Evaluación del efecto de un recubrimiento a base de ceras en la calidad microbilógica y fisicoquímica en Mango (Mangifera indica)

Se fundamentó en evaluar el efecto del descubrimiento a bases de ceras (resina de colofonia y polietileno) en la calidad del mango (Mangifera indica). Las variedades utilizadas fueron: Tommy Atkins y Panades; procedente de los municipios de Suchitoto y Guazapa, en estado de madurez 3/4. Se realizó análisis micribiológico inicial (Salmonela, spp y Escherichia coli), para determinar si los mangos cumplían con los criterios microbiológicos de inocuidad establecidos en el grupo 4.1 del Reglamento Técnico Centroamericano, Criterios Microbiológicos para la Inocuidad de Alimentos. Los frutos se dividieron en cuatro bloques, dos bloques recubiertos fueron recubiertos por aspersión, con un formulario compuesto con una mezcla de cera; reconocida en el mercado como Teycer C Cp, y dos bloques sin recubrir. Todos los bloques se colocaron en bandejas plásticas a una temperatura de 10°C y cada cuatro días, hasta el día 36 fueron medidos parámetros físicoquímicos de calidad entre (sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable, pérdida de peso e índice de maduración)y análisis microbiológicos (identificación de la presencia de Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Penicillium spp). Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza, considerando como causas de variación el tiempo y el tratamiento aplicado para una condición de almacenamiento. Los valores medios significativamente diferentes, se compararon a través de pruebas de rangos múltiples, mediante el sistema de programa para el análisis estadísticos IBM SPSS Statics 23, para una probabilidad del 75%. El recubrimiento de cera es una tecnología postcosecha que permite prolongar la vida útil, mejorar la calidad y generar valor agregado al mango ya que se ha logrado extender la vida comercial del producto y mejorar su apariencia; debido a que esta tecnología actúa como una atmósfera modificada, que hace que los procesos metabólicos de la fruta se realicen de una manera gradual.

Evaluación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y sensorial de una salchicha estándar con adición de harina de mango (mangifera indica l.)

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería de Alimentos

Biocompósitos poliméricos obtidos a partir da fra��ão lignocelulósica e amilácea do caroço de manga (mangifera indica), Tommy atkins

This employment has the function the utilization of mango seeds Tommy Atkins, like starch source to obtain biopolymers and fibers source and nanowhiskers cellulose also, that will be use like reinforcing fillers in micro and nanobiocomposites polymeric. The fibers in natura removed from tegument mango seed were characterized, as weel as the treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from them. The starch extracted from seed s almond showed a good performance (32%) and a high purity. The chemicals analyzes, of crystallinity and morphological of the fibers in natura, treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose confirmed the efficacy of the chemical treatement performed to remove amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignina). The thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from two sources, corn starch and starchy material mango, was produced in a twin screw extruder with compositon mass of 62,5% of starch, 9,4% of water and 28,1% of glycerol. The starch material mango was the main objective of this work for the production of biodegradable materials, and the starch corn was utilized during the production stage to evaluate the processability of the starch and use as parameter for comparison, according of being a conventional source for obtaining conventional comercial starch. The incorporation of fibers (6% in mass) and nanowhiskers cellulose (1% in mass) in matrix of TPS to obtain composite and nanocomposite, respectively, it was performed in single screw extruder. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites polymeric were obtained and the TPS from starchy material mango presented better results of thermal and mechanicals properties when compared to TPS corn starch. Concludes that the sediment generated of the agroindustrial processing mango used presents potencial to producing of biodegradables materials

Anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of phenolics isolated from Toona sinensis A Juss acetone leaf extract

