Regulation of BAP1 tumor suppressor complex by post-translational modifications

Le régulateur transcriptionnel BAP1 est une déubiquitinase nucléaire (DUB) dont le substrat est l’histone H2A modifiée par monoubiquitination au niveau des residus lysines 118 et 119 (K118/K119). Depuis les dernières années, BAP1 emerge comme un gene suppresseur de tumeur majeur. En effet, BAP1 est inactivé dans un plethore de maladies humaines héréditaires et sporadiques. Cependant, malgré l’accumulation significative des connaissances concernant l’occurrence, la pénétrance et l’impact des défauts de BAP1 sur le développement de cancers, ses mécanismes d’action et de régulation restent très peu compris. Cette étude est dédiée à la caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle du complexe multi-protéique de BAP1 et se présente parmi les premiers travaux décrivant sa régulation par des modifications post-traductionnelles. D’abord, nous avons défini la composition du corps du complexe BAP1 ainsi que ses principaux partenaires d’interaction. Ensuite, nous nous sommes spécifiquement intéressés a investiguer d’avantage deux principaux aspects de la régulation de BAP1. Nous avons d’abord décrit l’inter-régulation entre deux composantes majeures du complexe BAP1, soit HCF-1 et OGT. D’une manière très intéressante, nous avons trouvé que le cofacteur HCF-1 est un important régulateur des niveaux protéiques d’OGT. En retour, OGT est requise pour la maturation protéolytique de HCF-1 en promouvant sa protéolyse par O-GlcNAcylation, un processus de régulation très important pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1. D’autre part, nous avons découvert un mécanisme unique de régulation de BAP1 médiée par l’ubiquitine ligase atypique UBE2O. en effet, UBE2O se caractérise par le fait qu’il s’agit aussi bien d’une ubiquitine conjuratrice et d’une ubiquitine ligase. UBE2O, multi-monoubiquitine BAP1 au niveau de son domaine NLS et promeut son exclusion du noyau, le séquestrant ainsi dans le cytoplasme. De façon importante, nos travaux ont permis de mettre de l’emphase sur le rôle de l’activité auto-catalytique de chacune de ces enzymes, soit l’activité d’auto-déubiquitination de BAP1 qui est requise pour la maintenance de sa localisation nucléaire ainsi que l’activité d’auto-ubiquitination d’UBE2O impliquée dans son transport nucléo-cytoplasmique. De manière significative, nous avons trouvé que des défauts au niveau de l’auto-déubiquitination de BAP1 due à des mutations associées à certains cancers indiquent l’importance d’une propre regulation de cette déubiquitinase pour les processus associés à la suppression de tumeurs.

