879 resultados para ionene, electrostatic self assembly, nanoparticles
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Widespread approaches to fabricate surfaces with robust micro- and nanostructured topographies have been stimulated by opportunities to enhance interface performance by combining physical and chemical effects. In particular, arrays of asymmetric surface features, such as arrays of grooves, inclined pillars, and helical protrusions, have been shown to impart unique anisotropy in properties including wetting, adhesion, thermal and/or electrical conductivity, optical activity, and capability to direct cell growth. These properties are of wide interest for applications including energy conversion, microelectronics, chemical and biological sensing, and bioengineering. However, fabrication of asymmetric surface features often pushes the limits of traditional etching and deposition techniques, making it challenging to produce the desired surfaces in a scalable and cost-effective manner. We review and classify approaches to fabricate arrays of asymmetric 2D and 3D surface features, in polymers, metals, and ceramics. Analytical and empirical relationships among geometries, materials, and surface properties are discussed, especially in the context of the applications mentioned above. Further, opportunities for new fabrication methods that combine lithography with principles of self-assembly are identified, aiming to establish design principles for fabrication of arbitrary 3D surface textures over large areas. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Deterministic organization of nanostructures into microscale geometries is essential for the development of materials with novel mechanical, optical, and surface properties. We demonstrate scalable fabrication of 3D corrugated carbon nanotube (CNT) microstructures, via an iterative sequence of vertically aligned CNT growth and capillary self-assembly. Vertical microbellows and tilted microcantilevers are created over large areas, and these structures can have thin walls with aspect ratios exceeding 100:1. We show these structures can be used as out-of-plane microsprings with compliance determined by the wall thickness and number of folds. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
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Understanding and controlling the hierarchical self-assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is vital for designing materials such as transparent conductors, chemical sensors, high-performance composites, and microelectronic interconnects. In particular, many applications require high-density CNT assemblies that cannot currently be made directly by low-density CNT growth, and therefore require post-processing by methods such as elastocapillary densification. We characterize the hierarchical structure of pristine and densified vertically aligned multi-wall CNT forests, by combining small-angle and ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) techniques. This enables the nondestructive measurement of both the individual CNT diameter and CNT bundle diameter within CNT forests, which are otherwise quantified only by delicate and often destructive microscopy techniques. Our measurements show that multi-wall CNT forests grown by chemical vapor deposition consist of isolated and bundled CNTs, with an average bundle diameter of 16 nm. After capillary densification of the CNT forest, USAXS reveals bundles with a diameter 4 m, in addition to the small bundles observed in the as-grown forests. Combining these characterization methods with new CNT processing methods could enable the engineering of macro-scale CNT assemblies that exhibit significantly improved bulk properties. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.
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The effect of displaying cytochromes from an amyloid fibre is modelled as perturbation of -strands in a bilayer of helical -sheets, thereby explaining the spiral morphology of decorated amyloid and the dynamic response of morphology to cytochrome conformation. The morphology of the modelled fibre, which consists of minimal energy assemblies of rigid building blocks containing two anisotropic interacting units, depends primarily on the rigid constraints between units rather than the soft interactions between them. The framework is a discrete version of the bilayered frustration principle that drives morphology in Bauhinia seedpods. We show that self-assembly of frustrated long range structures can occur if the building blocks themselves are internally frustrated, e.g. amyloid morphology is governed by the conformation of the misfolded protein nucleating the fibre. Our model supports the idea that any peptide sequence can form amyloid if bilayers can form first, albeit stabilised by additional material such as chaperones or cytochromes. Analysis of experimentally derived amyloid structures supports our conclusions and suggests a range of frustration effects, which natural amyloid fibres may exploit. From this viewpoint, amyloid appears as a molecular example of a more general universal bilayered frustration principle, which may have profound implications for materials design using fibrous systems. Our model provides quantitative guidance for such applications. The relevance to longer length scales was proved by designing the morphology of a series of macroscopic magnetic stacks. Finally, this work leads to the idea of mixing controlled morphologically defined species to generate higher-order assembly and complex functional behaviour. The systematic kinking of decorated fibres and the nested frustration of the Bauhinia seed pod are two outstanding examples.
