Física para geografia: desafios de uma proposta pedagógica interdisciplinar

This study has as its aim the elaboration, presentation and application of a proposal which makes possible an inter-disciplinary relationship between knowledge of physics and geography in the graduation course for forming geography teachers in the Dom Aureliano Matos Faculty of Philosophy in the city of Limoeiro do Norte in the State of Ceára. Initially, we observe in pertinent literature and opinions of specialists what capacities and abilities are suggested for a future teacher of geography. Following that, we select subject matter which broaches upon physic concepts and may be contextualized within topics present in the daily fare of a geography teacher, such as natural phenomena related principally to natural environment and climate, envolving astronomic features, using didactic materials and resources in easily understood language and without the excessive presence of mathematical formulas. An evaluation of the experience allows us to affirm that inter-disciplinary treatment, as an important alternative for curriculam organization, when applied in the classroom shows that there is better learning, a reduction in class evasion and a significant fall in failures when compared with traditional proposals for the teaching of physics in relation to geography. On the other hand, it is notable that to maintain and augment such measures it is a challenge to be met, with the purpose that students of other courses may perceive that physic concepts have much to do with their reality, and that understanding them is relevant for their professional and personal formation

Resolução espacial da Grade Ionosférica e do Give

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação das previsões do atraso zenital troposférico para a América do Sul, obtidas usando modelo de previsão numérica de tempo com alta resolução espacial

A Center for Weather Forecast and Climatic Studies of National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC/INPE) has provided to the Brazilian Geodetic community, since 2004, an alternative to correct the GNSS observables from the tropospheric refraction. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Model is used to generate Zenital Tropospheric Delay (ZTD). For the version 1, it was developed a model with horizontal resolution of 100 km, which was updated with Eta model, with resolution of 20 km. This paper provides the most significative details of the current version, as well an evaluation of its quality, using for such ZTD estimates from GPS data collect at RBMC. Comparing to the old version, considerable improvement could be observed from the new model, mainly in Brasilia and Curitiba, reaching up to 55% improvement. When all stations were used in the quality control, almost null bias and RMS of about 4 to 5 cm could be observed.

A organização da interação professor-aluno em sala de aula: turnos e o par pergunta-resposta

Este trabalho tem como foco principal a interação em sala de aula, especificando aspectos da organização linguístico-discursiva, na produção conjunta da fala da professora e dos alunos, materializada em turnos, ressaltando o par pergunta-resposta na aula de Língua Portuguesa. Para alcançarmos esse objetivo, inspiramo-nos em alguns trabalhos acerca da organização da interação que adotaram a perspectiva dos estudos interacionais e a abordagem etnográfica, a fim de explicitar o conhecimento nos espaços de ensino e aprendizagem. Entre eles, citamos as pesquisas de Galvão (1996, 2004) e de Matêncio (2001). Nessa direção, descrevemos o processo de interação em sala de aula em uma escola pública, analisando e interpretando as ações de linguagem realizadas pela professora e pelos alunos. Teoricamente, embasamo-nos, principalmente, na Análise da Conversação, ancorando-nos no estudo pioneiro de Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson ([1974] 2003); nos postulados de Marcuschi ([1986] 2007a); nas pesquisas de Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), dentre outros. Explicitamos uma tipologia de perguntas e respostas em sala de aula, quanto à sua forma e função, conforme os postulados teóricos de Stubbs (1987), Araújo (2003), Fávero, Andrade e Aquino (2006), Silva (2006) e Koshik (2010). Analisamos a organização da tomada de turno, seguida de uma investigação sobre perguntas e respostas no discurso desenvolvido face a face. Na tentativa de compreendermos o cotidiano dos envolvidos no cenário de sala de aula, adotamos a abordagem etnográfica e o método indutivo, nas perspectivas de André (2010) e Chizzotti (2006). Os dados foram gerados através de pesquisa de campo, por meio de gravações (em áudio) de aulas de Língua Portuguesa, posteriormente transcritas e transformadas no corpus de pesquisa. As análises demonstraram que a interação entre professora e alunos organizou-se em trocas de turnos, na maioria das vezes, controladas pela professora, evidenciando-se uma relação de assimetria entre os participantes. Esses turnos concretizados, geralmente, no par adjacente pergunta-resposta revelaram como a construção do conhecimento se realiza em sala de aula. Por fim, observamos que a interação em sala de aula de Língua Portuguesa é organizada por aspectos sociais e pedagógicos intrinsecamente imbricados

Cidade e identidade: discursividades imagético-espaciais e a construção da identidade espacial do Recife, Veneza Brasileira

