El capital social como factor de producción en los sistemas de agronegocios en Argentina : un análisis comparado de los sistemas aviar, vitivinícola y vacuno

El sector agroalimentario se ha convertido en el de mayor importancia durante los 90 para la economía argentina junto a los sectores del petróleo y acero. Sin embargo, el gran empuje proveniente del 'campo' no se traslada al resto de redes de abatecimiento de alimentos. El desarrollo veloz de las interrelaciones comerciales que conducen al establecimiento de distintas formas de relaciones para el abastecimiento de alimentos es un fenómeno clave en las economías agroalimentarias modernas. Los principales actores de las cadenas agroindustriales deben diseñar las mejores opciones respecto del diseño de sus relaciones comerciales. El objetivo principal del siguiente trabajo es identificar al capital social como un factor de producción para el desarrolo de los sistemas de agronegocios argentinos. Los objetivos específicos serán identificar el nivel de capital social del sistema de ganados y carnes vacuna, del sistema avícola y del sistema vitivinícola de la Argentina. El trabajo determina que el desarrollo global de los agronegocios en Argentina depende del grado de enforcement de la ley y los contratos y del nivel de acción colectiva. Dentro de las variables estudiadas 'confianza', 'acción colectiva' y 'cooperación y ética' presenta altos niveles en las tres variables, el sistema vitivinícola medios y el sistema de ganados y carnes vacuno los presenta bajos. El sistema de negocios avícola es la que marca un mayor desarrollo de capital social a lo largo de la muestra. El nivel de confianza expresado por sus miembros demuestra su capacidad para resolver los dilemas que presenta la acción colectiva en el negocio real, contrariamente al sistema vacuno, mientras que el sistema vitivinícola se coloca en una posición media. El sistema avícola presenta mayor cantidad de contratos formales y como vimos un mayor respeto por su cumplimiento más allá de la incompltitud de los mismos. La falta de contratos formales y la falta de control por parte del Estado, en mayor medida en el subsector vacuno por sobre el vitivinícola, favorece el doble estándar impositivo, comercial y sanitario (no en el caso del vino). En tal sentido, el no respeto por el conjunto de reglas de conducta formales (leyes, tradiciones, costumbres, sistema de valores, religiones, tendencias sociológicas, etc.), es decir las instituciones, que facilitan la coordinación o rigen las relaciones entre individuos o grupos, le agrega mayor incertidumbre a la interacción humana

Local examination of skin diffusion using FTIR spectroscopic imaging and multivariate target factor analysis

In the context of trans-dermal drug delivery it is very important to have mechanistic insight into the barrier function of the skin's stratum corneum and the diffusion mechanisms of topically applied drugs. Currently spectroscopic imaging techniques are evolving which enable a spatial examination of various types of samples in a dynamic way. ATR-FTIR imaging opens up the possibility to monitor spatial diffusion profiles across the stratum corneum of a skin sample. Multivariate data analyses methods based on factor analysis are able to provide insight into the large amount of spectroscopically complex and highly overlapping signals generated. Multivariate target factor analysis was used for spectral resolution and local diffusion profiles with time through stratum corneum. A model drug, 4-cyanophenol in polyethylene glycol 600 and water was studied. Results indicate that the average diffusion profiles between spatially different locations show similar profiles despite the heterogeneous nature of the biological sample and the challenging experimental set-up.

Valuation of ecological and amenity impacts of an offshore windfarm as a factor in marine planning

Integrated marine planning, which must take into consideration environmental and social impacts, is being introduced widely in Europe, the USA, Australia and elsewhere. Installation of offshore windfarms creates impacts both on local marine ecosystems and the view of the seascape and is one of multiple activities in the marine area that must be addressed by marine planning. The impacts on people's values (and hence welfare) of changes in ecology and amenity that could arise from the installation of a windfarm in the Irish Sea were assessed using a discrete choice experiment administered through an online survey. The ecological changes investigated were: increased species diversity resulting from artificial reef effects, and the effect of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on marine life; whilst the amenity change was the visibility of offshore turbines from land. Respondents expressed preferences for ecological improvements but had less clear preferences regarding the height and visibility of the turbines. In particular distance decay effects were observed with respondents further away from the coast being less concerned about visual impact created by offshore turbines. Understanding ecological and amenity impacts and how they are valued by people can support the decisions made within marine planning and licensing.

Museums as a factor for the social integration of art in the community. The experience of cultural volunteering by members of the senior community

After considering museums as cultural institutions responsible for preserving cultural memory and its evolution over time, this article describes the cultural practices within our society that are aimed at disseminating art and at reproducing and transmitting culture, history and identity. Further, it considers the key role that older people are steadily assuming in Spain’s ageing society. New social-empowerment activities based on volunteering by the elderly are linked to generativity because the individual and social groups acquire new skills through those activities, thereby strengthening a society for all ages. Never in the history of social work have so many older people been prepared to participate actively at the community level, and never has a social movement with these features gone so unnoticed by so many social agents.

Alcohol: a recently identified risk factor for breast cancer

Acknowledgements: I thank Dr. Barbour Warren, arriet Richardson and Alison James for their helpful input.

Role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in tumour immune escape

Previous studies revealed that, upon exposure to hypoxia, tumour cells acquire resistance to the cytolytic activity of IL-2-activated lymphocytes. The MHC class I chain-related (MIC) molecules – comprised of MICA and MICB – are ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor on Natural Killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells. MIC-NKG2D interactions lead to the activation of NK and CD8+ T cells and the subsequent lysis of the tumour cells. The study also showed that the mechanism of the hypoxia-mediated immune escape involves the shedding of MIC, specifically MICA, from the tumour cell surface. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the shedding of MICA requires the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor that regulates cellular adaptations to hypoxia. Exposure to hypoxia (0.5% O2 vs. 20% O2) led to the shedding of MIC from the surface of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells as determined by flow cytometry. Knockdown of HIF-1α mRNA using siRNA technology resulted in inhibition of HIF-1α accumulation under hypoxic conditions as determined by Western blot analysis. Parallel study revealed that knockdown of HIF-1α also blocked the shedding of MICA from the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to hypoxia. These results indicate that HIF-1 is required for the hypoxia-mediated shedding of MICA and, consequently, that HIF-1 may play an important role in tumour immune escape. Ongoing studies aim to determine the HIF-1 target genes involved in the shedding of MICA under hypoxia.