Experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje: cambio de creencias y conductas en el manejo del agua de consumo

Se propuso modificar las creencias y conductas de los niños con respecto al manejo del agua de consumo, utilizando una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con mostración al microscopio del agua contaminada. Se administró una pre-encuesta estructurada y una post-encuesta (resolución de problemas) a 63 niños (28 varones y 35 mujeres) de sexto y séptimo grado de la escuela primaria. Estos niños provenían, en su totalidad, de una población marginal del norte del Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina. El promedio de edad fue 12 años 8 meses y el ED = 1 año 1 mes. Cada conducta adecuada fue evaluada con un punto: higiene y protección de los recipientes de recolección y almacenamiento, tratamiento del agua (hervido o clorado) y periodo de conservación y cada creencia óptima, dos puntos (evitar la contaminación que produce enfermedad). Se determinó el número de alumnos que modificaron sus conductas y creencias en la post-encuesta y se halló si era significativa la diferencia por la prueba de Chi cuadrado (X²). Se comprobó que los niños, en general, no mejoraron sus conductas y creencias. Se mantuvieron las conductas adecuadas de lavado; no se modificaron las de protección del recipiente en la recolección del agua y se mantuvieron comportamientos inadecuados en el almacenamiento. Sólo se adquirieron conductas correctas en el tratamiento, a través del hervido y más específicamente del clorado (P < 0,01). Las creencias no se modificaron. El 30% de alumnos señaló todos los pasos correctos en el manejo del agua y el 18% sólo le faltó señalar la protección del envase en la post-encuesta. En próximas acciones educativas se deberá reforzar las conductas adecuadas de lavabo y clorado y revertir las erróneas del periodo de conservación y el momento de clorado y a su vez, sustentar estos procedimientos correctos con sólidos conocimientos de los procesos de contaminación, haciéndolos extensivos a otros aspectos del saneamiento básico.

Avaliação de poluentes em produtos vegetais cultivados próximos das vias de tráfego

Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados da determinação de metais tóxicos em couves-galegas e nos respectivos solos onde estão plantadas. Foram recolhidas em zonas de cultivo urbanas situadas junto às principais vias de tráfego automóvel da cidade de Lisboa. Este estudo revela a presença significativa de chumbo e cádmio, em amostras de couve e de chumbo, cádmio, cobre, níquel e crómio em amostras de solo. A determinação dos metais foi efectuada por Espectrometria de Absorção Atómica em Câmara de Grafite (GFAAS), após digestão ácida das amostras, acelerada por tecnologia de microondas. Compararam-se, ainda, estes resultados com os obtidos na análise de couves provenientes de duas hortas situadas em zonas afastadas das grandes vias de tráfego automóvel. O teor mais elevado de cádmio e chumbo nas couves foi detectado nas amostras recolhidas junto à Marginal, na zona da Torre Belém e junto à saída para Olival Basto, na Calçada de Carriche. Nos solos foram detectados os maiores teores nas amostras recolhidas junto à marginal na zona da Torre Belém, locais caracterizados por uma elevadíssima intensidade de tráfego automóvel. As amostras de couve e de solo recolhidas nos dois locais afastados de vias de grande intensidade de tráfego, Sto. António da Caparica (STC) e São Martinho das Chãs (SMC), apresentam teores baixos em chumbo em comparação com as vias de elevada intensidade de tráfego automóvel. O mesmo não se verificou para o cobre e para o cádmio na amostra STC e para o cádmio nas couves do local SMC em que os teores encontrados também se podem considerar elevados. Com estes resultados pretende-se que seja feita uma reflexão sobre os locais da cidade apropriados ou não para a instalação de “hortas sociais” pela CML, como foi anunciado. Pretendeu-se também aferir o perigo para a saúde pública desta pratica comum em Lisboa e outras cidades nacionais e estrangeiras.

Análise custo-benefício de infra-estruturas rodoviárias: metodologias de implementação

