黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地苹果优质丰产栽培技术体系

确立了黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地为优质苹果生产地带 ,建立起沟坡道路防蚀体系 ,春栽改秋栽 ,量化施肥、灌水、修剪 ,生态防治病虫害 ,加强优果生产和采后处理等是黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地带优质苹果生产的主要技术措施。

Four novel screw-like tris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) bishexafluorophosphate derivatives

Four novel screw-like Ru(II) complexes, tris(5-lauramide-1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(II) bishexafluorophosphate, tris(5-myristamide-1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(II) bishexafluorophosphate, tris(5-palmitamide-1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(II) bishexafluorophosphate and tris (5-stearamide-1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(II) bishexafluorophosphate have been efficiently synthesized. They are confirmed by the techniques of IR, H-1 NMR, H-1-H-1 COSY and ES-MS. Also, their electrochemistry, fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence are reported.

海带根中α-glucosidase 和PTP-1B 靶向生物活性物质的分离纯化及其抗糖尿病作用研究

海带根是一种治疗糖尿病的民间中药，在沿海地区有很长的民间用药历史。食用海带根能够有效降低糖尿病患者的血糖，起到治疗作用。本文目的在于发现海带根中抗糖尿病的天然活性物质并分析它们在糖尿病治疗中的靶点；进一步开发一种低价且无毒副作用的化学类新药或中药新药。 α-glucosidase和 PTP-1B是II型糖尿病的两个重要靶点，海带根提取物能同时作用于这两个靶点。通过抑制这两种酶，降低血糖水平，85%乙醇粗提物对两种酶的IC50分别为1589ug/ml、IC50 1271ug/ml。乙酸乙酯相和石油醚相分别抑制α-glucosidase和 PTP-1B，IC50分别为380ug/ml和220ug/ml。因此以α-glucosidase和 PTP-1B的抑制活性为导向，用天然产物化学的方法对活性成分进行追踪分离，寻找单体活性物质进而鉴定其结构。由于乙酸乙酯相具有α-glucosidase抑制活性，用硅胶柱层析（石油醚：丙酮5：1、1：1），（二氯甲烷：甲醇60：1、20：1、5：1），凝胶柱层析Sephadex LH20（二氯甲烷：甲醇1：1），HPLC （80% 甲醇-水），对α-glucosidase抑制剂进行分离，得到组分IC50 为3.6ug/ml。用质谱仪和核磁共振确定结构。 生物活性测定结果表明α-glucosidase和 PTP-1B是两种不同的物质，分别位于乙酸乙酯相和石油醚相。光照实验和高温实验表明抑制α-glucosidase的活性成分对光照和温度敏感。光照48h或者50℃ 12h而且对α-glucosidase的抑制活性显著降低，TLC检测并用FeCl3显色初步表明抑制α-glucosidase的活性成分可能是多数酚类物质。动物实验显示在1450ug/kg剂量下，乙酸乙酯相能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠血糖，与阴性对照组差异极显著（P<0.01）。表明，海带根提取物在体内和体外均呈现出抗糖尿病活性，是一种潜在的抗糖尿病药物。

皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种与养殖技术研究

优良的种质是产业发展的重要保证，品种更新和养殖技术的发展已经给世界农业带来了令人瞩目的成就，然而我国水产生物的育种工作刚处于起步阶段，而育种技术的研究则更是滞后。借鉴陆生生物中发展起来的相对成熟的研究方法，可以帮助加快海洋生物遗传育种相关研究的进度。本研究以我国北方海区重要的海洋经济动物－皱纹盘鲍为研究对象，从表型遗传、数量性状遗传等2个方面开展了皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种研究，同时从幼鲍培育密度与分选效应等方面研究了皱纹盘鲍的中间培育技术。 主要结果如下： 1. 皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色遗传、食物对贝壳颜色表现型的影响，贝壳颜色与生长速度间的关系 将贝壳颜色为橘红色（O表型）的突变型皱纹盘鲍与贝壳颜色为绿色（G表型）的野生型皱纹盘鲍进行了连续2代的交配实验。结果表明：皱纹盘鲍橘红色的贝壳颜色相对于绿色的贝壳颜色为隐性性状，皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表型受单位点、2个等位基因遗传控制，其中基因型为oo的个体，贝壳颜色的表现型为橘红色（O表型），而基因型为GG或Go的个体，贝壳颜色的表现型为野生型（G表型）。 为探讨食物类型对不同基因型皱纹盘鲍贝壳颜色表现型的影响，对不同贝壳颜色表型的个体投喂不同种类的食物，结果表明，除遗传因素外，皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型显著地受食物类型的调控。其中oo基因型的个体，在摄食底栖硅藻（Navicula sp.）和红藻时，贝壳颜色的表型为橘红色；而在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时，贝壳颜色的表型为黄色。GG和Go基因型的个体，在摄食底栖硅藻、红藻时，贝壳颜色的表型为褐红色；在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时，贝壳颜色的表型为绿色。该结果表明，相同基因型的皱纹盘鲍在摄食不同类型的食物时，贝壳表现型不同，即不同类型的食物可以导致2种基因型皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型在一定范围内发生转换：oo基因型的个体，贝壳的颜色可以表现为橘红色或者黄色，不会出现野生型皱纹盘鲍的褐红色或绿色；而GG与Go基因型的个体，相应的贝壳颜色表型只能是褐红色或者绿色，不会出现oo基因型可能表现的橘红色或黄色。特定基因型的皱纹盘鲍，在摄食特定类型的食物时贝壳的相应部位可表现出特定的颜色。皱纹盘鲍的这种“食物－贝壳颜色”的相关性可作为一种形态标记，用于标识皱纹盘鲍的个体和群体，该标记技术可用于皱纹盘鲍的养殖技术和遗传学研究。 此外，选用了贝壳颜色遗传学实验中建立的贝壳颜色发生分离的家系为实验材料，以壳长为指标，分析比较了来自相同家系的O表型与G表型个体之间的生长速度。结果表明，在幼鲍发育至412天止的3-5个统计时段内，没有在同一家系来源的2种贝壳颜色表型个体之间检验到生长速度的显著差异。 2. 皱纹盘鲍不同选育群体及杂交群体的贝壳形态参数分析 在皱纹盘鲍的7个群体中（包括已经对生长速度为指标进行了多代人工选育的群体4个、野生群体之间直接杂交繁育的杂交F1群体3个），测量了4-6龄成体样本的壳长（L）、壳宽（W）、壳高（H）和壳重（Sw），并计算了L/（L+W+H）、W/（L+W+H）、H/（L+W+H）和Sw/（L×W×H）等4个壳形态学参数。用方差分析方法（MANOVA、ANOVA）统计并比较了这些壳形态参数在皱纹盘鲍群体间的遗传变异。结果表明，4个壳形态参数在不同群体间变异系数分别为0.34、0.74、2.62和6.54，其中，H/（L+W+H）与Sw/（L×W×H）在各供试群体间均具有较高的多态性且差异达显著水平，表明这2个参数在不同群体间存在较高的遗传变异。由于在活体情况下无法测量壳重（Sw）性状，建议以参数H/（L+W+H）为指标对皱纹盘鲍贝壳形态（如壳型）等进行人工选择。 3. 皱纹盘鲍成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数估计 采用巢式设计，分析了成体阶段不同发育期皱纹盘鲍的壳长与生长速率的遗传力、不同发育期的壳长性状之间的遗传相关、以及不同发育期的生长速率之间的遗传相关，结果表明：（1）壳长遗传力在受精后第70 、130、320、320、380、490与550天的雄性组分估计值分别为0.161 ± 0.075、0.312 ± 0.131、0.326 ± 0.331、0.135 ± 0.228、0.153 ± 0.185和0.180 ± 0.106；雌亲组分估计分别为0.312 ± 0.172、0.699 ± 0.168、0.695 ± 0.168、0.977 ± 0.407、0.427 ± 0.195和0.449 ± 0.027。（2）生长速率遗传力在受精后第320~380天、490 ~ 550天，雄、雌组分估计值分别为0.080 ± 0.120（雄）、 0.210 ± 0.191（雌）以及0.299 ± 0.146（雄）、0.306± 0.148（雌）。雌亲组分的壳长遗传力和生长速率遗传力估计值较大且均达显著水平，表明皱纹盘鲍在成体阶段依然受母性效应的影响。成体阶段生长性状遗传力水平的估计对制定科学的皱纹盘鲍育种方案有指导意义。（3）雄亲组分估计的不同发育期（第390 ~ 550天）壳长间遗传相关为0.597 ~ 1.000，雌亲组分估计为0.589 ~ 1.177。由雄亲、雌亲组分估计，受精后第320~380天与第490 ~ 550天两个发育阶段生长速率间遗传相关均接近于0。雌亲组分估计不同发育期壳长间遗传相关均达显著水平（t0.05, d.f.=13 = 4.33 ~ 11.69，P<0.01），表明壳长性状早期选择有效，即在皱纹盘鲍早期阶段依据壳长性状对个体进行择优或去劣可在后期阶段获得壳长较大的个体。由于使用的雄亲数目少（8个父系半同胞），实验中以雄亲组分估计的遗传参数误差较大。 4. 皱纹盘鲍选育系间的群体杂交 进行了皱纹盘鲍4个人工选育系之间的完全双列杂交实验，以群体交配的方式共建立了16个组合；此外，以大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群为亲本，以群体交配的方式建立了4个交配组合。对不同方向的杂交组合进行了中亲杂种优势、超亲杂种优势以及配合力等方面的评价。 （1）测量了4个选育群体（R、97、S和J）及其各杂交组合在受精后第9、20和30天时的壳长，统计分析了不同选育系间壳长性状的差异、评价了不同方向杂交组合的中亲与超亲杂种优势、以及配合力。结果如下： 选育系群体内交配繁育的4个组合，在受精后第9、20和30天的壳长均有显著差异，其中，97  97组合在早期发育各阶段均为最小，分别为0.462 ± 0.023mm、0.698 ± 0.057mm和1.476 ± 0.234mm；S  S组合的3次测量值均为最大，分别为0.522 ± 0.023mm、0.824 ± 0.084mm和1.798 ± 0.229mm。 