Finnish Lapland

11 x 18 cm

Education export as a form of knowledge transfer : The potential of Finnish education export in Chile

Knowledge transfer is a complex process. Knowledge transfer in the form of exporting education products from one system of education to another is particularly complicated, because each system has been developed in a particular context to meet the requirements seen as relevant at each time. National innovation systems are often seen to form an essential framework within which the development of a country, its economy and level of knowledge are considered and promoted. These systems are orientated towards the future, and as such they also provide a framework for the knowledge transfer related to the development of education. In the best of circumstances they are able to facilitate and boost this transfer both from the viewpoint of the provider and the recipient. The leading thought and the idea of the study is that education export is a form of knowledge transfer, which is illustrated by the existing models included. The purpose of this study is to explore, analyze and describe the factors and phenomena related to education export, and more specifically, those related to the experiences and potential of Finnish education export to Chile. For better understanding, of the multiplicity of the issue involved, the current status of education export between Finland and Chile and he existing efforts within the Finnish innovation network will be outlined as well as new forms of co-operation between Finland and Chile in educational matters explored. Several countries have started to commercialize their education system in order to establish themselves as emerging education exporters. Moreover, the demand for education reform is accurate in many developing countries. This offers a good match between Finland and Chile to be the example countries of the research. The main research findings suggest that there are several business areas in education export. These include degrees in education, training services and education technologies for example The factors that influence education export can be divided into four groups, including academic, cultural, political and economic aspects. Challenges to overcome include the lack of product or services to be sold, lack of market and cultural knowledge of the buyer country, financing and lack of suitable pricing model. National innovation systems could be seen as enabling entities for successful education export. The extensive networks that national innovation systems aim to form, could operate as a basis for joining the forces in selling knowledge as well as receiving knowledge in a constructive way.

The road leaflets of the Finnish Tourist Association

kuv., 12 x 20 cm

Measuring the performance of corporate events : an empirical study of measuring practices in Finnish companies

Corporate events as an effective part of marketing communications strategy seem to be underestimated in Finnish companies. In the rest of the Europe and the USA, investments in events are increasing, and their share of the marketing budget is significant. The growth of the industry may be explained by the numerous advantages and opportunities that events provide for attendees, such as face-to-face marketing, enhancing corporate image, building relationships, increasing sales, and gathering information. In order to maximize these benefits and return on investment, specific measurement strategies are required, yet there seems to exist a lack of understanding of how event performance should be perceived or evaluated. To address this research gap, this research attempts to describe the perceptions of and strategies for evaluating corporate event performance in the Finnish events industry. First, corporate events are discussed in terms of definitions and characteristics, typologies, and their role in marketing communications. Second, different theories on evaluating corporate event performance are presented and analyzed. Third, a conceptual model is presented based on the literature review, which serves as a basis for the empirical research conducted as an online questionnaire. The empirical findings are to a great extent in line with the existing literature, suggesting that there remains a lack of understanding corporate event performance evaluation, and challenges arise in determining appropriate measurement procedures for it. Setting clear objectives for events is a significant aspect of the evaluation process, since the outcomes of events are usually evaluated against the preset objectives. The respondent companies utilize many of the individual techniques that were recognized in theory, such as calculating the number of sales leads and delegates. However, some of the measurement tools may require further investments and resources, thus restricting their application especially in smaller companies. In addition, there seems to be a lack of knowledge of the most appropriate methods in different contexts, which take into account the characteristics of the organizing party as well as the size and nature of the event. The lack of inhouse expertise enhances the need for third-party service-providers in solving problems of corporate event measurement.