Na sequência das preocupações de ausência dos custos externos na análise de projectos rodoviários, foram realizados diversos estudos (EUNET/SASI, FISCUS, HEATCO, PETS, UNITE, GRACE, IMPACT) com vista a identificar e quantificar os impactes reais das actividades de transporte rodoviário. Nesses projectos foram apresentadas diversas metodologias para quantificação dos custos e também benefícios associados aos sistemas de transporte, nomeadamente das infra-estruturas rodoviárias. Para o efeito foram analisadas várias categorias de custo (custos da infra-estrutura, custos do congestionamento, custos da operação dos veículos, custos dos acidentes, custos do ruído, custos da poluição atmosférica, custos do aquecimento global). Nesta dissertação utilizou-se cinco modelos de determinação de custos de infra-estruturas rodoviárias que posteriormente foram calibrados ao caso português para aplicação em estudo de casos em Portugal de duas formas, avaliação de projectos de infra-estruturas rodoviárias e identificação e fixação de preços, nomeadamente associados às portagens. A avaliação de projectos de infra-estruturas rodoviárias foi realizada através da utilização de indicadores de custos totais e médios, utilizando para o efeito dois modelos: o HDM-4 – Highway Development and Management (PIARC, 2001) e o COBA – Cost Benefit Analysis (TRL, 2004) que utilizam custos totais e um modelo proposto pelo autor com base numa síntese e adaptação de submodelos desenvolvidos nos projectos europeus já referidos que utiliza custos médios. A análise associada à identificação dos custos marginais relevantes para a fixação de preços foi realizada através do modelo desenvolvido no projecto europeu, GRACE – Generalisation of Research on Accounts and Cost Estimation (ITS et al., 2008), e de um modelo proposto pelo autor. Após a adaptação e/ou construção dos modelos, estes foram aplicados ao estudo de três situações específicas em infra-estruturas rodoviárias nacionais. Referem-se intervenções na estrada nacional EN125 que liga Vila do Bispo a Vila Real de Santo António (no Algarve), na auto-estrada A7 que liga Póvoa de Varzim a Vila Pouca de Aguiar (Norte de Portugal) e na auto-estrada A9 que liga o Estádio Nacional em Oeiras a Alverca (região de Lisboa).

Contributo para o estabelecimento de níveis de referência de diagnóstico em equipamentos de TC multidetectores

Actualmente a Tomografia Computorizada (TC) é um dos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem que tem uma maior contribuição para a dose de radiação X recebida pelos pacientes. Pretende-se com este estudo avaliar as doses praticadas em TC e contribuir para o estabelecimento de Níveis de Referência de Diagnóstico (NRD) na região da Grande Lisboa, Portugal. Foram efectuadas medições de dose em 5 equipamentos de TC multidetectores, considerando o abdómen como área anatómica de interesse. Recorreu-se a uma câmara de ionização e a um fantoma para obter o índice de dose de TC (CTDI) e o produto dose-comprimento (DLP), que permitem determinar os NRD. Estes valores foram comparados com os NRD propostos pela Guideline Europeia e com os estudos desenvolvidos em outros países, como o Reino Unido, Grécia e Taiwan. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de NRD obtidos neste estudo (16,7 mGy para o CTDIvol e 436,5 mGy·cm para o DLP) são discrepantes relativamente à Guideline Europeia (±50%), mas muito próximos relativamente aos NRD estabelecidos nos países considerados. Estes valores podem ser eventualmente explicados pelos equipamentos em análise e pela utilização de protocolos de exame adoptados pelos profissionais de Radiologia nas instituições analisadas. ABSTRACT - Nowadays Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the imaging techniques which have a large contribution to radiation dose received by patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate CT doses and contribute to the establishment of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) in Lisbon, Portugal. Dose measurements on 5 multidetector CT scanners have been performed, considering the abdomen as the anatomic region of interest. All measurements were performed using an ionization chamber and a phantom to obtain the index CT dose (CTDI) and the dose-length product (DLP), which are used to determine DRL. These values were compared not only with European reference dose values but also with DRL studies developed in other countries like United Kingdom, Greece and Taiwan. The results revealed that DRL values obtained in this study (CTDIvol is 16,7 mGy and DLP is 436,5 mGy·cm) have a higher discrepancy to European Guideline (±50%), while the DRL´s of other countries are nearest to values obtained in this study. Those differences may be eventually explained by the type of the evaluated equipments but also by the exam protocols used by the Radiology professionals on the analyzed institutions.

Family expectation, social adjustment and gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic patients

A case series to study factors related to family expectation regarding schizophrenic patients was conducted in an out-patient setting in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil. Patients diagnosed as presenting schizophrenia by the ICD 9th Edition and having had the disease for more than four years were included in the study. Family Expectation was measured by the difference between the Katz Adjustment Scale (R2 and R3) scores based on the relative's expectation and the socially expected activities of the patient (Discrepancy Score), and social adjustment was given by the DSM-III-R Global Assessment Scale (GAS) . Outcome assessments were made independently, and 44 patients comprised the sample (25 males and 19 females). The Discrepancy mean score was twice as high for males as for females (p < 0.02), and there was an inverse relationship between the discrepancy score and social adjustment (r =-0.46, p < 0.001). Moreover, sex and social adjustment exerted independent effects on the discrepancy score when age, age at onset and number of psychiatric admissions were controlled by means of a multiple regression technique. There was an interaction between sex and social adjustment, the inverse relationship between social adjustment and discrepancy score being more pronounced for males. These findings are discussed in the light of the potential association between the family environment, gender and social adjustment of schizophrenic patients, and the need for further research, i.e. ethnographic accounts of interactions between patient and relatives sharing households particularly in less developed countries.