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Access to robust and information-rich human cardiac tissue models would accelerate drug-based strategies for treating heart disease. Despite significant effort, the generation of high-fidelity adult-like human cardiac tissue analogs remains challenging. We used computational modeling of tissue contraction and assembly mechanics in conjunction with microfabricated constraints to guide the design of aligned and functional 3D human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiac microtissues that we term cardiac microwires (CMWs). Miniaturization of the platform circumvented the need for tissue vascularization and enabled higher-throughput image-based analysis of CMW drug responsiveness. CMW tissue properties could be tuned using electromechanical stimuli and cell composition. Specifically, controlling self-assembly of 3D tissues in aligned collagen, and pacing with point stimulation electrodes, were found to promote cardiac maturation-associated gene expression and in vivo-like electrical signal propagation. Furthermore, screening a range of hPSC-derived cardiac cell ratios identified that 75% NKX2 Homeobox 5 (NKX2-5)+ cardiomyocytes and 25% Cluster of Differentiation 90 OR (CD90)+ nonmyocytes optimized tissue remodeling dynamics and yielded enhanced structural and functional properties. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the optimized platform in a tachycardic model of arrhythmogenesis, an aspect of cardiac electrophysiology not previously recapitulated in 3D in vitro hPSC-derived cardiac microtissue models. The design criteria identified with our CMW platform should accelerate the development of predictive in vitro assays of human heart tissue function.
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Self-assembly Ge quantum dots (QD) on Si and Si/Ge mutli-quantum-wells (MQW) are grown by MBE. The island size and island density was investigated by atomics force microscopy. Ten-layer and twenty-layer MQW were selected for photodiode device fabrication. In photoluminescence (PL), a broad peak around 1.55-mu m wavelength was observed with higher peak intensity for the 10-layer MQW which had less defects than the 20-layer sample. Resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodiodes were fabricated by bonding on a SOI wafer. Selected responsivity at 1.55 mu m was successfully demonstrated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In composition dependence of lateral ordering in InGaAs quantum dots grown on (311)B GaAs substrates
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Self-assembled InxGa1-xAs quantum dots (QDs) on (311)A/B GaAs surfaces have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Spontaneously ordering alignment of InxGa1-xAs with lower In content around 0.3 have been observed. The direction of alignment orientation of the QDs formation differs from the direction of misorientation of the (311)B surface, and is strongly dependent upon the In content x. The ordering alignment become significantly deteriorated as the In content is increased to above 0.5 or as the QDs are formed on (100) or (311)A substrates. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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A promising approach for positioning of InAs islands on (110)GaAs is demonstrated. By combining self-assembly of quantum dots with solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on cleaved edge of InGaAs/GaAs superlattice (SL), linear alignment of InAs islands on the InGaAs strain layers have been fabricated The cleaved edge of InGaAs/GaAs SL acts as strain nanopattern for InAs selective growth. Indium atoms incident on the surface will preferentially migrate to InGaAs regions where favorable bonding sites are available. The strain nanopattern's effect is studied by the different indium fraction and thickness of InxGa1-xAs/GaAs SL. The ordering of the InAs islands is found to depend on the properties of the underlying InGaAs strain layers.
