la phytochimie de plusieurs plantes aquatiques de Suisse, et d?isoler de nouveaux produits naturels avec des propriétés biologiques et pharmacologiques intéressantes.<br/><br/>The secondary metabolites of Swiss freshwater plants, the pondweeds Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. lucens L., P. perfoliatus L. and P. crispus L. (Potamogetonaceae), were investigated. Because of their peculiar habitat, in-between aquatic and terrestrial life, aquatic plants should produce secondary metabolites with original chemical or biological features. Their apolar extracts were analysed by HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR and GCMS, and were tested with different bioassays. Based on these results, the apolar extracts of P. pectinatus and P. lucens were investigated more extensively. They were fractionated on open columns, and by VLC, LPLC, MPLC, CPC and semi-preparative HPLC. Their constituents were isolated and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods as MS and NMR. Fifteen compounds could be isolated from P. pectinatus and P. lucens, and seven were new natural products. Nine of them were ent-labdane diterpenes with a furan moiety or a lactone group, and six of these labdanes were reported here for the first time as natural products. Some of these diterpenes showed an algaecide effect. This activity indicated their potential ecological function in pondweeds. One compound, methyl-15,16-epoxy-12-oxo-8(17),13(16),14-ent-labatrien-19-oate, revealed also some anti-inflammatory properties. The constituents of polar extracts were not isolated, but fourteen of them could be identified by HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR. The major part of these compounds was known flavonoids as apigenin, lutolin, chrysoeriol and their glycosylated derivatives. Several glycosylated ent-labdanes were also identified, and the structure of a new labdane dihexoside was partially elucidated. In conclusion this study allowed a better knowledge of the phytochemistry of Swiss aquatic plants, and the isolation of new natural products with interesting biological and pharmacological properties.