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of phenolics from the leaf extract of Toona sinensis (TS). Methods: Acetone leaf extract of TS was screened for total phenolic and flavanoid contents, and the flanonoids were subjected to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Antioxidant properties were assessed via oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), while anti-proliferative activity ins HepG2 cell line was assessed using methylene blue assay. Results: The extract contained 36.02 ± 0.24 mg of gallic acid equiv/g dry weight (DW) and 20.24 ± 1.73 mg of catechin equiv/g DW of total phenolic and total flavonoid, respectively. The levels of rutin and quercitrin were 0.51 and 19.55 mg/g, respectively. Epicatechin, gallic acid, quercitin, isoquercetin were not detected. The extract showed significant antioxidant potential and high anti-proliferation capacity with low cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell in vitro. The underlying mechanism of anti-proliferative effect was induction of apoptosis. Conclusion: TS leaf extract possesses significant in vitro antioxidant properties and anti-proliferative effect against HepG2 cells, which make it a potential anticancer drug source.

First report of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in southeastern Brazil.

2016

ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION OF OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA (L.) MILL. FOR FORAGE CROP IN A MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT BY USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS

In marginal lands Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) could be used as an alternative fruit and forage crop. The plant vigour and the biomass production were evaluated in Portuguese germplasm (15 individuals from 16 ecotypes) by non-destructive methods, 2 years following planting in a marginal soil and dryland conditions. Two Italian cultivars (Gialla and Bianca) were included in the study for comparison purposes. The biomass production and the plant vigour were estimated by measuring the cladodes number and area, and the fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) per plant. We selected linear models by using the biometric data from 60 cladodes to predict the cladode area, the FW and the DW per plant. Among ecotypes, significant differences were found in the studied biomass-related parameters and several homogeneous groups were established. Four Portuguese ecotypes had higher biomass production than the others, 3.20 Mg ha���1 on average, a value not significantly different to the improved ‘Gialla��� cultivar, which averaged 3.87 Mg ha���1. Those ecotypes could be used to start a breeding program and to deploy material for animal feeding and fruit production.

Carateriza��ão e avalia��ão de popula��ões portuguesas de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller

Em solos de menor aptidão agrícola a figueira da-índia tem interesse como cultura alternativa, quer para a produção de fruto quer como espécie forrageira. Foram caracterizados e avaliados, quanto ao vigor vegetativo e produção de biomassa, por métodos não destrutivos e nos dois primeiros anos apos a planta��ão, 16 ecótipos portugueses e duas variedades italianas (“Gialla��� e “Bianca���) de figueira-da-índia (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller). A produção de biomassa e vigor vegetativo foram aferidos através da determina��ão do número de cladódios, área de cladódios e peso verde por planta. Através da análise biométrica de 180 cladódios, foram estabelecidos modelos lineares para a quantifica��ão não destrutiva da área de cladódios e do peso verde por planta. Não foi possível estabelecer um modelo linear para a quantifica��ão não destrutiva da matéria seca.

CARACTERIZA��ÃO E AVALIA��ÃO DE POPULA��ÕES PORTUGUESAS DE FIGUEIRA-DA-ÍNDIA Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill

A figueira-da-índia (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) é uma espécie com interesse para alimenta��ão humana e animal, particularmente em áreas geográficas onde a disponibilidade de água é um fator limitante na atividade agrícola. Sendo considerada uma planta forrageira alternativa, pode produzir mais de 10 toneladas de matéria seca por hectare e, em condições limitantes de disponibilidade hídrica, supera as plantas C4 e C3 (Andrade-Montemayor et al., 2011). Acrescem ainda outras utiliza��ões como sejam o controlo de erosão de solos, a constituição de barreiras anti-incêndio e a produção de biogás (Jigar et al., 2011, Sánchez et al., 2012). No contexto atual em que, por parte de alguns agricultores, renasceu o interesse por esta espécie, consideramos ser importante a caracteriza��ão e avalia��ão biométrica de popula��ões portuguesas de O. ficus-indica e a sua compara��ão com variedades melhoradas, quer com o objetivo da produção de fruto para alimenta��ão humana, quer como planta forrageira. Em maio de 2012 foram plantados, na Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco (39º 49' 17.00''N; 7º 27' 41.00''W), num solo de baixa aptidão agrícola, cladódios de dezasseis popula��ões portuguesas de O. ficus-indica, provenientes de diferentes locais e duas variedades italianas (Gialla e Bianca).