Resumo:
Self-assembly Ge quantum dots (QD) on Si and Si/Ge mutli-quantum-wells (MQW) are grown by MBE. The island size and island density was investigated by atomics force microscopy. Ten-layer and twenty-layer MQW were selected for photodiode device fabrication. In photoluminescence (PL), a broad peak around 1.55-mu m wavelength was observed with higher peak intensity for the 10-layer MQW which had less defects than the 20-layer sample. Resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodiodes were fabricated by bonding on a SOI wafer. Selected responsivity at 1.55 mu m was successfully demonstrated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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低介电常数材料可作为微电子器件的层间或是导线间的绝缘材料,以提高微电子芯片的信号传输速率。在聚合物材料中引入氟元素或引入空洞可以有效降低聚合物材料介电常数。本文利用层层组装的方法在聚合物中引入空洞以降低聚合物材料的介电常数。这样,不仅能够获得低介电常数材料,而且可以得到超薄膜,对于降低电子元件的尺寸、提高芯片的信号传输速率具有实际的应用价值。 对具有笼状结构的八苯代聚倍半硅氧烷(OPS)采取先用发烟硝酸硝化为带有硝基的产物ONPS,然后再以水合肼作为还原剂将硝基还原为胺基的两步反应方法,制得了带有胺基的聚倍半硅氧烷(OAPS)。用NMR、FTIR方法对合成过程从原料、中间产物、及目标产物进行跟踪分析证明反应结束后,OAPS仍然具有完整的笼状结构,并且胺基化很完全。另外,利用发烟硫酸作为磺化试剂,采用一步合成的方法制得了磺化OPS(SOPS)。经NMR、FTIR表征,确认了SOPS的结构,磺酸基是在苯环上Si的间位发生了取代。经XPS分析得知,OPS上约有91%的苯环参与了磺化反应。在合适的条件下SOPS与OAPS都可以溶于水,分别带有负电荷与正电荷。 然后,利用合成的SOPS与聚丙烯胺(PAH)进行组装。当PAH溶液的pH值小于7.5时,SOPS在PAH溶液中产生脱落现象。通过调节PAH溶液的pH值,可以控制SOPS在PAH溶液中的脱落现象。当PAH溶液的pH值为9.0时,SOPS在PAH溶液中不再脱落。紫外数据表明,尽管组装过程中SOPS在PAH溶液中会有部分脱落,但这并不影响SOPS/PAH复合多层膜的组装。当溶液的pH为3.0时,OAPS溶于水中并带有正电荷。带有负电荷的聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)、聚丙烯酸(PAcA)分别与带有正电荷的OAPS实现层层组装。经过QCM、Contact Angle、XPS、UV等方法表征,证明OAPS/PSS与OAPS/PAcA复合多层膜组装过程中生长均匀,并且多层膜厚度可控。用椭圆偏振的方法测得OAPS/PAcA多层膜的折光指数,运用Maxwell方程将其转化为介电常数为2.01,较纯聚丙烯酸的介电常数(2.56)有明显的降低。加热处理OAPS/PAcA多层膜,红外(FTIR)光谱数据显示OAPS与PAcA间发生了交联反应,形成新的酰胺键。紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱数据也表明,加热后的OAPS/PAcA多层膜在强酸性溶液中的稳定性较加热前的样品有极大的提高。 合成了聚酰胺酸,并将其制成可溶于水的聚酰胺酸三乙胺盐(PAAs)。调节PAAs溶液的pH值为7.5,使之带有负电荷,可以与带有正电荷的OctaAmmonium(OA-POSS)纳米粒子进行组装。