两个方向杂交组合与选育系亲本群体内交配组合的平均值和高亲值比较，得到如下结果：（A）受精后第9天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有6个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合6个，其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高，为9.05%；R  S组合最低，为-6.61%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有4个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有8个，其中S  J组合的高亲优势率最高，为5.77%；R  S组合最低，为-7.96%。（B）受精后第20天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个，其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高，为12.60%；J  R组合最低，为-8.72%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有3个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有11个，其中J  97组合的高亲优势率最高，为12.20%；J  R组合最低，为-12.67%。（C）受精后第30天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个，其中97  S组合的中亲优势率最高，为24.08%；S  97组合最低，为-12.69%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有6个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有6个，其中97  S组合的高亲优势率最高，为15.95%；S  J组合最低，为-19.44%。上述结果表明，皱纹盘鲍不同选育系之间的交配组合，杂种优势率差异很大，因此，通过组配实验，将杂种优势率高的交配组合选择出来应用于生产，可望显著提高目标性状的产量。 对早期发育阶段各生长期壳长性状，亲本一般配合力（GCA）、各杂交组合间特殊配合力（SCA）以及正反交（REC）效应值进行方差分析，结果表明：各亲本GCA差异显著，说明各选育群体存在显著的遗传差异，其中汕头选群“S”在测量的各个生长期均为正值且显著大于其它各亲本；特殊配合力（SCA）以及正反交（REC）效应值较大在各杂交组合间存在显著差异，说明在早期生长发育阶段非加性遗传效应（显性和上位效应）占主导地位。综合各个生长期亲本GCA和杂交组特殊配合力（SCA）以及正反交（REC）效应值，杂交组合97×S在早期生长阶段不仅有较高SCA值而且两个亲本也具有较大的GCA值，表明选育系97和S较适宜作为杂交亲本使用。 （2）大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群进行2×2因子设计的群体杂交实验，比较了各交配组合早期存活相关性状如受精率、孵化率、变态率以及壳长性状，评价了两个方向杂交组合平均以及不同方向杂交组合的中亲杂种优势率。结果表明早期发育阶段各组合间的受精率无显著差异，而孵化率、变态率等两个杂交方向平均的中亲杂种优势率为5.49%与12.53%，高于壳长性状的优势率（0.936-1.534%）。方差分析结果表明不同方向的杂交组合在早期发育阶段存活相关性状以及壳长性状存在显著差异。孵化率、变态率性状，S×98的中亲杂种优势率分别为13.21%与21.10%，均高于98×S的-3.84%与3.85%；而第10和25d壳长性状，S×98的中亲杂种优势率为1.14%与-2.52%，低于98×S的1.93%与4.41%。 为进一步评价“98”选群与“S”选群不同交配组合在不同温度条件下的生长，进行了基因型与环境的互作研究。从“98”选群与“S”选群的4个交配组合中分别取5月龄幼鲍100头，各组合随机分成3组，每组1个重复，分别于12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下进行培育，比较各交配组合基因型与温度对幼鲍生长的影响。不同温度条件下，各组合壳长生长的方差分析结果表明，基因型和温度都能够对幼鲍生长以及最终壳长产生极显著的影响（P < 0. 01），它们的交互作用也达到显著水平（P < 0.05）。杂交子代的幼鲍壳长在12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下均表现出杂种优势，双向杂交的中亲杂种优势率分别为5.32%、5.55%和0.03%，表明低温条件（12°C），比高温条件（22°C）下有更强的杂种优势。汕头“S”选群的早期孵化率、变态率、生长性状以及低温条件下幼鲍生长性状的单亲杂种优势率分别为16.64%、42.49%、3.42~5.79%和5.73~9.15%，单亲杂种优势率较大，表明可通过杂交手段，显著地改良汕头“S”选群在早期发育阶段的生长速度、存活率以及幼鲍期的生长性状。本研究的结果支持了Lerner（1954）杂种优势的基因与环境互作学说。 5. 皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的中间培育技术研究 （1）对南方越冬方式的评价 目前，每年的11月前后，将6-7月龄幼鲍运往南方的闽东、闽中、闽南沿海越冬，翌年4月至6月再运回到北方（大连、山东半岛）的养殖模式已经普遍应用于皱纹盘鲍的实际生产，为评价南方越冬的幼鲍培育方式，本研究分别以不同幼鲍材料在闽东三都海湾进行了越冬培育实验。 选择生产上壳长分别为18.37 ± 1.28 mm、15.89 ± 1.10 mm、14.55 ± 1.10 mm与10.59 ± 0.84 mm的幼鲍进行了为期6.5个月的越冬培育，实验结束时，存活率分别为95.56 ± 2.21%、90.55 ± 1.96%、83.97 ± 1.63%与63.30 ± 2.79%。回归分析表明，供试幼鲍在实验起始时的壳长与越冬阶段的存活率成正相关（P = 0.018 < 0.05）。该结果表明，提高幼鲍的规格可显著提高皱纹盘鲍的越冬成活率，因此对于实际生产而言，采取适当措施提高皱纹盘鲍越冬苗种的规格将大幅增加生产的收益，而采用生长速率快的品种、品系或提早采苗均可实现该目标。综合各规格组幼鲍，幼鲍在南方开放性水域进行越冬培育的平均存活率较高，可达到91.38±0.01%，从幼鲍南方越冬的存活曲线可以看出，幼鲍的死亡主要集中在从大连运至福建某地后的15天内，出现死亡高峰的原因可能是由于运输过程的胁迫。此外，2月及4月中下旬水温出现显著降低或回升时也有较明显的死亡出现。该部分结果，对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的养成管理有指导意义，可以通过合理安排越冬时间、避开死亡的敏感期等措施减少苗种越冬阶段的死亡量。 以中国大连野生群体繁育的子一代为亲本（10♀，10♂），以群体交配的方式繁育F2代个体为实验材料，分别于南方海区以及北方室内升温水方式下进行生长、存活比较，结果表明南方越冬培育方式下，幼鲍壳长的日增长率为81.37-108.89 µm•day-1，与北方室内升温培育条件相比，壳长生长提高了1.08 ~ 1.68倍；而存活率无显著差异。皱纹盘鲍幼鲍南方越冬方式的优势主要体现在鲍鱼幼鲍的生长速度加快，同时节约养殖场的能耗 （2）幼鲍培育过程中的养殖密度与分选效应评价 以3种规格皱纹盘鲍幼鲍为材料比较幼鲍在4个培育密度以及分选或混养条件下壳长的平均日生长及特定生长率。在南方越冬培育方式下实验进行106天，多因素方差分析结果表明实验初始幼鲍的壳长以及培育密度对壳长的生长有显著影响，而且密度效应在不同幼鲍起始规格组中有不同表现；分选没有能够提高不同规格组的生长。本研究的结果对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的越冬培育有一定的指导作用。