Taxonomy, species richness and biogeography of Finnish crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Biodiversity is unequally spread throughout terrestrial ecosystems. The highest species richness of animals and plants is encountered around the Equator, and naturalists observe a decrease in the number of creatures with increasing latitude. Some animal groups, however, display an anomalous species richness pattern, but these are exceptions to the general rule. Crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) are small to large sized, non-biting nematoceran insects, being mainly associated with moist environments. The species richness of crane flies is highest in the tropics, but these insects are species rich and abundant in all biogeographic realms, boreal and arctic biomes included. The phylogeny and systematics of crane flies are still at an early stage and somewhat controversial. New species are constantly discovered even from temperate Europe, faunistically the best known continent. Crane flies have been rather neglected group of insects in Finland. The history of Finnish crane fly taxonomy and faunistics started in 1907, the year when Carl Lundström published his two first articles on tipuloids. Within roughly 100 years there have been only a handful of entomologists studying the Finnish fauna, and the species richness and natural history of these flies have remained poorly understood and mapped. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the taxonomy of Finnish crane flies, present an updated and annotated list of species and seek patterns in regional species richness and assemblage composition. Tipula stackelbergi Alexander has been revised (I). This species was elevated to a species rank from a subspecific rank under T. pruinosa Wiedemann and T. stackelbergi was also deleted from the list of European crane flies. Two new synonyms were found: T. subpruinosa Mannheims is a junior synonym of T. freyana Lackschewitz and T. usuriensis Alexander is a junior synonym of T. pruinosa. A new species Tipula recondita Pilipenko & Salmela has been described (II). Both morphology and COI (mtDNA) sequences were used in the assessment of the status of the species. The new species is highly disjunct, known from Finland and Russian Far East. A list of Finnish crane flies was presented, including the presence of species in the Finnish biogeographical provinces (III). A total of twenty-four species were formally reported for the first time from Finland and twenty-two previously reported species were deleted from the list. A short historical review on the studies of Finnish crane flies has been provided. The current list of Finnish species consists of 338 crane flies (IV, Appendix I). Species richness of all species and saproxylic/fungivorous species is negatively correlated with latitude, but mire-dwelling species show a reversed species richness gradient (i.e. an increase in the number of species toward north). Provincial assemblages displayed a strong latitudinal gradient and faunistic distance increased with increasing geographical distance apart of the provinces. Nearly half (48 %) of the Finnish crane flies are Trans-Palaearctic, roughly one-third (34 %) are West Palaearctic and only 16 and 2 % are Holarctic and Fennoscandian, respectively. Due to the legacy of Pleistocene glaciations, endemic Fennoscandian species are problematic and it is thus concluded that there are probably no true endemic crane flies in this region. Finally, there are probably species living within Finnish borders that have hitherto remained unnoticed. Based on subjective assessment, the number of “true” (i.e. recorded + unknown species) species count of Finnish crane flies is at minimum 350.

Performance characteristic of moving average trading rules in the Finnish stock market

The thesis examines the profitability of DMAC trading rules in the Finnish stock market over the 1996-2012 period. It contributes to the existing technical analysis literature by comparing for the first time the performance of DMAC strategies based on individual stock trading portfolios to the performance of index trading strategies based on the trading on the index (OMX Helsinki 25) that consists of the same stocks. Besides, the market frictions including transaction costs and taxes are taken into account, and the results are reported from both institutional and individual investor’s perspective. Performance characteristic of DMAC rules are evaluated by simulating 19,900 different trading strategies in total for two non- overlapping 8-year sub-periods, and decomposing the full-sample-period performance of DMAC trading strategies into distinct bullish- and bearish-period performances. The results show that the best DMAC rules have predictive power on future price trends, and these rules are able to outperform buy-and-hold strategy. Although the performance of the DMAC strategies is highly dependent on the combination of moving average lengths, the best DMAC rules of the first sub-period have also performed well during the latter sub-period in the case of individual stock trading strategies. According to the results, the outperformance of DMAC trading rules over buy-and-hold strategy is mostly attributed to their superiority during the bearish periods, and particularly, during stock market crashes.