Early adversity, brain development and emotion processing in monozygotic twins

Il existe actuellement de nombreuses preuves démontrant que des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux interagissent pendant des périodes spécifiques du développement pour rendre une personne vulnérable aux troubles psychologiques via diverses adaptations physiologiques. Cette thèse porte sur l'impact de l’adversité prénatale (représentée par le petit poids à la naissance, PPN) et de l’adversité postnatale précoce (symptômes dépressifs maternels et comportements maternels négatifs), sur le développement du cerveau, particulièrement les régions fronto-limbiques impliquées dans le traitement des émotions, pendant l'enfance et l'adolescence. Des jumeaux monozygotes (MZ) sont utilisés, lorsque possible, afin de contrôler pour les effets génétiques. Les chapitres 1 et 2 présentent les résultats de la vérification de l'hypothèse que l’adversité prénatale et postnatale précoce sont associées à une altération du fonctionnement des régions fronto-limbique tels que l’amygdale, l’hippocampe, l’insula, le cortex cingulaire antérieur et le cortex préfrontal, en réponse à des stimuli émotifs chez des enfants et des adolescents. On observe que les symptômes dépressifs maternels sont associés à une activation plus élevée des régions fronto-limbiques des enfants en réponse à la tristesse. Les résultats de l’étude avec des adolescents suggèrent que le PPN, les symptômes dépressifs et les comportements maternels négatifs sont associés à une fonction altérée des régions fronto-limbiques en réponse à des stimuli émotionnels. Chez les jumeaux MZ on observe également que la discordance intra-paire de PPN et de certains comportements maternels est associée à une discordance intra-paire du fonctionnement du cerveau et que ces altérations diffèrent selon le sexe. Le chapitre 3 présente les résultats de la vérification de l'hypothèse que l’adversité prénatale et postnatale précoce sont associées à un volume total réduit du cerveau et de l’hypothèse que les comportements maternels peuvent servir de médiateur ou de modérateur de l'association entre le PPN et le volume du cerveau. Avec des jumeaux MZ à l’adolescence on observe a) que le PPN est effectivement associé à une diminution du volume total du cerveau et b) que la discordance intra-paire de PPN est associée à une discordance du volume du cerveau. En somme, cette thèse présente un ensemble de résultats qui soutiennent deux hypothèses importantes pour comprendre les effets de l’environnement sur le développement du cerveau : que l’environnement prénatal et postnatal précoce ont un impact sur le développement du cerveau indépendamment du code génétique et que les mécanismes impliqués peuvent différer entre les garçons et les filles. Finalement, l’ensemble de ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière des autres travaux de recherche dans ce domaine et des avenues à explorer pour de la recherche ultérieure sont proposées.

In Vitro Ketamine CYP3A Mediated Metabolism Study using Mammalian Liver S9 Fractions, cDNA Expressed Enzymes and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Ketamine is widely used in medicine in combination with several benzodiazepines including midazolam. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel HPLC-MS/SRM method capable of quantifying ketamine and norketamine using an isotopic dilution strategy in biological matrices and study the formation of norketamine, the principal metabolite of ketamine with and without the presence of midazolam, a well-known CYP3A substrate. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo Betasil Phenyl 100 x 2 mm column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, water and formic acid (60:20:20:0.4) at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in selected reaction monitoring mode and the analytical range was set at 0.05–50 μM. The precision (%CV) and accuracy (%NOM) observed were ranging from 3.9–7.8 and 95.9.2–111.1% respectively. The initial rate of formation of norketamine was determined using various ketamine concentration and Km values of 18.4 μM, 13.8 μM and 30.8 μM for rat, dog and human liver S9 fractions were observed respectively. The metabolic stability of ketamine on liver S9 fractions was significantly higher in human (T1/2 = 159.4 min) compared with rat (T1/2 = 12.6 min) and dog (T1/2 = 7.3 min) liver S9 fractions. Moreover significantly lower IC50 and Ki values observed in human compared with rat and dog liver S9 fractions. Experiments with cDNA expressed CYP3A enzymes showed the formation of norketamine is mediated by CYP3A but results suggest an important contribution from others isoenzymes, most likely CYP2C particularly in rat.

Neural changes associated with semantic processing in healthy aging despite intact behavioral performance

Semantic memory recruits an extensive neural network including the left inferior prefrontal cortex (IPC) and the left temporoparietal region, which are involved in semantic control processes, as well as the anterior temporal lobe region (ATL) which is considered to be involved in processing semantic information at a central level. However, little is known about the underlying neuronal integrity of the semantic network in normal aging. Young and older healthy adults carried out a semantic judgment task while their cortical activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Despite equivalent behavioral performance, young adults activated the left IPC to a greater extent than older adults, while the latter group recruited the temporoparietal region bilaterally and the left ATL to a greater extent than younger adults. Results indicate that significant neuronal changes occur in normal aging, mainly in regions underlying semantic control processes, despite an apparent stability in performance at the behavioral level.

Effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of short Kevlar aramid fibre-thermoplastic polyurethane composite

The effect of various processing parameters, such as nip gap, friction ratio and roll temperature, on the tensile properties of short Kevlar aramid fibre-thermoplastic polyurethane composite has been investigated and the tensile and tear fracture surfaces have been characterised using a scanning electron microscope. A nip gap of 0.45 mm, a friction ratio of 1.15 and a roll temperature of 62°C was found to give optimum mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy study revealed a higher extent of fibre orientation in the milling direction in the above condition.