New physics contributions to A(FB)(t(t)over-bar) at the Tevatron

The Tevatron has measured a discrepancy relative to the standard model prediction in the forward-backward asymmetry in top quark pair production. This asymmetry grows with the rapidity difference of the two top quarks. It also increases with the invariant mass of the t (t) over bar pair, reaching, for high invariant masses, 3.4 standard deviations above the next-to-leading order prediction for the charge asymmetry of QCD. However, perfect agreement between experiment and the standard model was found in both total and differential cross section of top quark pair production. As this result could be a sign of new physics we have parametrized this new physics in terms of a complete set of dimension six operators involving the top quark. We have then used a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach in order to find the best set of parameters that fits the data, using all available data regarding top quark pair production at the Tevatron. We have found that just a very small number of operators are able to fit the data better than the standard model.

Breakfast in America é só um mata-bicho do outro lado do Atlântico?

Polissema - Revista de Letras do ISCAP 2003/N.º 3

ANN-Based LMP forecasting in a distribution network with large penetration of DG

In recent years, power systems have experienced many changes in their paradigm. The introduction of new players in the management of distributed generation leads to the decentralization of control and decision-making, so that each player is able to play in the market environment. In the new context, it will be very relevant that aggregator players allow midsize, small and micro players to act in a competitive environment. In order to achieve their objectives, virtual power players and single players are required to optimize their energy resource management process. To achieve this, it is essential to have financial resources capable of providing access to appropriate decision support tools. As small players have difficulties in having access to such tools, it is necessary that these players can benefit from alternative methodologies to support their decisions. This paper presents a methodology, based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and intended to support smaller players. In this case the present methodology uses a training set that is created using energy resource scheduling solutions obtained using a mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) approach as the reference optimization methodology. The trained network is used to obtain locational marginal prices in a distribution network. The main goal of the paper is to verify the accuracy of the ANN based approach. Moreover, the use of a single ANN is compared with the use of two or more ANN to forecast the locational marginal price.

OC/EC ratio observations in Europe: Re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon

This study explores a large set of OC and EC measurements in PM(10) and PM(2.5) aerosol samples, undertaken with a long term constant analytical methodology, to evaluate the capability of the OC/EC minimum ratio to represent the ratio between the OC and EC aerosol components resulting from fossil fuel combustion (OC(ff)/EC(ff)). The data set covers a wide geographical area in Europe, but with a particular focus upon Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom, and includes a great variety of sites: urban (background, kerbside and tunnel), industrial, rural and remote. The highest minimum ratios were found in samples from remote and rural sites. Urban background sites have shown spatially and temporally consistent minimum ratios, of around 1.0 for PM(10) and 0.7 for PM(2.5).The consistency of results has suggested that the method could be used as a tool to derive the ratio between OC and EC from fossil fuel combustion and consequently to differentiate OC from primary and secondary sources. To explore this capability, OC and EC measurements were performed in a busy roadway tunnel in central Lisbon. The OC/EC ratio, which reflected the composition of vehicle combustion emissions, was in the range of 03-0.4. Ratios of OC/EC in roadside increment air (roadside minus urban background) in Birmingham, UK also lie within the range 03-0.4. Additional measurements were performed under heavy traffic conditions at two double kerbside sites located in the centre of Lisbon and Madrid. The OC/EC minimum ratios observed at both sites were found to be between those of the tunnel and those of urban background air, suggesting that minimum values commonly obtained for this parameter in open urban atmospheres over-predict the direct emissions of OC(ff) from road transport. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are explored. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of distribution network demand response events in the Portuguese system

In competitive electricity markets with deep concerns for the efficiency level, demand response programs gain considerable significance. As demand response levels have decreased after the introduction of competition in the power industry, new approaches are required to take full advantage of demand response opportunities. Grid operators and utilities are taking new initiatives, recognizing the value of demand response for grid reliability and for the enhancement of organized spot markets’ efficiency. This paper proposes a methodology for the selection of the consumers that participate in an event, which is the responsibility of the Portuguese transmission network operator. The proposed method is intended to be applied in the interruptibility service implemented in Portugal, in convergence with Spain, in the context of the Iberian electricity market. This method is based on the calculation of locational marginal prices (LMP) which are used to support the decision concerning the consumers to be schedule for participation. The proposed method has been computationally implemented and its application is illustrated in this paper using a 937 bus distribution network with more than 20,000 consumers.