基于单相机的全向立体视觉关键技术研究

获取全向三维信息对移动机器人导航和行动规划具有重要意义。尽管有许多其他方法可以完成这一任务，如超声传感器和激光测距仪，但是折反射立体视觉系统在大多数情况下可以获得更高的精度和更大的视场，并且不消耗额外的能量。本文采用了一种新型的折反射全向立体视觉光学装置(OSVOD)进行立体视觉的研究，OSVOD是由两个双曲面镜和一个透视相机所组成的系统，能够由单幅图像实现立体视觉。 本文重点对单相机全向立体视觉系统的标定、单幅图像匹配、运动估计和多目匹配这三项最关键的技术进行了研究。在系统标定方面，给出了一种包括OSVOD中相机和镜面位置关系在内的系统参数的标定方法。该方法利用空间坐标已知的标定点在像平面上成的像，结合系统成像模型反算出标定点的空间坐标，再利用标定点的已知空间坐标和反算出的空间坐标建立方程，运用基于Levenberg-Marquardt的反向传播算法标定相机与反射镜面间的安装偏差。该标定方法可推广到所有的折反射成像系统。 在单幅图像匹配方面，针对系统获取的立体图像对之间成像比例存在较大的差异和畸变的问题，将图像展开成柱面投影图像和俯视投影图像，并提出了一种三步算法，首先匹配非歧义的点，从而将匹配划分为小的独立的子问题，并且每条极线只匹配到最远的特征点，从而避免在远端的不可靠匹配。在随后的动态规划算法中，设计了一个特定的能量函数，对不同的纹理强度和置信程度分别加权，得到了可靠的全向致密深度图。 在运动估计与多目匹配方面，以Harris角点做为待匹配的特征，由相关性得到初匹配结果。该结果中不可避免地存在误匹配，采用随机采样一致算法来得到运动估计。完成运动估计后，利用不同位置得到的图像进行了基于边缘检测的多目匹配，快速准确地获取了障碍物信息。