QCM数据显示,当OA-POSS的pH为4.5时,PAAs与OA-POSS的组装量相当,组装量比较大。UV-Vis、XPS数据表明,OA-POSS与PAAs可以实现层层组装,并且组装均匀,可控。加热交联后,PAAs能够很容易地转化为聚酰亚胺(PI)。 调节溶液的pH值,使豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)表面带有负电。以聚阳离子的聚二烯丙基二甲基胺盐酸盐(PDDA)和聚丙烯胺(PAH)作为插层材料可以实现PAAs与CPMV的层层组装,制得复合多层膜[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]n和[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n。QCM、UV-Vis数据表明,多层组装膜的厚度可以通过改变[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]或[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]的组装循环层数进行调节。而且,薄膜中CPMV与PAAs的比例也可以通过改变(PAH/PAAs)或(PDDA/PAAs)的循环个数进行调节。得到组装多层膜后,将其进行加热处理。FTIR数据显示,以PAH、PDDA作为插层所制备得到的CPMV/PAAs复合多层膜经过加热处理后,PAAs向PI的转化非常完全。用椭圆偏振的方法测试加热交联前后的多层膜样品[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n的厚度及折光指数,可以得知,加热处理后,薄膜的厚度稍有降低。将折光指数用Maxwell方程转化为介电常数为2.32,这一数值比纯聚酰亚胺的介电常数值(3.40)降低很多,归因于聚酰亚胺中引入带有空洞结构的CPMV,使聚酰亚胺的密度降低,从而降低材料的介电常数。
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可生物降解的两亲性嵌段共聚物PLA-PEG飞所制备的胶束或纳术粒子,作为潜在的药物控制释放体系弓!起人们广泛的兴趣。,方们授有寿比山于PEG链的空间位阴.效应可以避免单核噬菌体的吞噬,、并且可以通过控制可降解部分的降解行为实现药物的持续释放,使在微载体内所包载的药物分子持续释放出来。尽管高聚物的胶束和纳米粒子作为药物的胶体载体已作厂泛研究,但是对其本身物理化学性质与应用之间的联系研究甚少。因此本文对一系列PLLA和PEG两嵌段和三嵌段共聚物的自聚集行为进行了细致研究,得到了以卜结论:1.以花为"模型药物",通过荧光探针技术对一系列两亲性共聚物在水呀招夜和NaCI溶液种的胶束化行为进行了研究。这些共聚物是由一种新型氨钙催化利,以人分J,的聚乙二醇(PEG)为引发剂,引发丙交酷开环聚合得到,,其中囚定长度阴 PEG段分剐为44,104和113环氧乙烷早兀,PLLA的长没在15-280乳酸中元之间。由于氨钙准活性的特点,这些共聚物的分散度较低,均在1.1-1.3之间。其临界胶束浓度cmc发现随PLLA的含量增加I荆氏。具有同一PEG长度的两嵌段和三嵌段共聚物cmc值的截然差别为它们胶束的构型不同提供了证据。同时也发现了NaCI的加入对丫EG段和争LLA段较短洪聚物的cmc的降低有明掀笋作用,而对具有较长PEG段或较长PLLA段的共聚物的cmc基本上没有什么影响。2.通过荧光探余十技术测定花在这一系列共聚物胶束溶液锄勺配分系数在0.2*10~5至1.9*10~5之间,对于同-PEG段的共聚物,花在其胶柬相中的配分系数随PLLA的含量的增加而增加。另外发现NaCl的加入能够促进花在胶束相中的配分。3.通过透射电子显微镜研究了两嵌段共聚物水溶液胶束的形貌,发现胶束的粒径和分散度均随PLLA段的增加而增加:通过原子力显微镜研究"这些纳米粒子退火前后的形貌变化,发现退火后纳米粒子重新自聚集为类似于神经网络红脚乏的"纳米条带"结构,其中心为类似"神经元"的团簇结构,而周困为支化的车由突"分支结构,这与文献上提到的只有三嵌段共聚物能够形成支化的"纳米条带"结构截然不同,其自聚集机理在进,步研究之中。4.