This treatise analyzes the identitary setting called Veneza Brasileira (Brazilian Venice) which is subscribed to the discoursive materialization related to the imagetic setting (literary and mediatic) produced about the city of Recife. The main investigation of this research is to examine the way how the identitary setting called Veneza Brasileira has been constructed in the imagetic setting practices about the city of Recife in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This study is subscribed to the Applied Linguistics and considers the theoretical perspectives that come from the Cultural Studies which investigation basis is focused on authors such as: Hall (2006); Bauman (1999; 2001;2005); Silva (2000); and Castells (2000) related to the discussion over identity, as well as the discussion over Urban Studies presented in Santos (1997; 1999); Ferrara (1998); and Pesavento (2001). Moreover it is also based on the theoretical basis found in Foucault (2004; 2006; 2007). Furthermore theoretical-methodological approaches rely on the French Discourse Analysis (DA) found in Orlandi (2001); Gregolin (2007); and Courtine (2006). On being so, this treatise aims to: analyze the meaning effects over the production of the identitary setting, especially the so-called Veneza Brasileira, in the imagetic setting discoursive practices (Poems, Post Cards and Touristic Guides) which are produced over the urban setting of the city of Recife. This research is characterized by being qualitative and interpretative and the theoretical analytical approaches contributed to the reading of both poetic and iconic images presented in the excerpts of poems from the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in: Manuel Bandeira s poems, Carlos Pena Filho s poems, and João Cabral de Melo Neto s poems which were produced in the early and late twentieth century. Moreover, this study observed some photographic images in Post Cards and Touristic Guides related to the visiting of historical sites in Recife. One could conclude that the imagetic setting discourse about Recife produced different identitary effects over the so-called Veneza Brasileira along these three centuries: in the nineteenth century, the poetry constructed the utopia city along with the meaning effect of identitary unit; as for the twentieth century, one observed an oscillation between a utopia/heteroutopia city meaning effect of both united and fragmented identity, the latter one is prevalent. As for the twenty-first century, the media reconstructed over again the utopia city, and consequently, produced meaning effect of identitary unit. These same meaning effects of identity either corroborate or contradict to/with the concepts of the postmodernism over identity along these three centuries. In other words, considering the imagetic setting, this oscillation occurs in the proportion of one finds an (ex) inclusion of social agents that construct these same identities.

Análise espacial dos condicionantes da criminalidade violenta no estado de Minas Gerais

O fenômeno da criminalidade desponta neste início de século como um dos principais problemas vividos pelos habitantes das grandes cidades. Diversas ciências têm se dedicado ao estudo deste tema, mas somente nas últimas décadas a Geografia vem explorando a dimensão espacial da criminalidade através de uma sub-disciplina denominada Geografia do Crime. No escopo desta perspectiva surgem diversas contribuições para o estudo espacial da criminalidade. Este trabalho explora a distribuição espacial dos crimes contra pessoa e contra o patrimônio no Estado de Minas Gerais e, na sequência, analisa os condicionantes desta criminalidade. Para isso, faz-se uso de técnicas de mapeamento, com auxílio dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, e de estatística espacial.

Análise da distribuição espacial da hanseníase no Estado de São Paulo, 1991-2002

A hanseníase no Brasil ainda é um problema a ser equacionado e, no Estado de São Paulo, há varias regiões com altas taxas de detecção. O presente estudo objetivou analisar a distribuição e quantificar a dependência espacial das taxas médias de detecção da hanseníase no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1991-2002, empregando técnicas geoestatísticas. Verificou-se tendência levemente decrescente das taxas médias de detecção para o Estado de São Paulo. Altos índices do indicador podem ser visualizados nas regiões oeste e noroeste de São Paulo. A dependência espacial encontrada foi de aproximadamente 30 km. Com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a análise de superfície das taxas médias de detecção pode auxiliar na escolha de áreas prioritárias visando aos exames de coletividade e ao incremento dos exames nos contatos dos casos detectados.

Marcadores da organização do padrão discursivo narrativo: uma abordagem funcional centrada no uso

This thesis has as its object the Markers Organization Standard Narrative Discourse (MON), from its occurrence in oral and written corpora of different realizations of narrative discourse, considering its locus of occurrence in the narrative and discursive functioning. The research is guided by the Functional Linguistic Usage-Based, approach to which the organization of language is directly linked to the user experience, so that grammar is shaped by discourse. We examined only the narrative portions of Experience Reports, Tales and Legends in the oral and written, as follows: 3 inquiries Corpus Reports Remaining Quilombo (RN); 11 Corpus Legends legends of the Amazon, 14 Tales of Corpus Tales Brazilians and 21 Reports of experiences of Corpus and Discourse Grammar, with about 10,000 words in each corpus. A total of 22 markers were identified, which were: (1) classified according to the locus of occurrence in the narrative structure, as Labov (1972), (2) associated, according to the type of pattern that occur in narrative discourse, (3) described from the discursive function they perform. The research has relevance to the extent it is based speech analysis and offers proposals for productive teaching of mother tongue in which students and teachers can, grounded in language studies, consider living language, as an object of study, based on the National Curriculum Guidelines (OCN) and making use of New Technologies of Information and Communication (NTIC)