Marketers’ perception of the implementation of social media marketing: Evidence from large Finnish companies’ marketing campaigns

Social media is a multidimensional marketing and communications channel which can support and enhance a business’ reputation, sales and even longevity. Social media as a business tool encourages an interaction between customers and companies which gives opportunities for a company to better understand their customers, to target them more effectively and to collaborate and create dialogues with them which is not possible through traditional media channels. The aim of a social media strategy is to increase brand awareness, image, loyalty and recognition. The peer networks that social media creates allows a company to disseminate information through loyal customers to new and prospective customers to ultimately increase reach. The purpose of the study is to understand the marketer’s perspective of social media marketing use and how it is currently utilized in marketing and communications activities in Finland. Three companies were interviewed covering fourteen different implementations of social media marketing campaigns. These were then analysed to ascertain the utilization methods and experience gained on recent campaigns in the Finnish market The utilization of social media marketing was analysed using the methods of thematic analysis and inductive and abductive reasoning. Elements and themes were drawn out of the separate interviews to create a framework with which to explore, evaluate and match theories that define social media usage by companies. It became clear from all of the interviews that social media as a tool is most effective when it captures the viewer’s interest through rich and entertaining content. This directed the theoretical research towards Engagement Theory and Content Marketing which look to emphasize the importance of communities, collaboration, interaction, and peer-sharing as the key drivers of a social media marketing campaign.

Interdependence of Emerging Eastern European stock markets

One of the main developments in the global economy during the past decades has been the growth of emerging economies. Projections for their long-term growth, changes in the investment climate, corporate transparency and demography point to an increasing role for these emerging economies in the global economy. Today, emerging economies are usually considered as financial markets offering opportunities for high returns, good risk diversification and improved return-to-risk ratios. However, researchers have noted that these advantages may be in decline because of the increasing market integration. Nevertheless, it is likely that certain financial markets and specific sectors will remain partially segmented and somewhat insulated from the global economy for the year to come. This doctoral dissertation investigates several stock markets in Emerging Eastern Europe (EEE), including the ones in Russia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Slovenia. The objective is to analyze the returns and financial risks in these emerging markets from international investor’s point of view. This study also examines the segmentation/integration of these financial markets and the possibilities to diversify and hedge financial risk. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first includes a review of the theoretical background for the articles and a review of the literature on EEE stock markets. It includes an overview of the methodology and research design applied in the analysis and a summary of articles from the second part of this dissertation and their main findings. The second part consists of four research publications. This work contributes to studies on emerging stock markets in four ways. First, it adds to the body of research on the pricing of risk, providing new empirical evidence about partial stock market segmentation in EEE. The results suggest that the aggregate emerging market risk is a relevant driver for stock market returns and that this market risk can be used to price financial instruments and forecast their performance. Second, it contributes to the empirical research on the integration of stock markets, asset prices and exchange rates by identifying the relationships between these markets through volatility and asset pricing. The results show that certain sectors of stock markets in EEE are not as integrated as others. For example, the Polish consumer goods sector, the Hungarian telecommunications sector, and the Czech financial sector are somewhat isolated from their counterparts elsewhere in Europe. Nevertheless, an analysis of the impact of EU accession in 2004 on stock markets suggests that most of the EEE markets are becoming increasingly integrated with the global markets. Third, this thesis complements the scientific literature in the field of shock and volatility spillovers by examining the mechanism of spillover distribution among the EU and EEE countries. The results illustrate that spillovers in emerging markets are mostly from a foreign exchange to the stock markets. Moreover, the results show that the effects of external shocks on stock markets have increased after the enlargement of the EU in 2004. Finally, this study is unique because it analyzes the effects of foreign macroeconomic news on geographically closely related countries. The results suggest that the effects of macroeconomic announcements on volatility are significant and have effect that varies across markets and their sectors. Moreover, the results show that the foreign macroeconomic news releases, somewhat surprisingly, have a greater effect on the EEE markets than the local macroeconomic news. This dissertation has a number of implications for the industry and for practitioners. It analyses financial risk associated with investing in Emerging Eastern Europe. Investors may use this information to construct and optimize investment portfolios. Moreover, this dissertation provides insights for investors and portfolio managers considering asset allocation to protect value or obtain higher returns. The results have also implications for asset pricing and portfolio selection in light of macroeconomic news releases.

Effects of a Financial Transaction Tax - Do Transaction Costs Lower Volatility?: A Literature Review

In this literature review the theorethical framework of Financial transaction taxes and their assumed effect on market volatility is assessed. The empirical evidence from various studies is compared against the theory and a simple empirical review of the Finnish stock market is conducted. The findings implicate that financial transaction taxes can not reduce volatility and their actual effect on markets is dependend by many other factors as well. Some evidence even suggests that transactions taxes may actually raise volatility.

