Los efectos de la crisis del régimen autoritario en la transición hacia el Frente Nacional en Colombia (1954-1960)

El objetivo de esta monografía es explicar en qué medida los efectos de la crisis del régimen autoritario del General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla influyeron en la transición hacia el Frente Nacional (FN) en Colombia entre 1954 y 1960. Este caso ilustra bien cómo los efectos de la crisis del régimen autoritario de Rojas, es decir, los problemas políticos y sociales no resueltos u originados durante su Gobierno, determinaron en gran medida la modalidad de la transición hacia el FN y el diseño institucional del régimen de coalición. El examen de este fenómeno de cambio político a la luz del cuerpo teórico y conceptual de las transiciones democráticas implicó realizar la periodización en etapas transicionales del caso de estudio, analizar la interacción entre los actores, sus estrategias y los procesos políticos en cada una de ellas, y emplear una serie de conceptos clave para evaluar la transición hacia el FN.

La incidencia del Movimiento Islámico de Uzbekistán en el establecimiento de una agenda de seguridad uzbeka en Asia Central 1991-2012

El interés del presente estudio de caso es analizar la estrategia de securitización implementada por el Presidente de la Republica de Uzbekistán Islam Karimov sobre el Movimiento Islámico de Uzbekistán. Se describe y se explica cómo desde las lógicas históricas y étnicas acontecidas en Asia Central, se pueden comprender los alcances internacionales de la confrontación antagónica ejercida entre uzbekos al apoyar ideas de corte secular e islamista. Así, siguiendo los parámetros establecidos por Barry Buzan con respecto a la securitización, se puede llegar a identificar la creación de una agenda de seguridad uzbeka en la región de Asia Central, cuyos logros permitieron disminuir el riesgo de la amenaza insurgente.

Educar las emociones: una reflexión sobre los programas de educación emocional en la primera infancia a través de la lente de la Psicología Positiva

La primera infancia es la etapa comprendida entre los 0 y los 6 años, y es el momento en el cual el cerebro tiene mayor plasticidad, por lo que en la actualidad se cree que la educación debe iniciar en este momento de la vida. La educación inicial ha venido dejando de lado el interés por los procesos cognitivos y ha puesto su foco de atención en el desarrollo social y emocional de los niños. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las características de los programas de educación emocional en la primera infancia a través de la lente de la Psicología Positiva utilizando una metodología cualitativa documental y específicamente el estado del arte. Los resultados obtenidos se dividen en corte empírico y corte teórico; para los de corte empírico se encontró que si bien el target que se pretende impactar son los niños en la primera infancia, varios programas le apuntan a trabajar como primera instancia con los cuidadores de los niños. Por otro lado como variables más comunes se manejaban las habilidades interpersonales y la resolución de problemas. Para los de corte teórico se encontró que los programas se orientan bajo una pedagogía dinámica y que muchos se centran en enfoques orientados a la promoción de habilidades sociales.

Historia conceptual de la reintegración a partir del estudio de las experiencias de Namibia, República Democrática del Congo, la Provincia de Aceh-Indonesia y Colombia

Durante las dos últimas décadas, la etapa final de los programas modernos de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración (DDR), se ha convertido en un componente decisivo en los procesos de transición hacia la paz. Aun así, no existe suficiente análisis conceptual sobre la Reintegración. Esta investigación analiza cómo desde sus inicios, las experiencias de práctica e implementación de programas de DDR ha influenciado y contribuido a la aparición y transformación del concepto de reintegración de excombatientes a la vida civil. La investigación toma tres categorías de análisis de la metodología historiográfica Historia de los Conceptos, propuesta por Reinhart Koselleck, y a partir de cuatro casos, Namibia, República Democrática del Congo, la provincia de Aceh, Indonesia y Colombia, traza una línea de tiempo que evidencia elementos permanentes y discontinuidades al interior del concepto a nivel diacrónico, y la complejización que el término ha sufrido desde 1989 hasta el 2015 a nivel sincrónico

La transició a l'edat adulta i vida activa de les persones amb disminució psíquica. Criteris orientadors de la intervenció educativa

La tesi s'estructura en dos grans apartats: per un costat, el Marc Teòric en el que realitzem els estudis que ens permeten delimitar la problemàtica de les persones amb disminució psíquica i fonamentar teòricament els criteris orientadors d'estratègies dirigides a potenciar la seva transició a l'edat adulta i vida activa. A partir de l'anàlisi realitzada al Marc Teòric de la tesi s'elabora una proposta d'intervenció consistent en el disseny d'un programa destinat a potenciar les habilitats perceptivo-motrius.