Design and Development of an Adaptable Frame -Based System for Dravidian Language Processing

This work is aimed at building an adaptable frame-based system for processing Dravidian languages. There are about 17 languages in this family and they are spoken by the people of South India.Karaka relations are one of the most important features of Indian languages. They are the semabtuco-syntactic relations between verbs and other related constituents in a sentence. The karaka relations and surface case endings are analyzed for meaning extraction. This approach is comparable with the borad class of case based grammars.The efficiency of this approach is put into test in two applications. One is machine translation and the other is a natural language interface (NLI) for information retrieval from databases. The system mainly consists of a morphological analyzer, local word grouper, a parser for the source language and a sentence generator for the target language. This work make contributios like, it gives an elegant account of the relation between vibhakthi and karaka roles in Dravidian languages. This mapping is elegant and compact. The same basic thing also explains simple and complex sentence in these languages. This suggests that the solution is not just ad hoc but has a deeper underlying unity. This methodology could be extended to other free word order languages. Since the frame designed for meaning representation is general, they are adaptable to other languages coming in this group and to other applications.

STUDIES ON HAEMOLYMPH CONSTITUENTS OF PILA VIRENS (LAMARCK) AND THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON THE ACTIVITY PATTERN OF SELECTED ENZYMES

The present study is an attempt to understand the physiological responses of a freshwater gastropod, in terms of haematological parameters, in normal conditions as well as in various natural and man made altered conditions of the environment.Pila virens, a freshwater prosobranch,commonly found in paddy fields, ponds, and streams of Kerala is selected as the test animal for the present investigation. Various haemolymph constituents such as total carbohydrate, glycogen, total protein, total lipid, urea,ammonia,sodium,potasium, calcium, and chloride which are directly involved in the control and maintenance of different physiological systems, were analysed in the present study. Selected haematological parameters like total haemocyte number, and packed cell volume were also determined. Besides , the activity pattern of selected haemolymph enzymes such as acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), all having diagnostic value in terms of internal defence system and metabolism of the organism, were also studied.

A Multilingual Query Processing System using Software Agents

The goal of this work was developing a query processing system using software agents. Open Agent Architecture framework is used for system development. The system supports queries in both Hindi and Malayalam; two prominent regional languages of India. Natural language processing techniques are used for meaning extraction from the plain query and information from database is given back to the user in his native language. The system architecture is designed in a structured way that it can be adapted to other regional languages of India. . This system can be effectively used in application areas like e-governance, agriculture, rural health, education, national resource planning, disaster management, information kiosks etc where people from all walks of life are involved.

Acid activated montmorillonite: an efficient immobilization support for improving reusability, storage stability and operational stability of enzymes

Three enzymes, α-amylase, glucoamylase and invertase, were immobilized on acid activated montmorillonite K 10 via two independent techniques, adsorption and covalent binding. The immobilized enzymes were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption measurements and 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy. The XRD patterns showed that all enzymes were intercalated into the clay inter-layer space. The entire protein backbone was situated at the periphery of the clay matrix. Intercalation occurred through the side chains of the amino acid residues. A decrease in surface area and pore volume upon immobilization supported this observation. The extent of intercalation was greater for the covalently bound systems. NMR data showed that tetrahedral Al species were involved during enzyme adsorption whereas octahedral Al was involved during covalent binding. The immobilized enzymes demonstrated enhanced storage stability. While the free enzymes lost all activity within a period of 10 days, the immobilized forms retained appreciable activity even after 30 days of storage. Reusability also improved upon immobilization. Here again, covalently bound enzymes exhibited better characteristics than their adsorbed counterparts. The immobilized enzymes could be successfully used continuously in the packed bed reactor for about 96 hours without much loss in activity. Immobilized glucoamylase demonstrated the best results.