以亲水性的荧光素为荧光探针研究了两嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束化行为,发现其clnc值随PLLA段的含量增加而降低,相对于PEG段,PLLA段在其胶宋化过程中起主要作用。通过1HNMR证明两嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束具伯以PLLA段为"核"、PEG段为"壳"的"核-壳"结构,这种胶柬化行为通过溶解度参数的差异进行了解释。5.通过原子力显微镜发现,当这些胶束滴加在云母表面上经过热处理后,这些胶束重新自聚集成为规则的具有平缓隆起的纳米结构,这与由水中得到的胶柬热处理后的形貌截然不同,并对此进行了进一步解释。由XPS分析认为主要是PEG段覆盖在PLLA段表面。
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杂化的纳米尺寸的有机/无机化合物开辟了材料科学的新纪元。作为新型功能材料,杂化的有机/无机杂化材料由于在光学、电子、机械、防护涂层、催化、传感器、生物等方面有潜在的应用前景而在材料科学领域引起广泛关注。杂多酸(POMs)作为一种重要的无机化合物,有特异的纳米尺寸结构,优越的物理化学性质和广泛应用价值,因此多酸化合物功能材料的研究引起人们足够的重视。最近,人们把更多的注意力集中到杂化的有机/无机杂化材料范围内,如何更有序的组装杂多酸,因为它们有着更有趣的电、磁、氧化还原和光学性质。1.在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面,我们用层层组装方法制备了六钒取代的理杂多酸(PW6V6)多层膜。表面等离子(SP)技术和循环伏安(CV)法对多层膜进行了表征。结果表明,多层膜生长均匀,平均厚度为2.8nm,并且研究了多层膜对亚硝酸根伽02一)和浪酸根(BrO3-)的催化还原活性。2.研究了通过静电吸附作用,P2W17Fe和QPvP-Os交替组装多层膜。循环伏安(CV),电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)和紫外一可见光谱(UV-vis)研究结果表明了这种多层膜是均一稳定的。多层膜对H2O2,BrO3-和NO2-有很高的催化活性。特别是EIS成功地监测多层膜的形成过程。随着层数增长,电子传输阻抗Rc,线性增加,氧化还原电对Fe(CN)63/4的电子传输受到抑制,这进一步证实了多层膜的均一性。3,首次在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面成功地构建了含杂多酸P2W15V3的多层膜。值得注意的是,该多层膜对BrO3-和NO2-的还原有显著的电催化活性,而且由于过渡金属钒在P2W15V3起催化作用而有很低的过电位。另外,多层膜中QPVP-O5聚合物的Os中心在抗坏血酸氧化时的催化活性仍然存在,而且通过最外层的调整,多巴胺和抗坏血酸能被分别检测,所以在多巴胺存在时它可用作检测抗坏血酸的电化学传感器。4.迄今为止,人们把更多的注意力集中在杂多酸多层膜的制备,电化学和电催化活性的研究,对杂多酸多层膜功能材料的研究却很少,我们首次够构造了发光的杂多酸多层膜,紫外可见光谱,循环伏安,电化学阻抗技术和荧光光谱证明多层膜生长均匀,室温下,多层膜的发光性能显示Eu3+的特征发射峰是5D0→7Fj(j=1,2,3,4)的跃迁。电化学阻抗谱被成功得应用于监测多层膜的沉积过程。我们发现随多层膜的逐步形成,半圆直径有规律地长大。而且,电荷迁移电阻Rc,随双层数线性增长。可以认为多层膜在基底电极上以非常均匀规律的方式沉积,Fe(CN)63/4氧化还原电对的氧化还原反应逐步被多层膜抑制。5.我们用层层组装方法成功构造了金纳米粒子多层膜,紫外可见光谱,循环伏安和原子力显微技术表征了多层膜的形成,金纳米粒子粒径大约14nm,表面粗糙度6.43nm。
