Screening for partner violence among family mediation clients: Differentiating types of abuse

Family mediation is mandated in Australia for couples in dispute over separation and parenting as a first step in dispute resolution, except where there is a history of intimate partner violence. However, validation of effective well-differentiated partner violence screening instruments suitable for mediation settings is at an early phase of development. This study contributes to calls for better violence screening instruments in the mediation context to detect a differentiated range of abusive behaviors by examining the reliability and validity of both established scales, and newly developed scales that measured intimate partner violence by partner and by self. The study also aimed to examine relationships between types of abuse, and between gender and types of abuse. A third aim was to examine associations between types of abuse and other relationship indicators such as acrimony and parenting alliance. The data reported here are part of a larger mixed method, naturalistic longitudinal study of clients attending nine family mediation centers in Victoria, Australia. The current analyses on baseline cross-sectional screening data confirmed the reliability of three subscales of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and the reliability and validity of three new scales measuring intimidation, controlling and jealous behavior, and financial control. Most clients disclosed a history of at least one type of violence by partner: 95% reported psychological aggression, 72% controlling and jealous behavior, 50% financial control, and 35% physical assault. Higher rates of abuse perpetration were reported by partner versus by self, and gender differences were identified. There were strong associations between certain patterns of psychologically abusive behavior and both acrimony and parenting alliance. The implications for family mediation services and future research are discussed.

News Media, Crime and Fear of Violence

Finland witnessed a surge in crime news reporting during the 1990s. At the same time, there was a significant rise in the levels of fear of crime reported by surveys. This research examines whether and how the two phenomena: news media and fear of violence were associated with each other. The dissertation consists of five sub-studies and a summary article. The first sub-study is a review of crime reporting trends in Finland, in which I have reviewed prior research and used existing Finnish datasets on media contents and crime news media exposure. The second study examines the association between crime media consumption and fear of crime when personal and vicarious victimization experiences have been held constant. Apart from analyzing the impact of crime news consumption on fear, media effects on general social trust are analyzed in the third sub-study. In the fourth sub-study I have analyzed the contents of the Finnish Poliisi-TV programme and compared the consistency of the picture of violent crime between official data sources and the programme. In the fifth and final sub-study, the victim narratives of Poliisi-TV s violence news contents have been analyzed. The research provides a series of results which are unprecedented in Finland. First, it observes that as in many other countries, the quantity of crime news supply has increased quite markedly in Finland. Second, it verifies that exposure to crime news is related to being worried about violent victimization and avoidance behaviour. Third, it documents that exposure to TV crime reality-programming is associated with reduced social trust among Finnish adolescents. Fourth, the analysis of Poliisi-TV shows that it transmits a distorted view of crime when contrasted with primary data sources on crime, but that this distortion is not as big as could be expected from international research findings and epochal theories of sociology. Fifth, the portrayals of violence victims in Poliisi-TV do not fit the traditional ideal types of victims that are usually seen to dominate crime media. The fact that the victims of violence in Poliisi-TV are ordinary people represents a wider development of the changing significance of the crime victim in Finland. The research concludes that although the media most likely did have an effect on the rising public fears in the 1990s, the mechanism was not as straight forward as has often been claimed. It is likely that there are other factors in the fear-media equation that are affecting both fear levels and crime reporting and that these factors are interactive in nature. Finally, the research calls for a re-orientation of media criminology and suggests more emphasis on the positive implications of crime in the media. Keywords: crime, media, fear of crime, violence, victimization, news

From ‘Afflicted’ to Activists: Structural Violence and Climate Change Discourse in the States of Pernambuco and Paraíba in Northeast Brazil