Relação entre factores ambientais causadores de stress e doença renal felina

A Doença Renal Crónica (DRC) é de natureza insidiosa, progressiva e irreversível e uma grande causa de morbilidade e mortalidade em gatos. O comportamento natural da espécie felina fica comprometido no meio doméstico, originando situações de stress que desempenham um papel importante na patogénese da doença crónica. A literatura sugere que a activação contínua do sistema nervoso simpático desencadeia uma série de processos fisiológicos que se traduzem por último no aparecimento de fibrose renal, contribuindo assim para a progressão da DRC. Esta dissertação pretende avaliar essa relação. Para tal, foram analisados questionários que permitissem avaliar as condições em que viviam uma amostra de 139 gatos e realizados painéis hematológicos e bioquímicos a uma sub-amostra para verificar as correlações existentes. Ainda que não tenha sido possível concluir que a presença de um parâmetro individual possa ser apontada como causa directa do desenvolvimento de DRC, podemos identificar um conjunto de factores ambientais causadores de stress como prováveis factores de risco para a degradação desta doença e a sua transição para fases mais avançadas. Desta forma, a implementação de estratégias de enriquecimento ambiental MEMO (Multimodal Environmental Modification) não só visa melhorar a qualidade de vida destes animais como se pode revelar uma chave de sucesso na prevenção e maneio de doenças crónicas.

Inclusão no Jardim de Infância : porta para o sucesso da inclusão no 1º ciclo

Este trabalho desenvolve-se no âmbito do mestrado em educação especial, domí-nio cognitivo e motor. Trata-se de um projeto de intervenção emergente do trabalho diário como educadora de infância, num agrupamento vertical de escolas que segue um modelo inclusivo. O projeto centrou-se numa aluna do pré-escolar em vias de ingressar no 1º ciclo e nas estratégias e atividades envolvidas na preparação e sucesso desse ingresso. Nesse sentido tornou-se necessário pesquisar sobre a problemática específica da aluna, sobre práticas inclusivas e sobre métodos e metodologias de intervenção. Isto é, investigou-se sobre paralisia cerebral, escola inclusiva, no modo como se podem articular estas duas questões, sobre pedagogia diferenciada e diferenciação pedagógica e ainda sobre as linhas de orientação para o pré-escolar e sobre as metas a atingir no fim desse ciclo. Desenvolveu-se um processo em que se utilizaram os procedimentos da investiga-ção/ação através de vários instrumentos (pesquisa documental, entrevista, testes sociomé-tricos e observação naturalista) a partir dos quais se elaborou um projeto que foi posto em prática ao longo do ano letivo de 2010/2011. Pode constatar-se no fim da intervenção que os resultados foram positivos, pois permitiram à aluna alcançar os objetivos inicialmente previstos, atingindo as metas da edu-cação pré-escolar e ingressar no 1º ciclo. Foram surgindo novas questões, entre elas a necessidade de promover de forma mais intensa a participação da família e a continuidade do trabalho desenvolvido após uma mudança de ciclo, e portanto, do grupo e dos professores.

Análisis de la sentencia n.º 001-10-SIN-CC. Casos n.º 0008-09-IN y 0011-09-IN sobre acción de inconstitucionalidad en contra de la Ley de Minería y efectos posteriores (Jurisprudencia)

This paper aims to analyze the decision issued by the Constitutional Court for Transition within the unconstitutionality presented against the Mining Act. Proponents, in the main, formal allege unconstitutional by the Mining Law have been issued by the Committee on Legislation and Oversight (National Assembly during the Transitional Period after the adoption of the 2008 Constitution) without the prior execution of a legislative pre query, this query being a collective right of national, indigenous peoples and communities recognized in Article 57 paragraph 17 of the Constitution of the Republic. The Constitutional Court ruled Transition to reject the unconstitutionality confirming the constitutionality of the regulatory body and the substantial and non-formal pre-legislative consultation.

