Market Orientation in Rapidly Internationalizing Small Companies — Evidence from the Software Industry

For more than a decade, researchers have been aware of the increased pace of small-firm internationalization and the greater effect of these rapidly growing small businesses on the wealth, international trade, and job-creation opportunities of countries. Due to the small size of the home market, Finnish companies have been generally considered highly interested in internationalization. One particular domain in which rapid internationalization has been considered feasible is the global software business, with its knowledge-intensive nature and high growth potential. However, over time the failure rate of small entrepreneurial firms has remained especially high in high-technology markets. One of the reasons for this seems to lie in the fact that these companies are often formed by people with a strong technological background but limited competences in other areas. Further, research on the marketing capabilities of rapidly internationalizing high-tech firms has been scarce thus far. In addition, while there is much research on the first years of operations of rapidly internationalizing companies, it is not well known what becomes of them later on. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation into the managerial mindset, competences and decision-making in these small companies, especially from the perspective of how they acquire and exploit market knowledge, and enhance their networking capabilities in order to promote international expansion. The present study focuses on market orientation in small software firms that internationalize their operations rapidly in global software markets. It builds on qualitative data to illustrate how these companies develop their market-oriented product-market strategies during the process of increasing international commitment. It also shows how they manage their network relationships in order to be able to offer better customer service and to thrive in the fierce global competition. The study was conducted in the empirical context of Finnish small software companies, and the main data consists of interviews with top managers in these businesses. The interviews were designed to cover a minimum period of five years of the company's international operations, thus offering a retrospective in-depth perspective on market orientation, internationalization and partnerships in the given context. One particular focus is on less successfully internationalized software companies, and the challenges they face when approaching international markets. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on market orientation for several reasons. First, building on data from the software industry, it clarifies the existing theory in the context of rapid internationalization and network relationships. Secondly, it provides a good body of evidence on market orientation in both successfully and less successfully internationalized companies, and identifies the key related differences between the two company groups. Thirdly, it highlights the importance of inter-firm networks in the rapid internationalization of small software firms, providing companies with important market knowledge and, in some cases, management challenges. Fourthly, this investigation clarifies market orientation in the context of different software-product strategies, thus, combining the perspectives of market orientation in both manufacturing and services. In sum, the results of the study are significant for both small software firms and public-policy makers since they shed light on the market-oriented managerial mindset and the market-information gathering and sharing processes that are needed in successful rapid internationalization.

Dynamic range extension of SiPM detectors with the time-gated operation

The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel detector technology that has undergone a fast development in the last few years, owing to its single-photon resolution and ultra-fast response time. However, the typical high dark count rates of the sensor may prevent the detection of low intensity radiation fluxes. In this article, the time-gated operation with short active periods in the nanosecond range is proposed as a solution to reduce the number of cells fired due to noise and thus increase the dynamic range. The technique is aimed at application fields that function under a trigger command, such as gated fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.

Kyvykkyyksien mittaaminen organisaatioissa: Capabilities Audit ja Balanced Scorecard

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli etsiä menetelmiä, joiden avulla kyvykkyyksiä voidaan tunnistaa, mitata ja arvioida yrityksessä. Kyvykkyydet ovat tärkein tekijä yrityksen tulevaisuuden suorituskyvyn ja markkina-arvon kannalta. Tarkastelimme kahta menetelmää: Capabilities Auditia ja Balanced Scorecardia. Käsittelimme molempien menetelmien käyttämiä määritelmiä ja perusteita sekä vahvuuksia ja ongelmakohtia. Työssä tutkimme motiiveja ja mahdollisia ongelmia kyvykkyyksien tunnistamisessa ja mittaamisessa. Esittelimme lisäksi kaksi tapaa jaotella mittausmenetelmiä niiden ominaispiirteiden mukaan. Näitä menetelmiä käytimme myös Capabilities Auditin ja Balanced Scorecardin arvioinnissa. Työn tuloksena päädyimme yhdistämään tarkastelemamme menetelmät toimivaksi kokonaisuudeksi. Balanced Scorecardin avulla ei voida yksinään tunnistaa kyvykkyyksiä, joten tarvitaan menetelmä, jolla tunnistaminen tehdään. Capabilities Auditin tapaisen viitekehyksen käyttäminen Balanced Scorecardin oppimisen ja kasvun näkökulmaan liittyvien kyvykkyyksien tunnistamiseen, mittaamiseen ja arviointiin onkin mielestämme perusteltua.