基于多线程的Linux下并发服务器的实现研究

探讨了Linux平台下多线程技术和套接字网络通讯问题,在此基础上利用互斥锁和条件变量技术设计了一个面向连接的多线程并发服务器的详细算法。最后给出了基于Posix线程库的Linux系统下用C++实现多线程并发服务器的基本程序框架。实际项目应用表明这种基于多线程的并发服务器结构在完善程序功能的同时还可以有效提高其服务性能。

基于Windows平台的开放式并联机床数控系统

以5坐标并联机床为依托,面向不同构型并联机床,采用“PMAC+IPC”双CPU为硬件平台、VisualC++6.0为软件平台,开发了基于Windows操作平台的开放式并联机床数控系统。本文介绍了本数控系统的硬件结构、软件构成,并对数控软件开发的关键技术进行了阐述。

基于C/S模式的多水下机器人仿真平台网络通信研究

文章研究了基于客户端/服务器(C/S)模式的多水下机器人仿真平台中网络通信的关键技术。文章介绍了该仿真平台的结构和功能,分析了仿真平台的信息流向和通信特点,在此基础上,提出了适合该仿真平台应用的网络通信协议和时钟同步方案,并详细讨论了Windows和QNX两种不同操作系统上的应用程序之间进行网络通信的实现方法。

面向CIMS的多数据源互操作与开放分布处理系统———CIMS-MIODP的设计与实现

多数据源互操作与开放分布处理系统ＣＩＭＳ－ＭＩＯＤＰ是采用分布对象互操作与代理技术，实现面向ＣＩＭＳ的基于ＲＰＣ的远程对象访问ＲＯＡ（ＲｅｍｏｔｅＯｂｊｅｃｔＡｃｅｓ）功能和基于ＳＱＬ３的远程数据库访问ＲＤＡ（ＲｅｍｏｔＤａｔａｂａｓｅＡｃｅｓ）功能的系统，为ＣＩＭＳ环境下的信息集成与分布处理提供了不同层次的支持功能。本文讨论了ＣＩＭＳ－ＭＩＯＤＰ系统的主要设计和实现问题，包括基本模型、扩展服务和协议、对ＳＱＬ３的支持、系统实现结构等。

地质导向钻井关键技术及方法

On the basis of analyzing the principle and realization of geo-steering drilling system, the key technologies and methods in it are systematically studied in this paper. In order to recognize lithology, distinguish stratum and track reservoirs, the techniques of MWD and data process about natural gamma, resistivity, inductive density and porosity are researched. The methods for pre-processing and standardizing MWD data and for converting geological data in directional and horizontal drilling are discussed, consequently the methods of data conversion between MD and TVD and those of formation description and adjacent well contrast are proposed. Researching the method of identifying sub-layer yields the techniques of single well explanation, multi-well evaluation and oil reservoir description. Using the extremum and variance clustering analysis realizes logging phase analysis and stratum subdivision and explanation, which provides a theoretical method and lays a technical basis for tracing oil reservoirs and achieving geo-steering drilling. Researching the technique for exploring the reservoir top with a holdup section provides a planning method of wellpath control scheme to trace oil and gas reservoir dynamically, which solves the problem of how to control well trajectory on condition that the layer’s TVD is uncertain. The control scheme and planning method of well path for meeting the demands of target hitting, soft landing and continuous steering respectively provide the technological guarantee to land safely and drill successfully for horizontal, extended-reach and multi-target wells. The integrative design and control technologies are researched based on geology, reservoir and drilling considering reservoir disclosing ratio as a primary index, and the methods for planning and control optimum wellpath under multi-target restriction, thus which lets the target wellpath lie the favorite position in oil reservoir during the process of geo-steering drilling. The BHA (bottomhole assembly) mechanical model is discussed using the finite element method, and the BHA design methods are given on the basis of mechanical analyses according to the shape of well trajectory and the characteristics of BHA’s structure and deformation. The methods for predicting the deflection rate of bent housing motors and designing their assemblies are proposed based on the principle of minimum potential energy, which can clearly show the relation between the BHA’s structure parameters and deflection rate, especially the key factors’ effect to the deflection rate. Moreover, the interaction model between bit and formation is discussed through the process of equivalent formation and equivalent bit considering the formation anisotropy and bit anisotropy on the basis of analyzing the influence factors of well trajectory. Accordingly, the inherence relationship among well trajectory, formation, bit and drilling direction is revealed, which lays the theory basis and technique for predicting and controlling well trajectory.