Performance of active portfolio management and the effect of stock market trend

Purpose of the study is to evaluate performance of active portfolio management and the effect of stock market trend on the performance. Theory of efficient markets states that market prices reflect all available information and that all investors share a common view of future price developments. This view gives little room for the success of active management, but the theory has been disputed – at least the level of efficiency. Behavioral finance has developed theories that identify irrational behavior patterns of investors. For example, investment decisions are not made independent of past market developments. These findings give reason to believe that also the performance of active portfolio management may depend on market developments. Performance of 16 Finnish equity funds is evaluated during the period of 2005 to 2011. In addition two sub periods are constructed, a bull market period and a bear market period. The sub periods are created by joining together the two bull market phases and the two bear market phases of the whole period. This allows for the comparison of the two different market states. Performance of the funds is measured with risk-adjusted performance by Modigliani and Modigliani (1997), abnormal return over the CAPM by Jensen (1968), and market timing by Henriksson and Merton (1981). The results suggested that in average the funds are not able to outperform the market portfolio. However, the underperformance was found to be lower than the management fees in average which suggests that portfolio managers are able to do successful investment decisions to some extent. The study revealed substantial dependence on the market trend for all of the measures. The risk-adjusted performance measure suggested that in bear markets active portfolio managers in average are able to beat the market portfolio but not in bull markets. Jensen´s alpha and the market timing model also showed striking differences between the two market states. The results of these two measures were, however, somewhat problematic and reliable conclusions about the performance could not be drawn.

Suomalaisen tuulivoimateollisuuden asema, kilpailukyky ja tulevaisuuden näkymät kansainvälisillä markkinoilla