Cenozoic evolution of eastern Iberia: structural data and dynamic model.

Iberia underwent intraplate deformation during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. In eastem Ibena, compression took place during the Palaeogene and early Miocene, giving rise to the Iberian Chain, and extension started during the early Miocene in the coastal areas and the Valencia trough; during early Miocene compression continued in the western Iberian Chain whereas extension had started in the eastern Iberian Chain. From the kinematic data obtained from the major compressional and extensional structures formed dunng the Cenozoic, a simple dynamic model using Bott's (1959) formula is presented. The results show that both extension and compression may have been produced assuming a main horizontal stress-axis approximately N-S, in a similar direction that the convergence between Europe, Ibena and Afnca dunng the Cenozoic.

Markkina- vs. Resurssipohjainen näkemys yrityksestä: Näkemyserot ja vaikutukset strategiseen päätöksentekoon

Kandidaatintyö käsittelee yrityksen strategista johtamista. Työn tavoitteena on esitellä kattavasti markkina- ja resurssilähtöinen yritysstrategia, ja tuoda esille näkökulmien erot, sekä vaikutus yrityksen päätöksentekoon. Molemmat mallit käsittelevät yrityksen kykyä kehittää ja pitää yllä pysyvää kilpailuetua. Työssä esitellään myös dynaamiset kyvykkyydet – malli, joka on resurssipohjaisen näkemyksen seuraava evoluutio. Markkinalähtöisessä mallissa painotetaan markkinainformaation keräämistä ja levittämistä läpi organisaation. Resurssipohjaisen mallin mukaan pysyvää kilpailuetua saavutetaan kehittämällä yrityksen sisäisiä elementtejä. Dynaamiset kyvykkyydet perustuu sisäisten elementtien kehittämiseen, mutta ottaa huomioon myös markkinoiden jatkuvan kehittymisen.

Johtamisosaaminen osuustoimintayrityksen menestystekijänä

Työn tarkoituksena on kuvata ja ymmärtää ylimmän johdon osaamista ja osaamisen strategista merkitystä osuustoimintayrityksen liiketoiminnassa. Tavoitteena on ymmärtää, millainen rooli osaamisella on osuustoimintayrityksen johtamisessa ja liiketoiminnassa sekä tutkia osuustoiminnallisten erityispiirteiden vaikutusta johtamiseen. Työ on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen, ja sen tutkimusaineisto koostuu S-ryhmän ylimmässä johdossa loka-joulukuussa 2007 tehdyistä teemahaastatteluista sekä kohdeorganisaation johtamista käsittelevistä kirjallisista dokumenteista. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että osaamisen strateginen rooli on kasvanut kohdeorganisaatiossa tasaisesti 1980-luvulta lähtien. Johtamisen osaamisvaatimukset ovat samaan aikaan kasvaneet ja monipuolistuneet. Erityisesti ihmisten johtamiseen sekä yritysverkoston johtamiseen liittyvän osaamisen merkityksen kasvu on ollut huomattava. Lisäksi tutkimus esittää väitteen, jonka mukaan yrityksen osuustoiminnalliset erityispiirteet vaikuttavat merkittävästi johdon osaamisvaatimuksiin.