柴达木盆地地震勘探关键技术研究

The rugged surface topography determined the seismic data acquisition construction conditions and the seismic wave explosive and receiver quality in Qaidam Basin. This dissertation systematically researched the seismic acquisition, imaging process and the attribute analysis techniques of complicated oil and gas reservoir. The main research achievements and cognitions are as follows: 1. Through the stimulation effects research and analysis from the aspect of lithologic water-containing differences, it’s specific that stable hydrous sand layer can effectively enhance the stimulation effects combined with the corresponding field tests. The seismic data S/N ratio has been improved due to the combination explosive stimulation. Through the fold number and maximum offset analyses of target horizon, the complicated geometry has been optimized and the S/N ratio of seismic data has been improved, which made an important basis for improvement of 3D seismic data. 2. It has been proved that the first arrival refraction static correction method under the model constraint of fine surface survey is suitable to the Qaidam Basin of western areas by the real seismic data processing. Although the refraction horizon of near surface has some changes in a certain extent, it’s steady basically. The refraction horizon can be continuously traced in sections, so it’s qualified for the refraction static correction method on the whole. 3. The research is based on the curved-ray pre-stack time migration techniques of rough topography, and improved the imaging precision of complex areas. This techniques adopted the constant and variable velocity scanning mode and enhanced the velocity analysis precision. The 3D pre-stack time migration techniques reasonably solved the imaging and velocity multiple solutions problems of steep-dip faults and the intersections of horizontal layers. What’s more, fine velocity analysis and mute are very important to enhance the imaging precision of the seismic data in complicated Wunan areas. 4. The 3D seismic data edge-preserving processing methods have been realized due to the image process techniques. Because this method uses the large range filter, it can attenuate the noise maximally. The faults, break points, lithologic pinchout points and lithologic body of small scale such as river will not be influenced by blur because of the edge-preserving characterization of the method which is really an effective assistant technique of low S/N ratio seismic data attribute analysis. 5. The use of spectral decomposition technique can effectively identify the reservoirs. The special geology body which will not be identified (or without obvious characters) in the seismic profile may be found through the details changes of different frequencies in the amplitude profiles.

裂缝储层预测技术应用研究

In practice,many fracture reservoir was found,which has giant potential for exporation. For example,in limestone fracture reservoir,igneous rock fracture reservoir and shale fracture reservoir ,there are high yield oil wells found. The fracture reservoir has strong anisotropy and is very difficult to explore and produce.Since 1990’s,the techniques that use structure information and P-WAVE seismic attributes to detect fracture developed very rapidly,include stress and strain analysis,using amplitude,interval velocity,time-difference,azimuthal AVO analysis etc. Based on research and develop these advanced techniques of fracture detect,this paper selected two typical fracture reservoir as target area,according to the characters of research area,selected different techniques to pridect the fracture azimuth and density of target,and at last ,confirmed the favored area. This paper includes six parts:the first chapter mainly addresses the domestic and international research actuality about the fracture prediction and the evolement in ShengLi oil field,then according to the temporal exploration requirement,a research route was established; Based on the close relationship between structural fracture and the geotectonic movement and the procedure of rock distortion，the second chapter research the structural fracture predicting technique which is realized by computing the strain in every geotectonic movement ,which is by use of the forward and inversion of the growing history of structure; The third chapter discussed many kind of traditional techniques for fracture reservoir prediction,and point out their disadvantages.then research and develop the coherence volume computing technique which can distinguish from faults,the seismic wave absorbing technique,and other fracture predicting technique which is by use of seismic attributes ,such as azimuthal AVO FVO etc; The fourth chapter first establish the geological and petrophysical model by use of the existed log and drill well information, then research the variation of amplitude and seismic wave which is caused by fractures.based on it , the fracture predicting technique which is by use of variation of azimuthal impedance is researched;The fifth chapter is a case study,it selects shale fracture reservoir in LuoJia area as target,selects several kind of techniques to apply ,at last ,the fracture distribution of target reservoir and favored area were gotten;the sixth chapter is another case study,it selects limestone fracture reservoir in BoShen6 buried hill as target,selects several kind of techniques to apply,similarly favored area were gotten. Based on deeply research and development of the new techniques for fracture reservoir exploration, This paper selects two fracture reservoirs the most typical in ShengLi as targets to be applied ,good results show up a good application way ,which can be used for reference for future fracture exploration,and it can bring materially economic and social benefit.