Executive Summary Tuulivoimateollisuus on kasvanut erittäin voimakkaasti 2000-luvulla, ja viime vuonna asennettiin maailmanlaajuisesti ennätysmäärä noin 42 GW uutta tuulivoimakapasiteettia. Kumulatiivinen asennettu kapasiteetti oli vuoden 2011 lopussa noin 241 GW, josta eniten Euroopassa, sitten Kaakkois-Aasiassa, etenkin Kiinassa ja kolmanneksi suurimpana markkina-alueena oli USA. Kiinassa oli eniten asennettua tuulivoimaa, 26 % maailman tuulivoimasta, toisena oli USA, sitten Saksa, Espanja ja Intia. Suurin osa asennetusta koko maailman kapasiteetista on maatuulivoimaa (onshore), merituulivoimaa (offshore) oli asennettu vajaat 4 GW. Teollisuus työllisti arviolta yli 560000 henkilöä maailmanlaajuisesti ja liiketoiminnan arvo oli noin 52 Mrd. euroa (73 Mrd. USD). Tuuliturbiineja oli maailmalla toiminnassa noin 200000 ja niiden keskikoko oli 1,2 MW. Turbiinien koko on tasaisesti kasvanut ja nykyisin suurimmat kaupalliset turbiinit ovat 6-7 MW kokoluokassa. Suomessa oli vuoden 2012 lopussa asennettuna 163 turbiinia yhteisteholtaan 288 MW, joten olemme huomattavasti jäljessä useimpia muita EU maita tuulivoiman hyödyntämisessä. Tuulivoimamarkkinoiden ennakoidaan kasvavan keskimäärin noin 10 % vuosittain, jolloin vuonna 2020 maailmassa olisi asennettuna kapasiteettia noin 900 GW, josta offshore tuulivoimaa 75 GW. Tällöin tuulivoimalla tuotettaisiin noin 8 % sähköntuotannosta, kun arvio vuodelle 2012 on 2,26 %. Nopeinta kasvu olisi Kaakkois-Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa, merituulivoimaa sen sijaan asennettaisiin eniten Eurooppaan. Suomen ilmasto- ja energiastrategin mukainen tavoite on 2,5 GW tuulivoimaa vuonna 2020. Moderni turbiini koostuu seuraavista pääkomponenteista: tornista, kolmilapaisesta roottorista, vaihteistosta, generaattorista, ja elektroniikasta. Turbiinien hinta vaihtelee projektista ja käytetystä tekniikasta johtuen, mutta tämän hetkisenä keskiarvona voidaan käyttää noin 1 MEUR / MW hintaa Euroopassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa. Kiinassa hinta on vähintään yhden kolmasosan halvempi. Turbiinihintojen ennakoidaan halventuvan jo lähivuosien kuluessa jopa 30 % johtuen muun muassa suuruuden ekonomiasta ja kiristyvästä kilpailusta. Kun mukaan lasketaan kaikki kulut, kuten suunnittelu, luvat, turbiinin perustukset ja kaapeloinnit, tulee asennetulle turbiinille keskihinnaksi noin 1,5 MEUR. Merituulivoima voi olla kaksi kertaa kalliimpi investointi. Generaattoreina käytetään tyypillisesti nopeita tai keskinopeita induktio- (DFIG) tai kestomagneettigeneraattoreita (PMSG) ja yleisesti kolmivaihteisia vaihteistoja. Hidasnopeuksisen (PMSG) suoravetogeneraattorin (DD) käyttö on kuitenkin yleistymässä, sillä tällöin vältetään vika-alttiin vaihteiston käyttö. Korkea toimintaluotettavuus on erityisen tärkeä merituulivoimaloissa. Suurimmat 15 turbiinivalmistajaa toimittivat viime vuonna lähes 90 % maailman tuulivoimaloista. Suurin toimija on tanskalainen Vestas, jonka liikevaihto vuonna 2011 oli noin 6 Mrd euroa ja henkilöstöä yli 22000. Suurimpien valmistajien joukossa oli 7 kiinalaista toimijaa, jotka ovat kasvaneet nopeasti viime vuosina. Useimmat turbiinivalmistajat valmistavat joitakin strategisia komponentteja itse tai ostavat ne omaan konserniin kuuluvalta tytäryhtiöltä ja ostavat muut komponentit ja materiaalit sopimusvalmistajilta. Yhtiöiden valmistusstrategiat kuitenkin vaihtelevat ”tehdään kaikki itse” strategiasta pelkkään avainkomponenttien kokoonpanoon ja turbiinin kokonaistoimitukseen. Tyypillisesti turbiinivalmistajia palvelee vakiintunut joukko kansainväliseen toimintaan kyvykkäitä komponenttitoimittajia varatoimittajineen. Kaiken kaikkiaan sekä turbiini- että komponenttivalmistajien kesken on tapahtunut viime vuosikymmenen kuluessa konsolidoitumista. Valmistus on myös globalisoitunut eli avainkomponentit ja etenkin isot komponentit valmistetaan lähellä asiakasta. Toisaalta kiristynyt hintakilpailu on johtanut siihen, että yritykset ovat siirtäneet tuotantoa Kiinaan, joka nykyisin onkin suurin komponenttien valmistusmaa. Alan keskittyminen ja globalisoituminen tullee jatkumaan myös tulevaisuudessa. Suomessa on eri sektoreilta tuulivoiman huippuosaamista, mutta kokonaisvaltaista tuulivoimaklusteria meillä ei ole. Sellaisen rakentaminen tai rakentuminen vie aikaa ja edellyttäisi selkeän veturiyrityksen olemassaoloa. Tuuliturbiinien kokonaistoimituksista yleensä vastaava turbiinivalmistaja olisi luonteva veturiyritys, mutta kotimaiset valmistajat (Winwind ja Mervento) ovat kansainvälisesti pieniä, ja niiden markkina-asema on haastava. Lisäksi Winwind on ajautunut vakavaan taloudelliseen kriisiin (velkojat hakevat yhtiöltä saataviaan käräjäoikeudessa tammikuussa 2013). Kotimaisille turbiinivalmistajille, kuten muillekin tuulivoima-alan toimijoille