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本论文主要研究了ABA和ABC型两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装行为,得到了多种形态新颖、结构复杂多样的胶束,研究了这些复杂胶束的形成过程,探讨了影响胶束形态的各种因素并通过适当的方法对胶束形态进行调控。研究了聚乙烯基毗陡(P4VP)/聚苯乙烯(PS)三嵌段共聚物P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在二氧六环/水中的自组装行为,成功得到了嵌段共聚物环状胶束,并通过实验研究了环状胶束的形成过程。结果表明,胶束形态依赖于退火时间的长短。随着退火时间的延长,胶束结构从棒状过渡到环形结构。以实验结果为基础提出了环状胶束形成的新的机理,即囊泡塌陷形成环。同时,通过改变实验条件还得到了一些新型的环状复合结构,如环套环形、鸟状、哑铃形、戒指形、网络状等结构,并得到了与计算机模拟一致的结果。通过不同的方法对ABA型三嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)在选择性溶液中的自组装胶束形态进行调控:首先,详细研究了P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在不同的共溶剂中的自组装行为。结果表明通过单纯改变共溶剂的性质可以很方便地调节胶束的形态,得到了球、棒、囊泡等结构。并用混合溶剂的方法得到了长度和直径可控的纳米线胶束。同时,通过加入第二种选择性溶剂(核层嵌段PS的选择性溶剂甲苯)的方法使形成胶束的核层嵌段在胶核中的伸展程度增加,从而使胶束形态发生转变。其次,研究了加入表面活性剂十五烷基苯酚(PDP)以构建分子间氢键来调节P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP的胶束形态。结果表明,通过调节PDP的加入量可以使胶束形态发生从球到棒,到网络状、再到囊泡结构的转变。通过实验对比系统地研究了PDP的加入对胶束形态转变的影响,提出了相应的形态转变机理。再次,研究了不同分子量的嵌段共聚物之间共混及共聚物与均聚物共混对胶束形态的影响。结果表明加入亲油嵌段的均聚物对共聚物胶束形态影响非常明显,胶束形态与加入的均聚物的分子量及加入量直接相关。同时得到了一些新形态的胶束,如海绵状、笼子状等。共聚物共混的研究结果表明:通过两种不同分子量的共聚物共混可以得到这两种共聚物胶束的过渡态结构。用共聚物混合的方法还可以得到一些具有生物模拟性的胶束结构,如乌贼状、章鱼状等。这加深了人们对囊泡的形成机理及各种胶束形态之间形态转变的认识。P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP通过在二氧六环/水中的自组装形成了囊泡,结果表明囊泡的尺寸依赖于初始状态下共聚物在共溶剂中的浓度及退火时间。除得到常规的球形囊泡外,还得到一些非球形囊泡,如长条形、三角形、项链形等囊泡结构。结合计算机模拟的方法研究了囊泡的形成机理,发现这些不同结构的囊泡的形成是由于初始状态下密度涨落所引起的。研究了实验中经常出现的各种胶束形态共存现象的原因,发现体系中亚稳态的存在是多形态共存的重要原因之一。通过聚苯乙烯一左聚乙烯基毗睫一左聚氧乙烯(PS一b一PZVP一b一PEO)在THF/水中的二次自组装首次得到了一种具有生物模拟性的巨大的节状蠕虫胶束(SWM)。研究发现,SWM是由重复单元盘状结构和丝状结构相连组成的。最令人吃惊的是这种SWM与自然界中的一些生命体如蛆叫、蛹、昆虫类的幼虫结构非常相似。通过对SWM形成过程中的中间态胶束结构的深入研究发现SWM是由球形胶束通过二次自组装形成的。SWM的形成过程可以分为三个阶段:ABC三嵌段共聚物先组装形成球形结构;这些球型结构粘连在一起形成梭形的中间结构;这些梭状中间结构中的球经过重组和重新调整各嵌段的排布最终形成SWM。用所得到的嵌段共聚物胶束为模板,采用无电沉积的方法成功制备了各种形态的金属一有机高分子纳米复合材料。用简单的方法还得到了导电金属金一银的双金属纳米结构材料。这些纳米结构材料在微电子器件等领域有潜在应用价值。以上研究结果丰富了人们对嵌段共聚物在选择性介质中自组装行为的理解,为人们提供了对生物材料自组装本质的理解的依据。这在两亲性分子在溶液中自组装的基础研究方面以及基于这些自组装形态而构建结构及功能更复杂的纳米结构材料等方面都有一定的意义。