This study approaches the problem of poverty in the hinterlands of Northeast Brazil through the concept of structural violence, linking the environmental threats posed by climate change, especially those related to droughts, to the broader social struggles in the region. When discussions about potentials and rights are incorporated into the problematic of poverty, a deeper insight is obtained regarding the various factors behind the phenomenon. It is generally believed that climate change is affecting the already marginalized and poor more than those of higher social standing, and will increasingly do so in the future. The data for this study was collected during a three month field work in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba in Northeast Brazil. The main methods used were semi-structured interviews and participant observation, including attending seminars concerning climate change on the field. The focus of the work is to compare both layman and expert perceptions on what climate change is about, and question the assumptions about its effects in the future, mainly that of increased numbers of ‘climate refugees’ or people forced to migrate due to changes in climate. The focus on droughts, as opposed to other manifestations of climate change, arises from the fact that droughts are not only phenomena that develop over a longer time span than floods or hurricanes, but is also due to the historical persistence of droughts in the region, and both the institutional and cultural linkages that have evolved around it. The instances of structural violence that are highlighted in this study; the drought industry, land use, and the social and power relations present in the region, including those between the civil society, the state and the private agribusiness sector, all work against a backdrop of symbolic and moral realms of value production, where relations between the different actors are being negotiated anew with the rise of the climate change discourse. The main theoretical framework of the study consists of Johan Galtung’s and Paul Farmer’s theory of structural violence, Ulrich Beck’s theory of the risk society, and James Scott’s theory of everyday peasant resistance.

Artículo "L'Engrenage de la violence" publicado en el diario "Le Monde". Trata de la violencia política en el País Vasco.

Fecha: 29-10-1969 / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 48 - Expediente 8-8 / Nº de pág.: 4 (mecanografiadas)

Rights of Portugal, in reference to Great Britain and the question of the slave trade, or, the manifesto and protest of the weak, against the ingratitude, oppression, and violence of the strong ...

Enquanto os políticos e diplomatas polemizavam e agiam, Thomas Buxton publicava, depois de viajar ao Brasil e ao Caribe, o mais completo levantamento sobre o tráfico negreiro jamais feito até então.

Violence in the Medieval Church before the First Crusade

The attitude of the medieval church towards violence before the First Crusade in 1095 underwent a significant institutional evolution, from the peaceful tradition of the New Testament and the Roman persecution, through the prelate-led military campaigns of the Carolingian period and the Peace of God era. It would be superficially easy to characterize this transformation as the pragmatic and entirely secular response of a growing power to the changing world. However, such a simplification does not fully do justice to the underlying theology. While church leaders from the 5th Century to the 11th had vastly different motivations and circumstances under which to develop their responses to a variety of violent activities, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo provided a unifying theme. Augustine’s just war theology, in establishing which conflicts are acceptable in the eyes of God, focused on determining whether a proper causa belli or basis for war exists, and then whether a legitimate authority declares and leads the war. Augustine masterfully integrated aspects of the Old and New Testaments to create a lasting and compelling case for his definition of justified violence. Although at different times and places his theology has been used to support a variety of different attitudes, the profound influence of his work on the medieval church’s evolving position on violence is clear.

De que sofrem as crianças, hoje?

Esta dissertação, partindo da história social da criança, a qual permite a verificação de que o investimento do Outro (representante da cultura) sobre ela é fruto de uma construção que abarca os aspectos políticos e econômicos de uma época, tem como objetivo demonstrar que na cultura atual que lança o sujeito para o imperativo de gozo um vazio nas funções parentais se constituiu, visto que as figuras parentais estão mais voltadas para seus projetos individuais. Assim, novas atenções especializadas surgem como uma tentativa de preenchê-lo, uma vez que estão encarregadas não apenas dos cuidados e educação da criança, mas de seu processo de socialização primária. A existência de um grande número de especialistas em torno da criança aponta para o fato de que a ela são destinados inúmeros olhares e inúmeras palavras que, nos seus excessos, acabam por se transformar em olhares vazios e palavras perdidas. Desta forma, a criança hoje parece ser fruto de um desejo anônimo, onde o Outro regido pelo imperativo de satisfação, não abrindo mão de sua satisfação narcísica, acaba por não sustentar um olhar, uma palavra, comprometendo, assim, a constituição da imagem do corpo daquela e, consequentemente, o seu processo de simbolização. Este é o ponto focado nesta pesquisa: a precariedade desse investimento primordial, que tem como função retirar o infante de um estado de desamparo, na medida em que realiza um contorno ao que é da ordem do real, possibilitando, por conseguinte, outro destino para o excesso pulsional, impedindo a prevalência da pulsão de morte no psiquismo.

