Os Procedimentos Pr��-Contratual de Escolha do Co-contratante no Regime Jur��dico de Aquisi����es P��blicas urbanas de Cabo Verde

A presente disserta����o tem por objectivo analisar o Regime Jur��dico das Aquisi����es P��blicas, aprovado pela Lei n.�� 17/VII/2007, de 10 de Setembro, bem como o respectivo regulamento, constante do Decreto-Lei n.��1/2009, de 5 de Janeiro. Fundamentalmente, pretende-se analisar os procedimentos de forma����o dos contratos administrativos regulados nestes dois diplomas. Desta an��lise conclui-se que os referidos diplomas n��o regulam todo o regime jur��dico dos contratos p��blicos (ou das aquisi����es p��blicas), porquanto excluem as mat��rias relativas �� execu����o e da extin����o destes contratos. Este regime jur��dico apresenta algumas imprecis��es elementares de conceitos, omiss��es e at�� contradi����es normativas, o que �� objecto da devida aten����o e reflex��o cr��tica.

The Genesis and Effect of French Anti-Doping Policies in Cycling

This paper focuses on the transformation of French public policy on doping and its effects on the life of cycling professionals. We first focus on the emergence and the evolution of French public policies against doping in cycling. Then the article attempts to qualitatively observe the effects of policies on cyclists. The objective is to understand how the cycling culture is evolving. This article is based on 39 interviews with new and seasoned professionals, as well as ethnographic observations over a dozen years .

Liver enzyme elevation after lamivudine withdrawal in HIV-hepatitis B virus co-infected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Background The principal causes of liver enzyme elevation among HIV-hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected patients are the hepatotoxic effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART), alcohol abuse, ART-induced immune reconstitution and the exacerbation of chronic HBV infection. Objectives To investigate the incidence and severity of liver enzyme elevation, liver failure and death following lamivudine (3TC) withdrawal in HIV-HBV co-infected patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study database to assess the clinical and biological consequences of the discontinuation of 3TC. Variables considered for analysis included liver enzyme, HIV virological and immunological parameters, and medication prescribed during a 6-month period following 3TC withdrawal. Results 3TC was discontinued in 255 patients on 363 occasions. On 147 occasions (109 patients), a follow-up visit within 6 months following 3TC withdrawal was recorded. Among these patients, liver enzyme elevation occurred on 42 occasions (29%), three of them (2%) with severity grade III and five of them (3.4%) with severity grade IV elevations (as defined by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group). Three patients presented with fulminant hepatitis. One death (0.7%) was recorded. Conclusions HBV reactivation leading to liver dysfunction may be an under-reported consequence of 3TC withdrawal in HIV-HBV co-infected patients. Regular monitoring of HBV markers is warranted if active therapy against HBV is discontinued.

Use of forensic investigations in anti-doping

The fight against doping is mainly focused on direct detection, using analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in biological samples. However, the World Anti-Doping Code also defines doping as possession, administration or attempted administration of prohibited substances or methods, trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or methods. As these issues correspond to criminal investigation, a forensic approach can help assessing potential violation of these rules.In the context of a rowing competition, genetic analyses were conducted on biological samples collected in infusion apparatus, bags and tubing in order to obtain DNA profiles. As no database of athletes' DNA profiles was available, the use of information from the location detection as well as contextual information were key to determine a population of suspected athletes and to obtain reference DNA profiles for comparison.Analysis of samples from infusion systems provided 8 different DNA profiles. The comparison between these profiles and 8 reference profiles from suspected athletes could not be distinguished.This case-study is one of the first where a forensic approach was applied for anti-doping purposes. Based on this investigation, the International Rowing Federation authorities decided to ban not only the incriminated athletes, but also the coaches and officials for 2 years.

Use of forensic investigations in anti-doping.

The fight against doping is mainly focused on direct detection, using analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in biological samples. However, the World Anti-Doping Code also defines doping as possession, administration or attempted administration of prohibited substances or methods, trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or methods. As these issues correspond to criminal investigation, a forensic approach can help assessing potential violation of these rules. In the context of a rowing competition, genetic analyses were conducted on biological samples collected in infusion apparatus, bags and tubing in order to obtain DNA profiles. As no database of athletes' DNA profiles was available, the use of information from the location detection as well as contextual information were key to determine a population of suspected athletes and to obtain reference DNA profiles for comparison. Analysis of samples from infusion systems provided 8 different DNA profiles. The comparison between these profiles and 8 reference profiles from suspected athletes could not be distinguished. This case-study is one of the first where a forensic approach was applied for anti-doping purposes. Based on this investigation, the International Rowing Federation authorities decided to ban not only the incriminated athletes, but also the coaches and officials for 2 years.