olisi ensisijaista, että kotimaiset investoinnit käynnistyisivät täysipainoisesti. Tämä tarkoittaisi paitsi liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia, niin kumuloituvaa osaamista ja ennen kaikkea referenssejä kansainvälistä kilpailua silmälläpitäen. Suomalaisten turbiinivalmistajien kilpailukykyisin businessalue löytynee erityisosaamisesta, kuten esimerkiksi arktisesta tuulivoimasektorista. Mahdollisesti liittoutumalla tai jonkin johtavan turbiinivalmistajan tytäryrityksenä suomalainen niche markkinoille erikoistunut turbiinivalmistus voisi menestyä tulevaisuuden kovenevassa kilpailussa. Kilpailu päämarkkinoilla johtavien turbiinivalmistajien kanssa tuskin tuo menestystä, sillä näiden resurssit ja referenssit ovat ylivertaiset ja osaaminenkin osin suomalaisia edellä. Suomalaista huippuosaamista edustavat muun muassa ABB, The Switch, Vacon, Vaisala, Prysmian sekä Moventas. Yhtiöiden markkina-alue on globaali ja etenkin ABB:n ja Prysmianin resurssit mittavat. Yhtiöillä on edellytykset menestyä jatkossakin kansainvälisesti tuulivoimaliiketoiminnan komponenttien ja systeemien toimittajina. Moventaksen haasteena on yrityksen taloudellinen tilanne ja kilpailukyky markkinoilla (koko henkilöstö lomautetaan määräajaksi keväällä 2013). Muun muassa paperikonevalmistuksen ja meriteollisuuden johdolla Suomeen on syntynyt vahva konepajaosaaminen ja alihankintaverkosto. Esimerkiksi Holming, Componenta, Häkkinen Group ja Metso Foundries palvelevat jo tuulivoimateollisuutta. Osa yhtiöistä toimii kansainvälisesti ja niillä on mahdollisuus jatkossakin palvella tuulivoimateollisuutta, etenkin Suomessa ja lähialueilla. Komponenttitoimittajien ja alihankkijoiden kansainvälistymisen haasteina ovat muun muassa Suomen syrjäinen sijainti Euroopan päämarkkinoilta ja päämiesten jo osin vakiintuneet toimittajaverkostot. Tuulivoiman suunnittelu ja konsultointi sekä käyttö ja kunnossapito tarjoavat suomalaisille yhtiöille liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia Suomessa ja lähialueilla. Merkittävää uutta potentiaalia edustaa telakkateollisuus, ennen muuta STX Finland. STX konsernissa osataan erikoislaivojen tekeminen, konserni omistaa jo turbiinivalmistajan ja konsernin strategiana on tulla merkittäväksi tuulivoimatoimijaksi. Offshore perustukset ja tornit voisivat luontevasti olla omaa tuotantoa oman turbiinivalmistuksen, tuulipuistojen käytön ja kunnossapidon sekä erikoislaivojen ohella. STX Finlandilla olisi potentiaalia toimia suomalaisen tuulivoimateollisuuden veturiyrityksenä. Yhtiön rahoitustilanne ja kilpailukyky ovat kuitenkin tällä hetkellä haastavat. Rautaruukilla on potentiaalia toimittaa muun muassa ristikkorakenteisia torneja ja Parmalla hybriditorneja tuulivoimateollisuudelle. Suomalaisen tuulivoimaosaamisen ja työllisyyden kannalta keskeistä on, että Suomen ilmasto- ja energiastrategian mukaiset tuulivoimainvestoinnit saataisiin viipymättä käyntiin ja investointiympäristö säilyisi suotuisana ja ennustettavana. Tuulivoiman syöttötariffi tukee tuulivoiman taloudellista kannattavuutta lähitulevaisuudessa, mutta tuulivoimarakentamisen rajoituksia ja esteitä tulee myös merkittävästi purkaa tai lieventää.”Työpaikkoja syntyy niihin maihin joissa tuulivoimaa rakennetaan”. Tuulivoima työllistää paitsi suunnittelu- ja rakentamisvaiheessa, niin erityisesti laitosten 20-30 vuoden käyttö- ja kunnossapitoaikana. Teknologiateollisuuden (2012) positiivisen kasvuskenaarion mukaan tuulivoimateollisuus voisi työllistää jopa 25-30000 henkilöä vuonna 2020 nykyisten noin 2000 sijasta ja alan liikevaihto voisi olla jopa 12-14 Mrd. euroa. Tällainen kasvuskenaario sisältää kyllä merkittäviä epävarmuustekijöitä ja Tarastin (2012) selvitys arvioikin kasvun ja työllisyyden kehittyvän kasvuskenaariossakin maltillisemmin. Todennäköisimmät menestysmahdollisuudet ovat alalla jo merkittävässä asemassa olevilla resursseiltaan vahvoilla ja kansainvälisillä yrityksillä. Monialayritykset kestävät pelkästään tuulivoima-alaan keskittyneitä yrityksiä paremmin alalle tyypilliset liiketoiminnan vaihtelut. Erikoistuminen ja uudet radikaalit innovaatiot voivat kuitenkin tuoda tuulivoimaliiketoimintaan täysin uusia toimijoita tai muuttaa nykyisten yritysten kilpailuasetelmia. Kaupallisesti menestyviä uusia keksintöjä harvoin kuitenkaan syntyy ilman panostuksia. Ensiarvoisen tärkeää olisi määritellä kansallinen tahtotila, millä resurssein ja mihin tuulivoimateollisuuden sektoreihin halutaan panostaa, ja kohdentaa resurssit siten, että alan yrityksillä, tutkimuslaitoksilla ja muilla toimijoilla olisi parhaat edellytykset kehittää kilpailukykyisiä tuotteita, palveluita ja systeemeitä. Potentiaalisten uusien teknologioiden ja suomalaisten toimijoiden syvällisempi tarkastelu voisikin olla mielenkiintoisen jatkotutkimuksen aihe.