Asiakasomisteisten osuuskauppojen omistajaohjauksen erityispiirteistä ja haasteista

Omistajalähtöisen kulttuurin voimistumisen myötä omistajaohjausjärjestelmät ovat nousseet merkittävään asemaan yritysten toiminnassa. Tämä tutkielma osallistuu omistajaohjauksesta käytävään akateemiseen ja liikkeenjohdolliseen keskusteluun. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata ja ymmärtää asiakasomisteisten osuuskauppojen omistajaohjaukseen liittyviä erityispiirteitä ja haasteita. Tutkimuksen tavoitteisiin pyritään vastaamaan analysoimalla tutkimusta varten kerättyä S-ryhmän alueosuuskauppojen hallintoneuvostojen puheenjohtajien haastatteluista (22 kpl) ja S-ryhmän julkaisemasta kirjallisesta materiaalista koostuvaa laadullista aineistoa. Tutkimuksen mukaan osuuskauppojen omistajaohjaus poikkeaa sijoittajaomisteisten yritysten omistajaohjauksesta paitsi hallintotapaan, rahoitukseen ja omistusoikeuksiin liittyvissä kysymyksissä, myös siinä, että osuuskaupoissa omistajakunta on passiivista, eikä aina edes tiedosta omistajuuttaan. Haasteita osuuskauppojen omistajaohjaukseen tuovat luottamushenkilöiden edustavuuteen ja osaamistasoon, tiedonkulkuun, omistajien lyhyen ja pitkän tähtäimen etujen tasapainottamiseen sekä liikkeenjohdon vallan korostumiseen liittyvät tekijät.

Causality and contagion in peripheral EMU public debt markets: a dynamic approach

Our research aims to analyze the causal relationships in the behavior of public debt issued by peripheral member countries of the European Economic and Monetary Union -EMU-, with special emphasis on the recent episodes of crisis triggered in the eurozone sovereign debt markets since 2009. With this goal in mind, we make use of a database of daily frequency of yields on 10-year government bonds issued by five EMU countries -Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain-, covering the entire history of the EMU from its inception on 1 January 1999 until 31 December 2010. In the first step, we explore the pair-wise causal relationship between yields, both for the whole sample and for changing subsamples of the data, in order to capture the possible time-varying causal relationship. This approach allows us to detect episodes of contagion between yields on bonds issued by different countries. In the second step, we study the determinants of these contagion episodes, analyzing the role played by different factors, paying special attention to instruments that capture the total national debt -domestic and foreign- in each country.

Flexible Multibody Simulation Approach in the Dynamic Analysis of Bone Strains Activity

The objective of this study is to show that bone strains due to dynamic mechanical loading during physical activity can be analysed using the flexible multibody simulation approach. Strains within the bone tissue play a major role in bone (re)modeling. Based on previous studies, it has been shown that dynamic loading seems to be more important for bone (re)modeling than static loading. The finite element method has been used previously to assess bone strains. However, the finite element method may be limited to static analysis of bone strains due to the expensive computation required for dynamic analysis, especially for a biomechanical system consisting of several bodies. Further, in vivo implementation of strain gauges on the surfaces of bone has been used previously in order to quantify the mechanical loading environment of the skeleton. However, in vivo strain measurement requires invasive methodology, which is challenging and limited to certain regions of superficial bones only, such as the anterior surface of the tibia. In this study, an alternative numerical approach to analyzing in vivo strains, based on the flexible multibody simulation approach, is proposed. In order to investigate the reliability of the proposed approach, three 3-dimensional musculoskeletal models where the right tibia is assumed to be flexible, are used as demonstration examples. The models are employed in a forward dynamics simulation in order to predict the tibial strains during walking on a level exercise. The flexible tibial model is developed using the actual geometry of the subject’s tibia, which is obtained from 3 dimensional reconstruction of Magnetic Resonance Images. Inverse dynamics simulation based on motion capture data obtained from walking at a constant velocity is used to calculate the desired contraction trajectory for each muscle. In the forward dynamics simulation, a proportional derivative servo controller is used to calculate each muscle force required to reproduce the motion, based on the desired muscle contraction trajectory obtained from the inverse dynamics simulation. Experimental measurements are used to verify the models and check the accuracy of the models in replicating the realistic mechanical loading environment measured from the walking test. The predicted strain results by the models show consistency with literature-based in vivo strain measurements. In conclusion, the non-invasive flexible multibody simulation approach may be used as a surrogate for experimental bone strain measurement, and thus be of use in detailed strain estimation of bones in different applications. Consequently, the information obtained from the present approach might be useful in clinical applications, including optimizing implant design and devising exercises to prevent bone fragility, accelerate fracture healing and reduce osteoporotic bone loss.