A design of benchmarking method for assessing performance of e-Government systems

This paper is an initial work towards developing an e-Government benchmarking model that is user-centric. To achieve the goal then, public service delivery is discussed first including the transition to online public service delivery and the need for providing public services using electronic media. Two major e-Government benchmarking methods are critically discussed and the need to develop a standardized benchmarking model that is user-centric is presented. To properly articulate user requirements in service provision, an organizational semiotic method is suggested.

Sudden stratospheric warmings as noise-induced transitions

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are usually considered to be initiated by planetary wave activity. Here it is asked whether small-scale variability (e.g., related to gravity waves) can lead to SSWs given a certain amount of planetary wave activity that is by itself not sufficient to cause a SSW. A highly vertically truncated version of the Holton–Mass model of stratospheric wave–mean flow interaction, recently proposed by Ruzmaikin et al., is extended to include stochastic forcing. In the deterministic setting, this low-order model exhibits multiple stable equilibria corresponding to the undisturbed vortex and SSW state, respectively. Momentum forcing due to quasi-random gravity wave activity is introduced as an additive noise term in the zonal momentum equation. Two distinct approaches are pursued to study the stochastic system. First, the system, initialized at the undisturbed state, is numerically integrated many times to derive statistics of first passage times of the system undergoing a transition to the SSW state. Second, the Fokker–Planck equation corresponding to the stochastic system is solved numerically to derive the stationary probability density function of the system. Both approaches show that even small to moderate strengths of the stochastic gravity wave forcing can be sufficient to cause a SSW for cases for which the deterministic system would not have predicted a SSW.

High-pressure structural studies of the pharmaceutical, chlorothiazide

The pharmaceutical material chlorothiazide (6-chloro-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide) has been studied under high-pressure conditions using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. An isosymmetric phase transition to a second polymorph occurs at 4.4 GPa. An analysis of the structural changes that occur during this phase transition has been performed.

Major advances in fundamental dairy cattle nutrition

Fundamental nutrition seeks to describe the complex biochemical reactions involved in assimilation and processing of nutrients by various tissues and organs, and to quantify nutrient movement (flux) through those processes. Over the last 25 yr, considerable progress has been made in increasing our understanding of metabolism in dairy cattle. Major advances have been made at all levels of biological organization, including the whole animal, organ systems, tissues, cells, and molecules. At the whole-animal level, progress has been made in delineating metabolism during late pregnancy and the transition to lactation, as well as in whole-body use of energy-yielding substrates and amino acids for growth in young calves. An explosion of research using multicatheterization techniques has led to better quantitative descriptions of nutrient use by tissues of the portal-drained viscera (digestive tract, pancreas, and associated adipose tissues) and liver. Isolated tissue preparations have provided important information on the interrelationships among glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in liver, adipose tissue, and mammary gland, as well as the regulation of these pathways during different physiological states. Finally, the last 25 yr has witnessed the birth of "molecular biology" approaches to understanding fundamental nutrition. Although measurements of mRNA abundance for proteins of interest already have provided new insights into regulation of metabolism, the next 25 yr will likely see remarkable advances as these techniques continue to be applied to problems of dairy cattle biology. Integration of the "omics" technologies (functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) with measurements of tissue metabolism obtained by other methods is a particularly exciting prospect for the future. The result should be improved animal health and well being, more efficient dairy production, and better models to predict nutritional requirements and provide rations to meet those requirements.

Accessing biodiversity resources in computational environments from workflow applications

In the Biodiversity World (BDW) project we have created a flexible and extensible Web Services-based Grid environment for biodiversity researchers to solve problems in biodiversity and analyse biodiversity patterns. In this environment, heterogeneous and globally distributed biodiversity-related resources such as data sets and analytical tools are made available to be accessed and assembled by users into workflows to perform complex scientific experiments. One such experiment is bioclimatic modelling of the geographical distribution of individual species using climate variables in order to predict past and future climate-related changes in species distribution. Data sources and analytical tools required for such analysis of species distribution are widely dispersed, available on heterogeneous platforms, present data in different formats and lack interoperability. The BDW system brings all these disparate units together so that the user can combine tools with little thought as to their availability, data formats and interoperability. The current Web Servicesbased Grid environment enables execution of the BDW workflow tasks in remote nodes but with a limited scope. The next step in the evolution of the BDW architecture is to enable workflow tasks to utilise computational resources available within and outside the BDW domain. We describe the present BDW architecture and its transition to a new framework which provides a distributed computational environment for mapping and executing workflows in addition to bringing together heterogeneous resources and analytical tools.