Effects of an emotional intelligence program in variables related to the prevention of violence

In recent decades, numerous studies have shown a significant increase in violence during childhood and adolescence. These data suggest the importance of implementing programs to prevent and reduce violent behavior. The study aimed to design a program of emotional intelligence (El) for adolescents and to assess its effects on variables related to violence prevention. The possible differential effect of the program on both genders was also examined. The sample comprised 148 adolescents aged from 13 to 16 years. The study used an experimental design with repeated pretest-posttest measures and control groups. To measure the variables, four assessment instruments were administered before and after the program, as well as in the follow-up phase (1 year after the conclusion of the intervention). The program consisted of 20 one-hour sessions. The pretest-posttest ANCOVAs showed that the program significantly increased: (1) El (attention, clarity, emotional repair); (2) assertive cognitive social interaction strategies; (3) internal control of anger; and (4) the cognitive ability to analyze negative feelings. In the follow-up phase, the positive effects of the intervention were generally maintained and, moreover, the use of aggressive strategies as an interpersonal conflict-resolution technique was significantly reduced. Regarding the effect of the program on both genders, the change was very similar, but the boys increased assertive social interaction strategies, attention, and emotional clarity significantly more than the girls. The importance of implementing programs to promote socio-emotional development and prevent violence is discussed.

Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene

Evidence of interpersonal violence has been documented previously in Pleistocene members of the genus Homo, but only very rarely has this been posited as the possible manner of death. Here we report the earliest evidence of lethal interpersonal violence in the hominin fossil record. Cranium 17 recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site shows two clear perimortem depression fractures on the frontal bone, interpreted as being produced by two episodes of localized blunt force trauma. The type of injuries, their location, the strong similarity of the fractures in shape and size, and the different orientations and implied trajectories of the two fractures suggest they were produced with the same object in face-to-face interpersonal conflict. Given that either of the two traumatic events was likely lethal, the presence of multiple blows implies an intention to kill. This finding shows that the lethal interpersonal violence is an ancient human behavior and has important implications for the accumulation of bodies at the site, supporting an anthropic origin.

Impact of Cyberprogram 2.0 on Different Types of School Violence and Aggressiveness

Some antibullying interventions have shown positive outcomes with regard to reducing violence. The aim of the study was to experimentally assess the effects on school violence and aggressiveness of a program to prevent and reduce cyberbullying. The sample was comprised of a randomly selected sample of 176 adolescents (93 experimental, 83 control), aged 13-15 years. The study used a repeated measures pre-posttest design with a control group. Before and after the program, two assessment instruments were administered: the "Cuestionario de Violencia Escolar-Revisado" (CUVE-R [School Violence Questionnaire- Revised]; Alvarez Garcia et al., 2011) and the "Cuestionario de agresividad premeditada e impulsiva" (CAPI-A [Premeditated and Impulsive Aggressiveness Questionnaire]; Andreu, 2010). The intervention consisted of 19 one-hour sessions carried out during the school term. The program contains 25 activities with the following objectives: (1) to identify and conceptualize bullying/cyberbullying; (2) to analyze the consequences of bullying/cyberbullying, promoting participants' capacity to report such actions when they are discovered; (3) to develop coping strategies to prevent and reduce bullying/cyberbullying; and (4) to achieve other transversal goals, such as developing positive variables (empathy, active listening, social skills, constructive conflict resolution, etc.). The pre-posttest ANCOVAs confirmed that the program stimulated a decrease in: (1) diverse types of school violence teachers' violence toward students (ridiculing or publicly humiliating students in front of the class, etc.); students' physical violence (fights, blows, shoves... aimed at the victim, or at his or her property, etc.); students' verbal violence (using offensive language, cruel, embarrassing, or insulting words... toward classmates and teachers); social exclusion (rejection or exclusion of a person or group, etc.), and violence through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT; violent behaviors by means of electronic instruments such as mobile phones and the Internet); and (2) premeditated and impulsive aggressiveness. Pre-posttest MANCOVA revealed differences between conditions with a medium effect size. This work contributes an efficacious intervention tool for the prevention and reduction of peer violence. The conclusions drawn from this study have interesting implications for educational and clinical intervention.