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本论文以半结晶性的PLLA-b-PS为研究对象,主要研究两个方面的问题。首先研究聚合物结晶对嵌段共聚物在稀溶液中的自组装行为的影响。在此基础上,研究薄膜状态下,聚合物结晶与微相分离之间的相互作用。首先,我们系统地研究了PLLA-b- PS在不同溶剂中的自组装结构。通过调节溶剂选择性由中性向弱选择性和选择性改变,PLLA-b-PS分别形成类旋节图案,松散的胶束结构和典型的胶束核壳结构。使用混合溶剂,实现了从结晶性的球形胶束向结晶性的片状胶束的转变。标度理论分析和实验结果表明,溶剂与胶束结晶核心之间的界面能的增加是发生这一转变的主要原因。为了研究薄膜中的微相分离与结晶之间的相互作用,我们比较了三种薄膜条件下的相分离与结晶过程。均匀平坦的PLLA-b-PS薄膜是旋节不稳定的,在几以上时,分子链发生微相分离,形成旋节图案,表面诱导分子链的伸展有序化过程促使PLLA分子链发生折叠结晶,形成非经典的亚稳态凸出结构,相分离层间距增大50%。结晶过程为一级动力学。在薄膜中引入成核剂时,PLLA在几以上即开始结晶,同时实现了PLLA与P3之间的相分离,薄膜的旋节不稳定性得到了松弛。结晶使薄膜收缩,形成大量的裂纹。在PLLA熔点以上时,以裂纹为核,在薄膜中形成大量的孔洞。孔洞的生长为经典的动力学过程。我们利用自组装方法在薄膜中引入半结晶性的开放的纳米棒。在几以上时,PLLA在纳米棒中发生结晶,诱导薄膜中的分子链向纳米棒迁移,从而在薄膜中形成孔洞结构。同时,薄膜中的未结晶分子链被表面和界面诱导取向,这种取向结构利于PLLA结晶,结晶被加速,从而孔洞的生长也被加速。也就是说,结晶与孔洞的生长相互促进。在相分离薄膜中,PLLA的结晶形态与结晶温度有关。To<TgPS时,结晶被束缚在相结构中,相分离结构不变;TgPs<Tc<Tm以及Tc→Tm时,结晶对相结构有一定的破坏,相分离片层结构的层间距增大,薄膜收缩,形成大量的裂纹和缺陷。在180℃时,PLLA形成不稳定的晶体结构;PLLA与PS之间的相分离强度被减弱,在线张力作用下,岛状结构的相对高度大幅度增加;在岛状结构的边缘,线张力驱使部分分子链穿越已有的相结构,形成多层岛状结构。
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分子导线作为未来分子电子器件的重要组成部分,其合成,组装及电子传输性能研究是当今化学、物理、生物和微电子工程等领域里一个非常热门的研究课题。本论文在齐聚苯乙炔及齐聚苯乙炔一唾吩乙炔分子导线的合成、组装及电子传输性能研究方面进行了一些工作,主要成果有以下几个方面:一、官能化短链分子导线的合成与表征比较系统地合成不同端基,不同分子长度和不同主链结构的乙酞琉基官能化的齐聚苯乙炔类分子导线,以便比较系统地研究各种因素对这类分子导线的自组装及电子传输性能的影响。对所有合成的官能化分子导线进行了红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱表征以确定其结构。二、长链分子导线的合成与表征用溶液和固定相快速合成方法合成了一系列苯乙炔齐聚物及苯乙炔一(蜜份乙炔交替共聚齐聚物:1)采用简便的路线,用溶液和固定相方法快速合成出十二烷氧基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物,最一长达到了八聚体。(2)采用一条最简便的路线,用固定相方法快速合成了异丙基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物,最长达到了八聚体。(3)用溶液和固定相方法首次合成了苯乙炔一唾吩乙炔交替共聚齐聚物。(4)用一种新颖的“现场去保护/偶联”二倍速方案快速合成出十二烷氧基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物,最长达到了八聚体。该方案最大的优点在于无需分离出对空气敏感的芳香端炔化合物,从而简化了实验操作以及提高了产物的纯度。对所有合成的齐聚物进行了红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱和激光质谱表征以确定其结构。三、官能化分子导线的组装及电子传输性能研究(l)用STM和CP-AFM研究了合成的官能化分子导线在金基底的自组装行为,发现形成的自组装单层缺陷很少,而且自组装单层非常均一。(2)用电化学和导电原子力显微镜技术研究了上述官能化齐聚苯乙炔分子导线的电子传输性能,发现界面接触和分子长度对分子导线的电子传导能力有很大的影响,而链结构的影响则相对要小些。此外,我们还发现齐聚苯乙炔体系的电子传输衰减系数β值仅为0.19A-1,说明它是一类性能优异的分子导线侯选物。(3)通过量子化学计算,我们对实验结果进行了初步解释。