Mechanisms and function of flower and inflorescence reversion

Flower and inflorescence reversion involve a switch from floral development back to vegetative development, thus rendering flowering a phase in an ongoing growth pattern rather than a terminal act of the meristem. Although it can be considered an unusual event, reversion raises questions about the nature and function of flowering. It is linked to environmental conditions and is most often a response to conditions opposite to those that induce flowering. Research on molecular genetic mechanisms underlying plant development over the last 15 years has pinpointed some of the key genes involved in the transition to flowering and flower development. Such investigations have also uncovered mutations which reduce floral maintenance or alter the balance between vegetative and floral features of the plant. How this information contributes to an understanding of floral reversion is assessed here. One issue that arises is whether floral commitment (defined as the ability to continue flowering when inductive conditions no longer exist) is a developmental switch affecting the whole plant or is a mechanism which assigns autonomy to individual meristems. A related question is whether floral or vegetative development is the underlying default pathway of the plant. This review begins by considering how studies of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana have aided understanding of mechanisms of floral maintenance. Arabidopsis has not been found to revert to leaf production in any of the conditions or genetic backgrounds analysed to date. A clear-cut reversion to leaf production has, however, been described in Impatiens balsamina. It is proposed that a single gene controls whether Impatiens reverts or can maintain flowering when inductive conditions are removed, and it is inferred that this gene functions to control the synthesis or transport of a leaf-generated signal. But it is also argued that the susceptibility of Impatiens to reversion is a consequence of the meristem-based mechanisms controlling development of the flower in this species. Thus, in Impatiens, a leaf-derived signal is critical for completion of flowering and can be considered to be the basis of a plant-wide floral commitment that is achieved without accompanying meristem autonomy. The evidence, derived from in vitro and other studies, that similar mechanisms operate in other species is assessed. It is concluded that most species (including Arabidopsis) are less prone to reversion because signals from the leaf are less ephemeral, and the pathways driving flower development have a high level of redundancy that generates meristem autonomy even when leaf-derived signals are weak. This gives stability to the flowering process, even where its initiation is dependent on environmental cues. On this interpretation, Impatiens reversion appears as an anomaly resulting from an unusual combination of leaf signalling and meristem regulation. Nevertheless, it is shown that the ability to revert can serve a function in the life history strategy (perenniality) or reproductive habit (pseudovivipary) of many plants. In these instances reversion has been assimilated into regular plant development and plays a crucial role there.

Quantitative model for the kinetics of lyotropic phase transitions involving changes in monolayer curvature

We present a kinetic model for transformations between different self-assembled lipid structures. The model shows how data on the rates of phase transitions between mesophases of different geometries can be used to provide information on the mechanisms of the transformations and the transition states involved. This can be used, for example, to gain an insight into intermediate structures in cell membrane fission or fusion. In cases where the monolayer curvature changes on going from the initial to the final mesophase, we consider the phase transition to be driven primarily by the change in the relaxed curvature with pressure or temperature, which alters the relative curvature elastic energies of the two mesophase structures. Using this model, we have analyzed previously published kinetic data on the inter-conversion of inverse bicontinuous cubic phases in the 1-monoolein-30 wt% water system. The data are for a transition between QII(G) and QII(D) phases, and our analysis indicates that the transition state more closely resembles the QII(D) than the QII(G) phase. Using estimated values for the monolayer mean curvatures of the QII(G) and QII(D) phases of -0.123 nm(-1) and -0.133 nm(-1), respectively, gives values for the monolayer mean curvature of the transition state of between -0.131 nm(-1) and -0.132 nm(-1). Furthermore, we estimate that several thousand molecules undergo the phase transition cooperatively within one "cooperative unit", equivalent to 1-2 unit cells of QII(G) or 4-10 unit cells of QII(D).