Portuguese ecotypes of Opuntia ficus-indica differ in biomass production

The Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a species from the Cactaceae family with the center of origin and domestication in central Mexico. This species introduction in the Iberia Peninsula occurred, probably, by the end of the 15th century, after the discovery of America, spreading later throughout the Mediterranean basin. In Portugal, O. ficus-indica is located, usually, with a typical ruderal behavior, at the edge of roads and paths. In Portugal, as in other Mediterranean regions, inlands areas are under severe draught during extensive summers, in particular, and global warming is expected to affect them deeply in the near future. O. ficus-indica, by its morpho-physiological characteristics and multiple economic uses, represent an alternative crop for those regions. Sixteen Portuguese O. ficus indica ecotypes and two ‘Italian’ cultivars ("Gialla" and "Bianca") were evaluated for plant vigor and biomass production, by nondestructive methods, in the two years following planting. Biomass production and plant vigor were measured by estimating cladode number, cladode area and fresh weight per plant. Linear models to predict the area of cladodes and fresh weight per plant were previously established using a biometric analysis of 180 cladodes. It was not possible to establish an accurate linear model for dry matter using non-destructive estimation. Significant differences were found among populations in the studied biomass-related parameters, and different groups were unfolded. A group of four Portuguese ecotypes outperformed in terms of biomass production, comparable with the “Gialla��� cultivar. This group could be used to start a breeding program with the objective of deploy material for animal feeding, biomass and fruit production. Nevertheless, the ‘Gialla��� cultivar showed the best performance, achieving the highest biomass related parameters, not surprisingly for it is an improved plant material.

Avalia��ão de ecótipos de figueira-da-índia [Opuntia ficus-indica L. (Miller)] para produção de fruto

A figueira-da-índia [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller] é uma espécie da família Cactaceae, com centro de origem e domestica��ão no México. Possui características morfofisiológicas particulares que permitem uma elevada eficiência de utiliza��ão da água. Esta espécie representa uma cultura alternativa para as regiões do interior de Portugal onde se prevê que as altera��ões climáticas possam vir a ter maior impacto. Em Maio de 2012 foram plantados, na Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco num solo de baixa aptidão agrícola, cladódios de dezasseis ecótipos portugueses de O. ficus-indica e duas variedades italianas (“Gialla��� e “Bianca���). O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados completos com três repetições. O compasso foi de 2,5 x 1,5, com 15 plantas por popula��ão e um cladódio por cova. Previamente à planta��ão foi realizada a fertiliza��ão com adubo ternário, na proporção de 40 kg/ha de cada macronutriente (N, P e K). O ensaio foi conduzido em sequeiro nos dois primeiros anos, tendo sido fornecidos aproximadamente 70 mm de água no terceiro ano. Foi realizado o controlo mecânico de infestantes, sem mobiliza��ão do solo. As popula��ões foram avaliadas no terceiro ano após a planta��ão tendo sido quantificada a produção média de frutos por planta (kg), número de frutos e classes de peso do fruto. Relativamente aos parâmetros estudados, verificou-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre as popula��ões. As variedades “Gialla��� e “Bianca��� foram as mais produtivas destacando-se nitidamente dos ecótipos portugueses, o que reflete a sua origem como material vegetal melhorado. Ainda assim, entre as dezasseis popula��ões portuguesas de O. ficus-indica, foi eleito um pequeno grupo de ecótipos com interesse para produção de fruto e que poderá constituir material de partida para iniciar um programa de melhoramento desta espécie.

Resistência de Eleusine indica a herbicidas inibidores da ACCase no município de Buritis, MG.

Com o objetivo de confirmar a suspeita de resistência de E. indica a herbicidas inibidores da ACCase em área de produção comercial soj-hortaliças-algodão no município de Buritis, MG, foi desenvolvido o seguinte trabalho.