Energy and reserve provision dispatch considering distributed generation and demand response

In competitive electricity markets with deep concerns at the efficiency level, demand response programs gain considerable significance. In the same way, distributed generation has gained increasing importance in the operation and planning of power systems. Grid operators and utilities are taking new initiatives, recognizing the value of demand response and of distributed generation for grid reliability and for the enhancement of organized spot market´s efficiency. Grid operators and utilities become able to act in both energy and reserve components of electricity markets. This paper proposes a methodology for a joint dispatch of demand response and distributed generation to provide energy and reserve by a virtual power player that operates a distribution network. The proposed method has been computationally implemented and its application is illustrated in this paper using a 32 bus distribution network with 32 medium voltage consumers.

LMP triggered real time demand response events

Recent changes in power systems mainly due to the substantial increase of distributed generation and to the operation in competitive environments has created new challenges to operation and planning. In this context, Virtual Power Players (VPP) can aggregate a diversity of players, namely generators and consumers, and a diversity of energy resources, including electricity generation based on several technologies, storage and demand response. Demand response market implementation has been done in recent years. Several implementation models have been considered. An important characteristic of a demand response program is the trigger criterion. A program for which the event trigger depends on the Locational Marginal Price (LMP) used by the New England Independent System operator (ISO-NE) inspired the present paper. This paper proposes a methodology to support VPP demand response programs management. The proposed method has been computationally implemented and its application is illustrated using a 32 bus network with intensive use of distributed generation. Results concerning the evaluation of the impact of using demand response events are also presented.

Using data mining techniques to support DR programs definition in smart grids

In recent years, Power Systems (PS) have experimented many changes in their operation. The introduction of new players managing Distributed Generation (DG) units, and the existence of new Demand Response (DR) programs make the control of the system a more complex problem and allow a more flexible management. An intelligent resource management in the context of smart grids is of huge important so that smart grids functions are assured. This paper proposes a new methodology to support system operators and/or Virtual Power Players (VPPs) to determine effective and efficient DR programs that can be put into practice. This method is based on the use of data mining techniques applied to a database which is obtained for a large set of operation scenarios. The paper includes a case study based on 27,000 scenarios considering a diversity of distributed resources in a 32 bus distribution network.

LMP based bid formation for virtual power players operating in smart grids

Power system organization has gone through huge changes in the recent years. Significant increase in distributed generation (DG) and operation in the scope of liberalized markets are two relevant driving forces for these changes. More recently, the smart grid (SG) concept gained increased importance, and is being seen as a paradigm able to support power system requirements for the future. This paper proposes a computational architecture to support day-ahead Virtual Power Player (VPP) bid formation in the smart grid context. This architecture includes a forecasting module, a resource optimization and Locational Marginal Price (LMP) computation module, and a bid formation module. Due to the involved problems characteristics, the implementation of this architecture requires the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are used for resource and load forecasting and Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) is used for energy resource scheduling. The paper presents a case study that considers a 33 bus distribution network that includes 67 distributed generators, 32 loads and 9 storage units.

A data-mining-based methodology for transmission expansion planning

In recent decades, all over the world, competition in the electric power sector has deeply changed the way this sector’s agents play their roles. In most countries, electric process deregulation was conducted in stages, beginning with the clients of higher voltage levels and with larger electricity consumption, and later extended to all electrical consumers. The sector liberalization and the operation of competitive electricity markets were expected to lower prices and improve quality of service, leading to greater consumer satisfaction. Transmission and distribution remain noncompetitive business areas, due to the large infrastructure investments required. However, the industry has yet to clearly establish the best business model for transmission in a competitive environment. After generation, the electricity needs to be delivered to the electrical system nodes where demand requires it, taking into consideration transmission constraints and electrical losses. If the amount of power flowing through a certain line is close to or surpasses the safety limits, then cheap but distant generation might have to be replaced by more expensive closer generation to reduce the exceeded power flows. In a congested area, the optimal price of electricity rises to the marginal cost of the local generation or to the level needed to ration demand to the amount of available electricity. Even without congestion, some power will be lost in the transmission system through heat dissipation, so prices reflect that it is more expensive to supply electricity at the far end of a heavily loaded line than close to an electric power generation. Locational marginal pricing (LMP), resulting from bidding competition, represents electrical and economical values at nodes or in areas that may provide economical indicator signals to the market agents. This article proposes a data-mining-based methodology that helps characterize zonal prices in real power transmission networks. To test our methodology, we used an LMP database from the California Independent System Operator for 2009 to identify economical zones. (CAISO is a nonprofit public benefit corporation charged with operating the majority of California’s high-voltage wholesale power grid.) To group the buses into typical classes that represent a set of buses with the approximate LMP value, we used two-step and k-means clustering algorithms. By analyzing the various LMP components, our goal was to extract knowledge to support the ISO in investment and network-expansion planning.