藏东南巨厚松散堆积体发育条件、成灾模式及防治对策——以川藏公路然乌至鲁朗段为例

The unique geologic, geomorphic and climatic conditions of southeast Tibet have made the region to develop the multi-style and frequently occurring geologic hazards, especially the collapses and landslides and debris flows along the section of Ranwu-Lulang in Sichuan-Tibet highway. However, most of those geologic hazards have close relationship with the loose accumulations. That is, the loose accumulations are the main carrier of most geologic hazards. Thereof, the huge-thick accumulations along the highway is regarded as the objective in the thesis to study the geologic background, hazarding model and mitigation methods comprehensively, based on the multi-disciplinary theories and former materials. First of all, in the paper, based on field engineering geologic investigations, the genetic type and the characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution of the huge-thick loose accumulations along the highway, have been analysized from the factors of regional geology and geomorphy and climate, as well as the coupling acting of those factors with inoculation and eruption of the loose accumulations geologic hazards. The huge-thick loose accumulations has complex genetic types and specific regulations of spatiotemporal distribution, closely controlled by the outer environment of the region. The accumulations are composed of earth and boulder, with disorder structure and poor sorting, specific forming environments and depositing conditions. And its physical and mechanic properties are greatly distinguished from rock and common earth inland. When Sichuan-Tibet highway was firstly constructed along the north bank of Purlung Tsangpo River, the huge-thick loose accumulations was cut into many high and steep slopes. Through the survey to the cut-slopes and systematic investigation to their failures, the combination of height and angle of the accumulations slope has been obtained. At the same time, the types of genetic structure of those cut-slopes are also analysized and concluded, as well as their failure models. It is studied in the paper that there are piaster, duality, multielement and complexity types in genetic structure, and rip-dump-repose, rip-shear-slip and weathering-flake types in failure models. Moreover, it is briefly introduced present engineering performance methods and techniques dealing with the deformation and failure of the accumulations cut-slope. It is also suggested that several new techniques of slope enforcement and the method of landslide and rockfall avoiding should be applied. The research of high and steep cut-slope along the highway has broadened the acknowledgement of the combination of cut-slope height and angle. Especially, the dissertation also has made the monographic studies about the geologic background and hazarding models and prevention methods of some classic but difficult accumulations geologic hazards. They are: (1) Research of the engineering geologic background of the 102 landslide group and key problems about the project of tunnel. The 102 landslide group is a famous accumulational one composed of glacial tills and glaciofuvial deposit. The tunnel project is a feasible and optional one which can solve the present plight of “sliding after just harnessing” in the 102 section. Based on the glacial geomorphy and its depositing character, distribution of seepage line, a few drillhole materials and some surveying data, the position of contact surface between gneiss and accumulations has been recognized, and the retreating velocities of three different time scales (short, medium and long term) have been approximately calculated, and the weathering thickness of gneiss has also been estimated in the paper. On the basis of above acknowledgement, new engineering geomechnic mode is established. Numerical analysis about the stability of the No.2 landslide is done by way of FLAC program, which supplies the conclusion that the landslide there develops periodically. Thereof, 4 projects of tunnel going through the landslide have been put forwards. Safety distance of the tunnel from clinohefron has been numerically analysized. (2) Research of the geologic setting and disaster model and hazard mitigation of sliding-sand-slope. From the geologic setting of talus cone, it is indicated that the sliding-sand-slope is the process of the re-transportation and re-deposit of sand under the gravity action and from the talus cone. It is the failure of the talus cone essentially. The layering structure of the sliding-sand-slope is discovered. The models of movement and failure of the sliding-sand-slope has been put forwards. The technique, “abamurus+grass-bush fence+degradable culture pan”, is suggested to enforcement and green the sliding-sand-slope. (3) Characteristics and hazarding model and disaster mitigation of debris flow. The sources of solid material of three oversize debris flows have been analysized. It is found that a large amount of moraine existing in the glacial valley and large landslide dam-break are the two important features for oversize debris flow to be taken place. The disaster models of oversize and common debris flows have been generalized respectively. The former model better interpret the event of the Yigong super-large landslide-dam breaking. The features of common debris flow along the highway section, scouring and silting and burying and impacting, are formulated carefully. It is suggested that check dam is a better engineering structure to prevent valley from steeply scouring by debris flow. Moreover, the function of check dam in enforcing the slope is numerically calculated by FLAC program. (4) Songzong ancient ice-dammed lake and its slope stability. The lacustrine profile in Songzong landslide, more than 88 meters thick, is carefully described and measured. The Optical Simulated Luminescence (OSL) ages in the bottom and top of the silty clay layer are 22.5±3.3 kaB.P., 16.1±1.7 kaB.P., respectively. It is indicated by the ages that the lacustrine deposits formed during the Last Glacial Maximum ranging from 25ka B.P. to 15ka B.P. The special characteristics of the lacustrine sediment and the ancient lake line in Songzong basin indicated that the lacustrine sediment is related to the blocking of the Purlung Tsangpo River by the glacier in Last Glacial Maximum from Dongqu valley. The characteristics of the lacustrine profile also indicate that the Songzong ice-dammed lake might run through the Last Glacial Maximum. Two dimensional numerical modeling and analysis are done to simulate the slope stability under the conditions of nature and earthquake by FLAC program. The factor of safety of the lacusrtine slope is 1.04, but it will take place horizontal flow under earthquake activity due to the liquefaction of the 18.33 m silt layer. The realign to prevent the road from landslide is suggested.