Mulheres como eu, mulheres como as outras: desvelando o assédio moral e sexual no âmbito do trabalho das comerciárias do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

As transformações no âmbito do trabalho e sua repercussão entre homens e mulheres no contexto da sociabilidade capitalista, bem como, as tendências atuais do trabalho feminino, que, dentre outros aspectos acentuam os processos de hierarquização têm sistematicamente se traduzido em violências no mundo do trabalho sob a forma de assédio moral e sexual que se caracterizam pela exposição dos (as) trabalhadores (as) a situações humilhantes e constrangedoras prolongadas durante a jornada de trabalho relativa ao exercício de suas funções, tendo, por sua vez, as mulheres como as mais vitimizadas, de modo que, tais aspectos intensificam a divisão sexual do trabalho e trazem sérios comprometimentos para a liberdade desses sujeitos. Vale ressaltar que esses tipos de assédio se dão tanto no âmbito das relações hierarquicamente superiores, como no âmbito das relações sem hierarquia superior, podendo ocorrer entre colegas do mesmo nível hierárquico. Contudo, a tendência é a prevalência nas relações a qual está presente alguma forma de hierarquia, seja ela de gênero ou de função no interior da empresa. A questão central que orientou este trabalho foi: como se objetivam o assédio moral e o assédio sexual em situações de precarização do trabalho das comerciárias no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte? Realizamos pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Essa última foi desenvolvida por meio da realização de dezessete entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadoras do comércio das cidades de Natal, Mossoró e Pau dos Ferros. Em nível dos aspectos conclusivos destacamos: 1. O assédio moral e o assédio sexual potencializam a intensificação da precarização do trabalho feminino se concretizando fundamentalmente a partir do medo nas mais variadas formas: (a) medo de perder o emprego; (b) medo de ser perseguida, caso denuncie as práticas de assédio (c) medo de ser agredida verbalmente (d) medo de ver expostos aspectos da sexualidade; 2. O assédio moral e o assédio sexual se constituem como expressões da violência sexista contra as mulheres no âmbito do trabalho na contemporaneidade; 3. As mulheres que vivenciam/vivenciaram situações de violência na esfera laboral não identificam os serviços púbicos para os quais recorrer, haja vista os governos seja nas esferas municipal ou estadual não disporem de serviços de prevenção e combate a este fenômeno agravando a precarização do trabalho feminino; 4. O enfrentamento a essas violações pressupõe, no meu entender, um movimento ampliado de contestação das condições de degradação humana impostas pelo capitalismo e ao mesmo tempo enfrentar as nefastas consequências do patriarcado, do racismo e da opressão sofridas pelas mulheres, construídos e legitimados historicamente, mas que são passíveis de serem desconstruídos e transformados, exigindo organização coletiva para tal. Qualquer esforço de prevenção/intervenção não pode deixar de levar em conta a natureza genrada do assédio sexual e moral, o qual se constituem numa das formas mais perniciosas de violência contra as mulheres.

Da violência de gênero contra a mulher ao grupo-dispositivo: desafios para construção de uma prática

O presente trabalho refere-se à realização de uma pesquisa-intervenção em um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social de um município do interior do Rio de Janeiro, cujos principais pressupostos metodológicos fundamentam-se na Análise Institucional, especificamente, a Análise de Implicação e a Cartografia. Os desafios e desvios encontrados para realização da pesquisa constituem importante substrato para análise das práticas da psicologia em relação ao atendimento de mulheres no contexto das políticas públicas da assistência social. A construção de um grupo para mulheres neste serviço possibilitou a abertura de um espaço para discussão, desconectado de qualquer condicionalidade, baseado no desejo de conversa das participantes sobre questões que atravessam suas vidas e o fato de ser mulher. Considerando a possibilidade de transformações do desejo na contemporaneidade aproximamos pontos, linhas e fragmentos de vivências para pensar sobre os relacionamentos e a dicotomia santa x puta que atravessam e aprisionam a vida de tantas mulheres, muitas vezes impedindo-as de se movimentar subjetivamente. Apostando na possibilidade da construção de outros modos de vida, sinalizamos para a importância da prática dos grupos na produção de novos sentidos e novos territórios de existência

Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence

Gunning, Jeroen, Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence (London: Hurst Publishers Ltd, 2007), pp.xiv+310 RAE2008

Insider Outsider issues in researching violence and divided societies

Breen Smyth, M. (2005). Insider Outsider issues in researching violence and divided societies. In E. Porter, G. Robinson, M. Smyth, A. Schnabel, and E. Osaghae (Eds.), Researching Conflict in Africa: Insights and Experiences (pp.9-23). Tokyo: United Nations University Press. RAE2008