Morfologia em alta resolução espacial de estrelas de tipo Mira e R Corenae Borealis

Mira and R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) variable stars are evolved objects surrounded by circumstellar envelopes (CSE) composed of the ejected stellar material. We present a detailed high-spatial resolution morfological study of the CSE of three stars: IRC+10216, the closest and more studied Carbon-Rich Mira; o Ceti, the prototype of the Mira class; and RY Sagitarii (RY Sgr), the brightest R CrB variable of the south hemisphere. JHKL near-infrared adaptive optics images of IRC+10216 with high dynamic range and Vband images with high angular resolution and high depth, collected with the VLT/NACO and VLT/FORS1 instruments, were analyzed. NACO images of o Ceti were also analyzed. Interferometric observations of RY Sgr collected with the VLTI/MIDI instrument allowed us to explore its CSE innermost regions (»20 40 mas). The CSE of IRC+10216 exhibit, in near-infrared, clumps with more complex relative displacements than proposed in previous studies. In V-band, the majority of the non-concentric shells, located in the outer CSE layers, seem to be composed of thinner elongated shells. In a global view, the morphological connection between the shells and the bipolar core of the nebulae, located in the outer layers, together with the clumps, located in the innermost regions, has a difficult interpretation. In the CSE of o Ceti, preliminar results would be indicating the presence of possible clumps. In the innermost regions (.110 UA) of the CSE of RY Sgr, two clouds were detected in different epochs, embedded in a variable gaussian envelope. Based on a rigorous verification, the first cloud was located at »100 R¤ (or »30 AU) from the centre, toward the east-north-east direction (modulo 180o) and the second one was almost at a perpendicular direction, having aproximately 2£ the distance of the first cloud. This study introduces new constraints to the mass-loss history of these kind of variables and to the morphology of their innermost CSE regions

O (in)imaginável elefante mal-ajambrado: a questão de limites entre o Ceará e o Rio Grande do Norte e o exame da formação espacial e identitária norte-rio-grandense na Primeira República

This study s main goal is to analyze the way the limits between Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte states, the so called Grossos matter, has been associated to the norte-rio-grandense spacial and identity formation during the first republic period. Thus, a consistet number of sources: RN and CE old newspapers, as well as a república from Natal and Fortaleza and o mossoroense ; historical drafts from the historical and geographical institute associated and historical, gographical and anthropological institute of Ceará; the Ação Cível Originária de nº 6 from the supreme federal tribunal and many other cartographies. The documents haven t been hierarchized, neither accepted as proof effects, but understood as the base matter for this text composition by the deconstruction of the analyzed discusses. In order to do that the ablação or bricolagem method, without quotations marks or long quotations themselves, has been used. Along the three analyzed charpters: the two phases the litigious was found, since its beginning yet in the XVIII century until 1888 and its return within the republic proclamation, in the 1920 resolution; the development of the documental, historical and identity dispute between IHGA-CE and IHG-RN; and, at last, the political game existing between the Albuquerque Maranhão oligarchy , Manuel Pereira Reis and Rui Barbosa, explaining the intentions, silent and miths built along the time by these intellectual participations

Dowscaling estocástico para extremos climáticos via interpolação espacial

Present day weather forecast models usually cannot provide realistic descriptions of local and particulary extreme weather conditions. However, for lead times of about a small number of days, they provide reliable forecast of the atmospheric circulation that encompasses the subscale processes leading to extremes. Hence, forecasts of extreme events can only be achieved through a combination of dynamical and statistical analysis methods, where a stable and significant statistical model based on prior physical reasoning establishes posterior statistical-dynamical model between the local extremes and the large scale circulation. Here we present the development and application of such a statistical model calibration on the besis of extreme value theory, in order to derive probabilistic forecast for extreme local temperature. The dowscaling applies to NCEP/NCAR re-analysis, in order to derive estimates of daily temperature at Brazilian northeastern region weather stations

Estudo da organização funcional do sistema circadiano por meio de ferramentas computacionais e matemáticas

Circadian rhythms are variations in physiological processes that help living beings to adapt to environmental cycles. These rhythms are generated and are synchronized to the dark light cycle through the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The integrity of circadian rhythmicity has great implication on human health. Currently it is known that disturbances in circadian rhythms are related to some problems of today such as obesity, propensity for certain types of cancer and mental disorders for example. The circadian rhythmicity can be studied through experiments with animal models and in humans directly. In this work we use computational models to gather experimental results from the literature and explain the results of our laboratory. Another focus of this study was to analyze data rhythms of activity and rest obtained experimentally. Here we made a review on the use of variables used to analyze these data and finally propose an update on how to calculate these variables. Our models were able to reproduce the main experimental results in the literature and provided explanations for the results of experiments performed in our laboratory. The new variables used to analyze the rhythm of activity and rest in humans were more efficient to describe the fragmentation and synchronization of this rhythm. Therefore, the work contributed improving existing tools for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals

Oscilações Teta no hipocampo do rato durante tarefa de tomada de decisão espacial

The processing of spatial and episodic information during memory tasks depends on hippocampal theta oscillations. In the present study, I investigated the relationship between theta power and choice selection during spatial decision-making. I recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats retrieving reward locations in a 4-arm maze. In trained but not in naïve animals, I observed a significant increase in theta power during decision-making, which could not be explained by changes in locomotion speed. Furthermore, a Bayesian decoder based on theta power predicted choice outcomes in speed-matched trials. The decoding time course revealed that performance increased above chance before the decision moment exclusively for theta power, remaining flat for other frequency bands. These results occurred for trained animals, but no significant prediction could be made for naïve animals. Altogether, the data support a mnemonic function of theta rhythm during spatial decision-making, indicating that these oscillations correlate with the retrieval of memories required for successful decisions

Aprendizado espacial-temporal em um ambiente complexo sem restrição alimentar em ratos

Timeplace learning is the capacity of organisms to associate both space and time with a biological relevant stimulus such as food. Experiments are usually done with food restricted animals due to the belief that food system activation is necessary for timeplace learning. Another line of thought suggest that, in addition to food system activation, response cost should be increased to effectively allow timeplace discrimination. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether a complex environment, which presumably implied in a heightened response cost, would facilitate timeplace association in satiated rats using a highly palatable food as reward. Nine rats were trained in a timeplace task for 30 nonconsecutive days. A large experimental box (1x1m) divided in four compartments was used. To access each compartment the animal had to overcome a series of obstacles such as ramps, staircases and mazes. Two feeders localized in opposite compartments were rewarded with sunflower seeds in two daily sessions. One feeder offered the reward during the morning sessions while the second feeder in afternoon sessions. After the 15th day of training, the animals began to show a preference for the correct feeder during the correct time of day expressed by increased frequency of visits as well as lower latency to access the feeders. These results suggest that satiated animals are also capable of learning a timespace task as far as the experimental context is complex enough to result in a higher response cost

Neurofisiologia hipocampal durante sessões de sono intercaladas por exploração espacial: Reverberação do passado ou predição do futuro?

The ability to predict future rewards or threats is crucial for survival. Recent studies have addressed future event prediction by the hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons exhibit robust selectivity for spatial location. Thus, the activity of hippocampal neurons represents a cognitive map of space during navigation as well as during planning and recall. Spatial selectivity allows the hippocampus to be involved in the formation of spatial and episodic memories, including the sequential ordering of events. On the other hand, the discovery of reverberatory activity in multiple forebrain areas during slow wave and REM sleep underscored the role of sleep on the consolidation of recently acquired memory traces. To this date, there are no studies addressing whether neuronal activity in the hippocampus during sleep can predict regular environmental shifts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the activity of neuronal populations in the hippocampus during sleep sessions intercalated by spatial exploration periods, in which the location of reward changed in a predictable way. To this end, we performed the chronic implantation of 32-channel multielectrode arrays in the CA1 regions of the hippocampus in three male rats of the Wistar strain. In order to activate different neuronal subgroups at each cycle of the task, we exposed the animals to four spatial exploration sessions in a 4-arm elevated maze in which reward was delivered in a single arm per session. Reward location changed regularly at every session in a clockwise manner, traversing all the arms at the end of the daily recordings. Animals were recorded from 2-12 consecutive days. During spatial exploration of the 4-arm elevated maze, 67,5% of the recorded neurons showed firing rate differences across the maze arms. Furthermore, an average of 42% of the neurons showed increased correlation (R>0.3) between neuronal pairs in each arm. This allowed us to sort representative neuronal subgroups for each maze arm, and to analyze the activity of these subgroups across sleep sessions. We found that neuronal subgroups sorted by firing rate differences during spatial exploration sustained these differences across sleep sessions. This was not the case with neuronal subgroups sorted according to synchrony (correlation). In addition, the correlation levels between sleep sessions and waking patterns sampled in each arm were larger for the entire population of neurons than for the rate or synchrony subgroups. Neuronal activity during sleep of the entire neuronal population or subgroups did not show different correlations among the four arm mazes. On the other hand, we verified that neuronal activity during pre-exploration sleep sessions was significantly more similar to the activity patterns of the target arm than neuronal activity during pre-exploration sleep sessions. In other words, neuronal activity during sleep that precedes the task reflects more strongly the location of reward than neuronal activity during sleep that follows the task. Our results suggest that neuronal activity during sleep can predict regular environmental changes