Landslide detection and monitoring capability of boat-based mobile laser scanning along Dieppe coastal cliffs, Normandy

Integrated in a wide research assessing destabilizing and triggering factors to model cliff dynamic along the Dieppe's shoreline in High Normandy, this study aims at testing boat-based mobile LiDAR capabilities by scanning 3D point clouds of the unstable coastal cliffs. Two acquisition campaigns were performed in September 2012 and September 2013, scanning (1) a 30-km-long shoreline and (2) the same test cliffs in different environmental conditions and device settings. The potentials of collected data for 3D modelling, change detection and landslide monitoring were afterward assessed. By scanning during favourable meteorological and marine conditions and close to the coast, mobile LiDAR devices are able to quickly scan a long shoreline with median point spacing up to 10cm. The acquired data are then sufficiently detailed to map geomorphological features smaller than 0.5m2. Furthermore, our capability to detect rockfalls and erosion deposits (>m3) is confirmed, since using the classical approach of computing differences between sequential acquisitions reveals many cliff collapses between Pourville and Quiberville and only sparse changes between Dieppe and Belleville-sur-Mer. These different change rates result from different rockfall susceptibilities. Finally, we also confirmed the capability of the boat-based mobile LiDAR technique to monitor single large changes, characterizing the Dieppe landslide geometry with two main active scarps, retrogression up to 40m and about 100,000m3 of eroded materials.

Determination of Rod and Cone Influence to the Early and Late Dynamic of the Pupillary Light Response.

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify which aspects of the pupil light reflex are most influenced by rods and cones independently by analyzing pupil recordings from different mouse models of photoreceptor deficiency. METHODS: One-month-old wild type (WT), rodless (Rho-/-), coneless (Cnga3-/-), or photoreceptor less (Cnga3-/-; Rho-/- or Gnat1-/-) mice were subjected to brief red and blue light stimuli of increasing intensity. To describe the initial dynamic response to light, the maximal pupillary constriction amplitudes and the derivative curve of the first 3 seconds were determined. To estimate the postillumination phase, the constriction amplitude at 9.5 seconds after light termination was related to the maximal constriction amplitude. RESULTS: Rho-/- mice showed decreased constriction amplitude but more prolonged pupilloconstriction to all blue and red light stimuli compared to wild type mice. Cnga3-/- mice had constriction amplitudes similar to WT however following maximal constriction, the early and rapid dilation to low intensity blue light was decreased. To high intensity blue light, the Cnga3-/- mice demonstrated marked prolongation of the pupillary constriction. Cnga3-/-; Rho-/- mice had no pupil response to red light of low and medium intensity. CONCLUSIONS: From specific gene defective mouse models which selectively voided the rod or cone function, we determined that mouse rod photoreceptors are highly contributing to the pupil response to blue light stimuli but also to low and medium red stimuli. We also observed that cone cells mainly drive the partial rapid dilation of the initial response to low blue light stimuli. Thus photoreceptor dysfunction can be derived from chromatic pupillometry in mouse models.

Student Journalism 2.0 : Testing Models for Participatory Learning in the Digital Age

Many educators and educational institutions have yet to integrate web-based practices into their classrooms and curricula. As a result, it can be difficult to prototype and evaluate approaches to transforming classrooms from static endpoints to dynamic, content-creating nodes in the online information ecosystem. But many scholastic journalism programs have already embraced the capabilities of the Internet for virtual collaboration, dissemination, and reader participation. Because of this, scholastic journalism can act as a test-bed for integrating web-based sharing and collaboration practices into classrooms. Student Journalism 2.0 was a research project to integrate open copyright licenses into two scholastic journalism programs, to document outcomes, and to identify recommendations and remaining challenges for similar integrations. Video and audio recordings of two participating high school journalism programs informed the research. In describing the steps of our integration process, we note some important legal, technical, and social challenges. Legal worries such as uncertainty over copyright ownership could lead districts and administrators to disallow open licensing of student work. Publication platforms among journalism classrooms are far from standardized, making any integration of new technologies and practices difficult to achieve at scale. And teachers and students face challenges re-conceptualizing the role their class work can play online.