From network pictures to network insight in solution business – the role of internal communication

Operating in business-to-business markets requires an in-depth understanding on business networks. Actions and reactions made to compete in markets are fundamentally based on managers‘ subjective perceptions of the network. However, an amalgamation of these individual perceptions, termed a network picture, to a common company level shared understanding on that network, known as network insight, is found to be a substantial challenge for companies. A company‘s capability to enhance common network insight is even argued to lead competitive advantage. Especially companies with value creating logics that require wide comprehension of and collaborating in networks, such as solution business, are necessitated to develop advanced network insight. According to the extant literature, dispersed pieces of atomized network pictures can be unified to a common network insight through a process of amalgamation that comprises barriers/drivers of multilateral exchange, manifold rationality, and recursive time. However, the extant body of literature appears to lack an understanding on the role of internal communication in the development of network insight. Nonetheless, the extant understanding on the amalgamation process indicates that internal communication plays a substantial role in the development of company level network insight. The purpose of the present thesis is to enhance understanding on internal communication in the amalgamation of network pictures to develop network insight in the solution business setting, which was chosen to represent business-to-business value creating logic that emphasizes the capability to understand and utilize networks. Thus, in solution business the role of succeeding in the amalgamation process is expected to emphasize. The study combines qualitative and quantitative research by means of various analytical methods including multiple case analysis, simulation, and social network analysis. Approaching the nascent research topic with differing perspectives and means provides a broader insight on the phenomenon. The study provides empirical evidence from Finnish business-to-business companies which operate globally. The empirical data comprise interviews (n=28) with managers of three case companies. In addition the data includes a questionnaire (n=23) collected mainly for the purpose of social network analysis. In addition, the thesis includes a simulation study more specifically achieved by means of agent based modeling. The findings of the thesis shed light on the role of internal communication in the amalgamation process, contributing to the emergent discussion of network insights and thus to the industrial marketing research. In addition, the thesis increases understanding on internal communication in the change process to solution business, a supplier‘s internal communication in its matrix organization structure during a project sales process, key barriers and drivers that influence internal communication in project sales networks, perceived power within industrial project sales, and the revisioning of network pictures. According to the findings, internal communication is found to play a substantial role in the amalgamation process. First, it is suggested that internal communication is a base of multilateral exchange. Second, it is suggested that internal communication intensifies and maintains manifold rationality. Third, internal communication is needed to explicate the usually differing time perspectives of others and thus it is suggested that internal communication has role as the explicator of recursive time. Furthermore, the role of an efficient amalgamation process is found to be emphasized in solutions business as it requires a more advanced network insight for cross-functional collaboration. Finally, the thesis offers several managerial implications for industrial suppliers to enhance the amalgamation process when operating in solution business.