Estacions termals en zones rurals, serveis associats i titulacions oficials

El turisme rural, l’esport i la salut han adquirit de forma progressiva en els últims anys una importància cada vegada més gran. Una part creixent de la població ha anat incorporant de mica en mica dies de descans i repòs durant tot l’any. Aquesta realitat és deguda, parcialment, a l’augment del temps lliure i a la consideració del seu gaudi com un element per a la millora de la qualitat de vida. El turisme rural, a causa del canvi de valors experimentat en la societat contemporània, s’interrelaciona amb altres productes, com ara el turisme termal i les activitats esportives realitzades en contacte amb la natura, igual que amb altres serveis del sector del lleure, com ara l’espectacle, el joc, la cultura, etc. Aquesta situació determina la necessitat de plantejar sistemes de gestió professionals i aplicar estratègies que permetin de generar factors competitius i diferenciadors. Les empreses turístiques que han adoptat el paradigma empresarial de la gestió de qualitat total es caracteritzen per oferir qualitat de servei, i per assolir aquesta qualitat cal disposar d’un equip d’especialistes altament qualificats i experimentats. El propòsit d’aquest treball és analitzar les titulacions oficials relacionades amb les estacions termals en zones rurals i els serveis associats.

Efeito de giberelina (GA3) e do bioestimulante 'Stimulate' na indução floral e produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo em condições de safra normal

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de GA3, nas concentrações de 100; 200 e 300mg L-1 e do bioestimulante Stimulate®, em doses de 2,08; 4,17 e 6,25mL L-1, em duas aplicações via foliar, acrescidas de espalhante adesivo Silwett® a 0,05% e a exposição dos ramos à luminosidade, na indução floral e produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo, em condições de safra normal, em Araguari-MG. Aos 30 dias após a primeira aplicação dos tratamentos, iniciaram-se as avaliações do número de flores, com contagens diárias, nos dois lados da espaldeira, nos meses de setembro de 2002 a março de 2003. As colheitas dos frutos foram realizadas semanalmente, no período de novembro de 2002 a abril de 2003, observando-se a produção. O GA3 e o Stimulate não proporcionaram efeito significativo no número de flores, nas sete épocas, assim como no número total de flores. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para a produtividade e produção total de frutos. Os ramos sob luminosidade pela tarde apresentaram maior número de flores, nos meses de setembro, dezembro, fevereiro e março. A interação entre os tratamentos e a exposição dos ramos à luminosidade não foi significativa para o número de flores, nas épocas avaliadas.

Interrupció del creixement en la hibernació del gripau corredor (Epidelea calamita) en zones semiàrides

Les particularitats de les poblacions amfíbiques que viuen en zones semiàrides sotmeses a un alt estrès ambiental es posen de manifest mitjançant estudis d’esqueletocronologia. L’estudi pretén avaluar la correlació histològica entre les marques de creixement (lines of arrested growth [LAG]) que es visualitzen en les falanges dels dits i l’edat d’individus de gripau corredor (Epidelea calamita). Existeix una correspondència entre el nombre de LAG i el nombre d’hibernacions, de manera que, en un principi, s’entén cada una de les línies com un any de vida de l’individu. En els resultats trobats mitjançant l’anàlisi dels talls de les falanges, s’aprecien un conjunt de línies múltiples que es consideren com una hibernació interrompuda per petits creixements durant els períodes més càlids de l’hivern i en certa part també per les ocasionals precipitacions. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen l’existència d’un patró de creixement, en les poblacions d’amfibis en zones semiàrides, diferent de qualsevol altre trobat en amfibis de zones temperades.

Is magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic hemangioma any different in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis compared to normal liver?

PURPOSE: To compare qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of hepatic hemangiomas in patients with normal, fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, institutional review board approved study (waiver of informed consent). Eighty-nine consecutive patients with 231 hepatic hemangiomas who underwent liver MR imaging for lesion characterization were included. Lesions were classified into three groups according to the patients' liver condition: no underlying liver disease (group 1), fibrosis (group 2) and cirrhosis (group 3). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics (number, size, signal intensities on T1-, T2-, and DW MR images, T2 shine-through effect, enhancement patterns (classical, rapidly filling, delayed filling), and ADC values) were compared. RESULTS: There were 160 (69%), 45 (20%), and 26 (11%) hemangiomas in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Lesions were larger in patients with normal liver (group 1 vs. groups 2 and 3; P=.009). No difference was found between the groups on T2-weighted images (fat-suppressed fast spin-echo (P=.82) and single-shot (P=.25)) and in enhancement patterns (P=.56). Mean ADC values of hemangiomas were similar between groups 1, 2 and 3 (2.11±.52×10(-3)mm(2)/s, 2.1±.53×10(-3)mm(2)/s and 2.14±.44×10(-3)mm(2)/s, P=87, respectively). T2 shine-through effect was less frequently observed in cirrhosis (P=.02). CONCLUSION: MR imaging characteristics of hepatic hemangioma were similar in patients with normal compared to fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. Smaller lesion size was observed with liver disease and less T2 shine-through effect was seen in hemangiomas developed on cirrhosis, the latter being an important finding to highlight in these patients at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.

Clustering of grape yield maps to delineate site-specific management zones

Zonal management in vineyards requires the prior delineation of stable yield zones within the parcel. Among the different methodologies used for zone delineation, cluster analysis of yield data from several years is one of the possibilities cited in scientific literature. However, there exist reasonable doubts concerning the cluster algorithm to be used and the number of zones that have to be delineated within a field. In this paper two different cluster algorithms have been compared (k-means and fuzzy c-means) using the grape yield data corresponding to three successive years (2002, 2003 and 2004), for a ‘Pinot Noir’ vineyard parcel. Final choice of the most recommendable algorithm has been linked to obtaining a stable pattern of spatial yield distribution and to allowing for the delineation of compact and average sized areas. The general recommendation is to use reclassified maps of two clusters or yield classes (low yield zone and high yield zone) and, consequently, the site-specific vineyard management should be based on the prior delineation of just two different zones or sub-parcels. The two tested algorithms are good options for this purpose. However, the fuzzy c-means algorithm allows for a better zoning of the parcel, forming more compact areas and with more equilibrated zonal differences over time.

Analysis of vineyard differential management zones and relation to vine development, grape maturity and quality

The objective of research was to analyse the potential of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps from satellite images, yield maps and grapevine fertility and load variables to delineate zones with different wine grape properties for selective harvesting. Two vineyard blocks located in NE Spain (Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) were analysed. The NDVI was computed from a Quickbird-2 multi-spectral image at veraison (July 2005). Yield data was acquired by means of a yield monitor during September 2005. Other variables, such as the number of buds, number of shoots, number of wine grape clusters and weight of 100 berries were sampled in a 10 rows × 5 vines pattern and used as input variables, in combination with the NDVI, to define the clusters as alternative to yield maps. Two days prior to the harvesting, grape samples were taken. The analysed variables were probable alcoholic degree, pH of the juice, total acidity, total phenolics, colour, anthocyanins and tannins. The input variables, alone or in combination, were clustered (2 and 3 Clusters) by using the ISODATA algorithm, and an analysis of variance and a multiple rang test were performed. The results show that the zones derived from the NDVI maps are more effective to differentiate grape maturity and quality variables than the zones derived from the yield maps. The inclusion of other grapevine fertility and load variables did not improve the results.