复杂条件地层滤波预测的理论与关键技术研究

The theory researches of prediction about stratigraphic filtering in complex condition are carried out, and three key techniques are put forward in this dissertation. Theoretical aspects: The prediction equations for both slant incidence in horizontally layered medium and that in laterally variant velocity medium are expressed appropriately. Solving the equations, the linear prediction operator of overlaid layers, then corresponding reflection/transmission operators, can be obtained. The properties of linear prediction operator are elucidated followed by putting forward the event model for generalized Goupillaud layers. Key technique 1: Spectral factorization is introduced to solve the prediction equations in complex condition and numerical results are illustrated. Key technique 2: So-called large-step wavefield extrapolation of one-way wave under laterally variant velocity circumstance is studied. Based on Lie algebraic integral and structure preserving algorithm, large-step wavefield depth extrapolation scheme is set forth. In this method, the complex phase of wavefield extrapolation operator’s symbol is expressed as a linear combination of wavenumbers with the coefficients of this linear combination in the form of the integral of interval velocity and its derivatives over depth. The exponential transform of the complex phase is implemented through phase shifting, BCH splitting and orthogonal polynomial expansion. The results of numerical test show that large-step scheme takes on a great number of advantages as low accumulating error, cheapness, well adaptability to laterally variant velocity, small dispersive, etc. Key technique 3: Utilizing large-step wavefield extrapolation scheme and based on the idea of local harmonic decomposition, the technique generating angle gathers for 2D case is generalized to 3D case so as to solve the problems generating and storing 3D prestack angle gathers. Shot domain parallel scheme is adopted by which main duty for servant-nodes is to compute trigonometric expansion coefficients, while that for host-node is to reclaim them with which object-oriented angle gathers yield. In theoretical research, many efforts have been made in probing into the traits of uncertainties within macro-dynamic procedures.

胜坨油田注聚后油藏动态模型及剩余油分布

The topic of Dynamic reservoir model and the distribution of remaining oil after polymer injection of Shengtuo oilfield is a front problem of "the 11th Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological disciplines of Sinopec Corporation. Reservoirs in study area is distributary channel sandstone. After 34 years of water-injection exploitation and 7 years of polymer injection pilot experiments, a highly complex heterogeneous dynamic evolution has been occurred in macro and micro parameters of reservoir model, together with its flow field. Therefore, it’s essential to construct completed reservoir dynamic model for a successfully prediction of the distribution of remaining oil. With a comprehensive application of multidisciplinary theory and technique, using a variety of data and information to maximize the use of computer technology, combining a static and dynamic, macro and micro and 1~4D integration, the research reveals main features, evolution and mechanism, types of geological disasters and their destructivity of reservoir flow field, the macro field, the micro field, the flow field and reservoir development hydrodynamic geological function in different development periods after a long term of polymer injection in Es2 in Shengtuo oilfield. The principle innovation achievements obtained are: 1. Established A, B, C, D four flow units in target formations, revealed the various features and distribution of flow units. 2. Stated environmental pollution and geological disasters induced during oilfield exploitation in study area, and also explained their formation mechanism, controlling factors, destructivity and approaches to disaster reduction. 3. Established dynamic evolution of the macro parameter model, micro-matrix field, pore network field, clay minerals field, seepage dynamic evolution model of six different exploitation stages in study area, also revealed reservoir flow evolution, the law of evolution mechanism after polymer injection. 4. Established macro and micro distribution model of remaining oil after three mining polymer injection during different water cut periods in study area, revealed the formation mechanism and distribution of remaining oil. 5. Established remaining oilforecasting model in study area, and forecasted the formation and distribution of remaining oil in the following six years. 6. It is proposed that reservoir fluid dynamic geological processes are major driving forces for the evolution of different water cut periods, reservoir macro field after the polymer injection and micro seepage field. 7. Established a dynamic reservoir model, proposed matching theory, methods and technology for the description of the remaining oil characterization and prediction, which can deepen the theory and techniques of continental rift basin development geology. Key words: Polymer reservoir; Geological disasters; Dynamic model; Residual oil forecast