Genetic diversity of mango accessions (Mangifera indica) using new microsatellite markers and morphological descriptors.

Genetic diversity estimates based on morphological and molecular data can provide different information on the relationship between cultivars of a species. This study aimed to develop new microsatellite markers as additional tools in genetic studies on mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), and to analyze the genetic variability of 20 mango cultivars based on morphological descriptors and microsatellite markers. We aimed to better understand the cultivars enhanced breeding histories and to support crossbreeding planning. Positive clones were selected from a DNA library enriched for microsatellite regions for sequencing and primer design. Four plants of each of the 20 accessions were used for observations, based on 48 morphological descriptors. Twenty accessions were analyzed using 27 microsatellite markers, of which 16 were developed during this study. The clusters, based on the morphological descriptors by Ward - MLM strategy and the microsatellite markers, suggested that Brazilian mango cultivars have extensive genetic diversity and are related to cultivars with different provenances, demonstrating their different enhanced breeding histories.

De Novo Assembly And Transcriptome Analysis Of The Rubber Tree (hevea Brasiliensis) And Snp Markers Development For Rubber Biosynthesis Pathways.

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. Juss.) Muell.-Arg. is the primary source of natural rubber that is native to the Amazon rainforest. The singular properties of natural rubber make it superior to and competitive with synthetic rubber for use in several applications. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of H. brasiliensis bark on the Illumina GAIIx platform, which generated 179,326,804 raw reads on the Illumina GAIIx platform. A total of 50,384 contigs that were over 400 bp in size were obtained and subjected to further analyses. A similarity search against the non-redundant (nr) protein database returned 32,018 (63%) positive BLASTx hits. The transcriptome analysis was annotated using the clusters of orthologous groups (COG), gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Pfam databases. A search for putative molecular marker was performed to identify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 17,927 SSRs and 404,114 SNPs were detected. Finally, we selected sequences that were identified as belonging to the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways, which are involved in rubber biosynthesis, to validate the SNP markers. A total of 78 SNPs were validated in 36 genotypes of H. brasiliensis. This new dataset represents a powerful information source for rubber tree bark genes and will be an important tool for the development of microsatellites and SNP markers for use in future genetic analyses such as genetic linkage mapping, quantitative trait loci identification, investigations of linkage disequilibrium and marker-assisted selection.

Influência da temperatura do ar de secagem no calor latente de vaporiza��ão de água em feijão macassar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), variedade sempre-verde

In order to determine the energy needed to artificially dry an agricultural product the latent heat of vaporization of moisture in the product, H, must be known. Generally, the expressions for H reported in the literature are of the form H = h(T)f(M), where h(T) is the latent heat of vaporization of free water, and f(M) is a function of the equilibrium moisture content, M, which is a simplification. In this article, a more general expression for the latent heat of vaporization, namely H = g(M,T), is used to determine H for cowpea, always-green variety. For this purpose, a computer program was developed which automatically fits about 500 functions, with one or two independent variables, imbedded in its library to experimental data. The program uses nonlinear regression, and classifies the best functions according to the least reduced chi-squared. A set of executed statistical tests shows that the generalized expression for H used in this work produces better results of H for cowpea than other equations found in literature.

Factors associated with low life life satisfaction in community-dwelling elderly: FIBRA Study

The objectives were to identify factors associated with decreased life satisfaction in community-dwelling elderly and describe such factors according to gender and age bracket. The study interviewed 2,472 elderly individuals 65 years or older without cognitive deficits suggestive of dementia, in probabilistic samples from seven Brazilian cities. All measures were self-reported except for functional performance, indicated by handgrip and gait speed. Women had more chronic diseases, worse functional performance, and greater social involvement when compared to men. The oldest participants showed worse functional performance and less social involvement when compared to the youngest. Low satisfaction was associated with three or more diseases, memory problems, low social involvement, low handgrip strength, and urinary incontinence. The authors conclude that health, functional performance, and social involvement interact with well-being, so interventions targeting these areas can favor quality of life for the elderly.