989 resultados para Wright, Horace J.


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El presente artículo es una ampliación y reelaboración de la comunicación presentada en el II Encuentro Interdisciplinar sobre Retórica, Texto y Comunicación (Cádiz, 7-10 de diciembre de 1994) titulada: "El valor del diálogo en la sátira de Horacio: el ejemplo de 2.5".

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We described the diet of the eastern stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from 1416 scat samples collected from five sites in Oregon and northern California from 1986 through 2007. A total of 47 prey types from 30 families were identified. The most common prey was Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), followed by salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), skates (Rajidae), Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), herrings (Clupeidae), rockfish (Sebastes spp.), and northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Steller sea lion diet composition varied seasonally, annually, and spatially. Hake and salmonids were the most commonly identified prey in scats collected during the summer (breeding season), whereas hake and skate were most common in the nonbreeding season. Continued research on Steller sea lion diet and foraging behavior in the southern extent of their range is necessary to address issues such as climate change, interaction with competing California sea lions, and predation impacts on valuable or sensitive fish stocks.

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Microsatellites are codominantly inherited nuclear-DNA markers (Wright and Bentzen, 1994) that are now commonly used to assess both stock structure and the effective population size of exploited fishes (Turner et al., 2002; Chistiakov et al., 2006; Saillant and Gold, 2006). Multiplexing is the combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products from multiple loci into a single lane of an electrophoretic gel (Olsen et al., 1996; Neff et al., 2000) and is accomplished either by coamplification of multiple loci in a single reaction (Chamberlain et al., 1988) or by combination of products from multiple single-locus PCR amplifications (Olsen et al., 1996). The advantage of multiplexing micro-satellites lies in the significant reduction in both personnel time (labor) and consumable supplies generally required for large genotyping projects (Neff et al., 2000; Renshaw et al., 2006).

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本论文对沿阶草族Ophiopogoneae(Endl.)Kunth的研究历史作了回顾,从染色体、形态学和解剖学角度对此族作了研究,并作了数值分类和分支 系统学分析的尝试,在此基础上探讨了这个族的系统学问题. 1)本论文对此族三属37种123居群的染色体数目、基数及核型不对称性作了研究,其中19种的染色体为首次报道.它们是:P.macrostegiaHance, P.yunnanensis Wang et Tang,P.ophiopogonoides Wang et Tang,O. sarmentosus Wang et Dai,O.tienensis Wang et Tang, O.sylvicola Wang et Tang, O.fooningensis Wang et Dai, O.mairei L6vl.,O.szechuanensis Wang et Tang, O.angustiatus (Wang et Tang) S.C.Chen, O.amblyphyllus Wang et Dai,O.clavatus Wright ex Oliver,O.clivioidesD.M.Zhang et Hong, O.longiscaposus D.M.Zhang et Hong,O.umbraticola Hance,O.fuiD.M.Zhang ntHong,O.zingiberaceus Wang et Dai,O.gangxiensisd.M.Zhang et Hong,O. lo fouense L6vl. 2)在此族中首次报道了2n = 2x = 34的异基数二倍体,同时在O.umbraticola,O.japonicus,O.cLarkei中报道了2n=68的异基数二倍体,过核型和减数分裂等证明异基数是在二倍体水平上形成,并发展成倍性系列的. 3)在此族中首次报道了B染色体的存在,已确证了两种(P.macrostegia和D.tienensis).一种尚需进一步确证(O.Larkei). 4)通过对随体位置的系统研究,发现在此族中随体位置具有分类价值. 5)通过对8个种内多倍体、4个多倍体种的研究,表明多倍体分布于较北、海拔较高的地方,而亚洲热带地区的种,则无多倍体,同时在具异基数种类和核型较不对称种类上亦有这种分布特征;在确定了分布的多度中心的基础上,提出喜马拉雅_横断山脉到川西、川南一带是沿阶草属和山麦冬属的近代分化中心. 6)通过染色体结构和数目几个角度的研究,表明球子草属与其他两属在。染色体水平上已发生很大分化,但其属内的分化则不表现在染色体上.其他二属内部则有基数、倍性和核型不对称方面的分化.综观此族,染色体具有由核 型对称向不对称、由二倍体向多倍体、由种内多倍体向多倍体种,由单一基数向种内异基数几个方向进化的趋势. 7)通过对此族的形态观察和分析,提出茎或根状茎分枝方式是属下分类的重要依据;认为本族植物的花序是由圆锥花序简化而来,但残留着圆锥花序特征;并提出了本族花、茎、叶、根几个方面的形态演化趋势. 8)通过对此族二属21种的子房解剖,发现三属均有半下位子房,因而认为子房半下位作为分属检索性状是不合适的.此外还观察到子房着生位置在种内亦有变异,对这种变异的意义进行了探讨. 9)通过此族三属46种2变种的数值分类处理,表明本族由球子草群和沿阶草一山麦冬群两大类群组成,山麦冬属仅是与沿阶草属一个组(葶花组)并列的分类单元,其内部分化较小,而沿阶草属则较大. 10)通过46个性状计算了山麦冬属和沿阶草属共6个广布的“群内总体相 似度”(IOS),表明山麦冬属3个种种内个体之间、种间个体之间的分化很小,且可能有杂交现象,结合染色体资料和分布特征,认为这个属的发生是个相当晚近的事件. 11)本文从形态和染色体角度,认为沿阶草族是一个自然类群;由分支系 统学分析表明,此族由二个单系类群(球子草属和沿阶草属)组成,沿阶草属含两个单系的组,其中各含3个系,山麦冬属为其中一个系.这一结果与数值 分类结果和染色体资料相符. 12)为避免单一分类方法可能导致的不合理结果,本文以自拟的一种综合分类方法,把谱系、进化、分化诸因素均予考虑,得出一个三维图象,以图象 上相对等径的球作为分类依据,得出的结果与分支系统学和数值分类结果基本一致.因此,山麦冬属作为与沿阶草属等阶的分类地位,应予重新考虑. 13)本文最后对这个族的全面修订提出几点建议. 14)此外,本文还描述了沿阶草属4个新种.