On the drivers of commodity co-movement: Evidence from biofuels

We use the recent introduction of biofuels to study the effect of industry factors on the relationshipsbetween wholesale commodity prices. Correlations between agricultural products and oilare strongest in the 2005-09 period, coinciding with the boom of biofuels, and remain substantialuntil 2011. We disentangle three possible drivers for the linkage: substitution, energy costs, andfinancialization. The timing and magnitude of the biofuels-to-oil relationships are different to thoseof other commodities, and far higher than can be justified by costs and financialization. Substitutionand costs drive the monthly correlations of long-term futures, and each of the three contributeequally to the daily co-movement of the short-term ones. The findings survive many robustnesschecks and appear in the stock market.

ETYK III-vaihe (Tasavallan Presidentin esitt��m�� Suomen puheenvuoro 31.7.1975 = Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe = main speech of Finland delivered by President Urho Kekkonen July 31, 1975)

Puhe

Co-infec����o por v��rus da hepatite B e v��rus da imunodefici��ncia humana em pa��ses africanos

Introdu����o: Actualmente, estima-se que existam dois milh��es de indiv��duos infectados por v��rus da hepatite B (VHB) e que, cerca de 25% dos indiv��duos com infec����o cr��nica morrem devido a sequelas resultantes da infec����o por VHB. Paralelamente, calcula-se que existam cerca de 33 milh��es de indiv��duos infectados por VIH, sendo que 22, 5 milh��es residem na regi��o de ��frica a sul do Sara. Na regi��o de ��frica a sul do Sara existem poucos estudos efectuados no ��mbito da co-infec����o por VIH/VHB. Contudo, dos estudos existentes, esta taxa pode situar-se entre os 2,4% e os 9,9%. Objectivo: Avaliar as taxas de seropreval��ncia de VHB e VIH, assim como a taxa de co-infec����o por VIH/VHB em Angola, Cabo Verde, Guin��-Bissau e Mo��ambique. M��todos: Foram efectuadas duas pesquisas bibliogr��ficas neste estudo. A primeira, realizada nos meses de Setembro/Outubro 2008, tinha como objectivo contextualizar a infec����o por VHB, VIH e a co-infec����o por VIH/VHB nos pa��ses desenvolvidos e nos pa��ses em desenvolvimento. A segunda pesquisa foi efectuada durante o m��s de Agosto de 2009, e visava apenas cobrir a realidade dos pa��ses em an��lise, relativamente aos objectivos previamente delineados do estudo. Resultados: Em Mo��ambique, constatou-se que a seropreval��ncia de VIH-1 tinha quadriplicado entre 1993 (1,17%) e o ano 2000 (4,5%). Na Guin��-Bissau, entre 1997 e 1999, tamb��m a seropreval��ncia de VIH-1 duplicou (2,5% e 5,2%, respectivamente). Em Cabo-Verde, no ano de 2006, a seropreval��ncia de VIH era 2,4%, enquanto que a seropreval��ncia da infec����o por VHB era 4,4%. Em Angola, no ano de 2005, a seropreval��ncia de VIH era de 2,5%. Neste estudo tamb��m foi avaliada a co-infec����o, sendo que nenhum caso foi diagnosticado. Conclus��o: �� urgente realizarem-se mais estudos nos pa��ses PALOP, no ��mbito da seropreval��ncia das monoinfec����es VIH e VHB, assim como na co-infec����o por VIH/VHB, uma vez que existe pouca informa����o dispon��vel. De qualquer modo, sendo a infec����o por VHB uma doen��a preven��vel por vacina, �� fundamental que os planos de vacina����o continuem a ser postos em pr��tica nos pa��ses onde j�� est��o implementados e, no caso dos pa��ses que ainda n��o os t��m, que a sua implementa����o seja efectuada de forma sustentada e o mais brevemente poss��vel.