An approach for linking score and audio recordings in Makam music of Turkey

The main information sources to study a particular piece of music are symbolic scores and audio recordings. These are complementary representations of the piece and it isvery useful to have a proper linking between the two of the musically meaningful events. For the case of makam music of Turkey, linking the available scores with the correspondingaudio recordings requires taking the specificities of this music into account, such as the particular tunings, the extensive usage of non-notated expressive elements, and the way in which the performer repeats fragmentsof the score. Moreover, for most of the pieces of the classical repertoire, there is no score written by the original composer. In this paper, we propose a methodology to pair sections of a score to the corresponding fragments of audio recording performances. The pitch information obtained from both sources is used as the common representationto be paired. From an audio recording, fundamental frequency estimation and tuning analysis is done to compute a pitch contour. From the corresponding score, symbolic note names and durations are converted to a syntheticpitch contour. Then, a linking operation is performed between these pitch contours in order to find the best correspondences.The method is tested on a dataset of 11 compositions spanning 44 audio recordings, which are mostly monophonic. An F3-score of 82% and 89% are obtained with automatic and semi-automatic karar detection respectively,showing that the methodology may give us a needed tool for further computational tasks such as form analysis, audio-score alignment and makam recognition.

Observations pour la dame veuve Calas et sa famille. / (Signé : Mariette.)

[Factum. Calas, Jean (1698-1762). 1764]

Observations pour la dame veuve Calas et sa famille. / (Signé : Mariette.)

[Factum. Calas, Jean (1698-1762). 1764]

Centralised versus Decentralised Management of Patients's Medical Records

For more than 20 years, many countries have been trying to set up a standardised medical record at the regional or at the national level. Most of them have not reached this goal, essentially due to two main difficulties related to patient identification and medical records standardisation. Moreover, the issues raised by the centralisation of all gathered medical data have to be tackled particularly in terms of security and privacy. We discuss here the interest of a noncentralised management of medical records which would require a specific procedure that gives to the patient access to his/her distributed medical data, wherever he/she is located.

Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality.

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues.

Propriedades químicas de um Cambissolo Húmico sob preparo convencional e semeadura direta após seis anos de cultivo

No sistema de preparo convencional, ocorre o revolvimento do solo, incorporando e distribuindo os resíduos vegetais e fertilizantes na camada revolvida. Na semeadura direta, em que não há o revolvimento do solo, por outro lado, os fertilizantes e corretivos são aplicados na superfície e nela são mantidos os resíduos vegetais, o que facilita a formação de gradientes de concentração de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica na camada superficial do solo. Avaliou-se o efeito desses dois sistemas de manejo na modificação de atributos químicos de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico léptico, em Lages (SC), em 2001, seis anos após o solo ter tido seu pH corrigido, comparados a um sistema com campo nativo. Os tratamentos de manejo do solo, com quatro repetições, foram: preparo convencional executado com uma aração e duas gradagens em rotação (PCR) e em sucessão de culturas (PCS), semeadura direta em rotação (SDR) e em sucessão de culturas (SDS) e campo nativo (CN). No PCR, foram cultivados feijão/pousio/milho/pousio/soja/pousio e, no PCS, milho/pousio. Na SDR, foram cultivados feijão/aveia/milho/nabo/soja/ervilhaca e, na SDS, milho/ervilhaca. Em abril de 2001, foram avaliados os teores de carbono orgânico, P extraível, K, Ca, Mg e Al trocável (Al3+), hidrogênio mais Al (H + Al), capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) e pH em água, nas profundidades de 0-2,5; 2,5-5,0; 5,0-10,0; 10,0-15,0; 15,0-20,0 e 20,0-30,0 cm. Apesar de as diferenças não terem sido significativas, observou-se tendência à redução dos valores de pH e ligeiro aumento dos teores de H + Al nas camadas mais superficiais da semeadura direta em relação ao preparo convencional. Apesar disso, o incremento significativo dos teores de carbono na semeadura direta naquelas camadas parece ter sido responsável pela ligeira redução dos teores de Al trocável. Não se constataram diferenças nos teores de Ca e Mg entre os sistemas de manejo do solo, apenas ligeiro incremento do Mg em profundidade na semeadura direta. Nesse sistema, constatou-se acúmulo de K e P nos primeiros centímetros superficiais do solo.

The anti-lymphoma activity of APO866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, is potentialized when used in combination with anti-CD20 antibody.

Abstract APO866 is an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis that exhibits potent anti-lymphoma activity. Rituximab (RTX), an anti-CD20 antibody, kills lymphoma cells by direct apoptosis and antibody- and complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicities, and has clinical efficacy in non-Hodgkin cell lymphomas. In the present study, we evaluated whether RTX could potentiate APO866-induced human B-lymphoma cell death and shed light on death-mediated mechanisms associated with this drug combination. We found that RTX significantly increases APO866-induced death in lymphoma cells from patients and lines. Mechanisms include enhancement of autophagy-mediated cell death, activation of caspase 3 and exacerbation of mitochondrial depolarization, but not increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, when compared with those induced by each drug alone. In vivo, combined administration of APO866 with RTX in a laboratory model of human aggressive lymphoma significantly decreased tumor burden and prolonged survival over single-agent treatment. Our study demonstrates that the combination of RTX and APO866 optimizes B-cell lymphoma apoptosis and therapeutic efficacy over both compounds administered separately.

Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus, including Leishmania guyanensis. The pathology develops after parasite dissemination to nasopharyngeal tissues, where destructive metastatic lesions form with chronic inflammation. Currently, the mechanisms involved in lesion development are poorly understood. Here we show that metastasizing parasites have a high Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) burden that is recognized by the host Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Paradoxically, these TLR3-mediated immune responses rendered mice more susceptible to infection, and the animals developed an increased footpad swelling and parasitemia. Thus, LRV1 in the metastasizing parasites subverted the host immune response to Leishmania and promoted parasite persistence.

Filamin depletion blocks endoplasmic spreading and destabilizes force-bearing adhesions

Cell motility is an essential process that depends on a coherent, cross-linked actin cytoskeleton that physically coordinates the actions of numerous structural and signaling molecules. The actin cross-linking protein, filamin (Fln), has been implicated in the support of three-dimensional cortical actin networks capable of both maintaining cellular integrity and withstanding large forces. Although numerous studies have examined cells lacking one of the multiple Fln isoforms, compensatory mechanisms can mask novel phenotypes only observable by further Fln depletion. Indeed, shRNA-mediated knockdown of FlnA in FlnB¿/¿ mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) causes a novel endoplasmic spreading deficiency as detected by endoplasmic reticulum markers. Microtubule (MT) extension rates are also decreased but not by peripheral actin flow, because this is also decreased in the Fln-depleted system. Additionally, Fln-depleted MEFs exhibit decreased adhesion stability that appears in increased ruffling of the cell edge, reduced adhesion size, transient traction forces, and decreased stress fibers. FlnA¿/¿ MEFs, but not FlnB¿/¿ MEFs, also show a moderate defect in endoplasm spreading, characterized by initial extension followed by abrupt retractions and stress fiber fracture. FlnA localizes to actin linkages surrounding the endoplasm, adhesions, and stress fibers. Thus we suggest that Flns have a major role in the maintenance of actin-based mechanical linkages that enable endoplasmic spreading and MT extension as well as sustained traction forces and mature focal adhesions.