Novel probiotics and prebiotics : road to the market

Novel probiotics and prebiotics designed to manipulate the gut microbiota for improving health outcomes are in demand as the importance of the gut microbiota in human health is revealed. The regulations governing introduction of novel probiotics and prebiotics vary by geographical region. Novel foods and foods with health claims fall under specific regulations in several countries. The paper reviews the main requirements of the regulations in the EU, USA, Canada and Japan. We propose a number of areas that need to be addressed in any safety assessment of novel probiotics and prebiotics. These include publication of the genomic sequence, antibiotic resistance profiling, selection of appropriate in vivo model, toxicological studies (including toxin production) and definition of target population.

Probiotics and prebiotics: prospects for public health and nutritional recommendations

Probiotics and prebiotics are useful interventions for improving human health through direct or indirect effects on the colonizing microbiota. However, translation of these research findings into nutritional recommendations and public health policy endorsements has not been achieved in a manner consistent with the strength of the evidence. More progress has been made with clinical recommendations. Conclusions include that beneficial cultures, including probiotics and live cultures in fermented foods, can contribute towards the health of the general population; prebiotics, in part due to their function as a special type of soluble fiber, can contribute to the health of the general population; and a number of challenges must be addressed in order to fully realize probiotic and prebiotic benefits, including the need for greater awareness of the accumulated evidence on probiotics and prebiotics among policy makers, strategies to cope with regulatory roadblocks to research, and high-quality human trials that address outstanding research questions in the field.

Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic.

An expert panel was convened in October 2013 by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) to discuss the field of probiotics. It is now 13 years since the definition of probiotics and 12 years after guidelines were published for regulators, scientists and industry by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WHO (FAO/WHO). The FAO/WHO definition of a probiotic—“live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”—was reinforced as relevant and sufficiently accommodating for current and anticipated applications. However, inconsistencies between the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation Report and the FAO/WHO Guidelines were clarified to take into account advances in science and applications. A more precise use of the term 'probiotic' will be useful to guide clinicians and consumers in differentiating the diverse products on the market. This document represents the conclusions of the ISAPP consensus meeting on the appropriate use and scope of the term probiotic.

Large variability of proanthocyanidin content and composition in sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia)

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) are of interest to ameliorate the sustainability of livestock production. However, sainfoin forage yield and PA concentrations, as well as their composition, require optimization. Individual plants of 27 sainfoin accessions from four continents were analyzed with LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS for PA concentrations and simple phenolic compounds. Large variability existed in PA concentrations (23.0–47.5 mg g–1 leaf dry matter (DM)), share of prodelphinidins (79–96%), and mean degree of polymerization (11–14) among, but also within, accessions. PAs were mainly located in leaves (26.8 mg g–1 DM), whereas stems had less PAs (7.8 mg g–1 DM). Overall, high-yielding plants had lower PA leaf concentrations (R2 = 0.16, P < 0.001) and fewer leaves (R2 = 0.66, P < 0.001). However, the results show that these two trade-offs between yield and bioactive PAs can be overcome.

Binding of an oligomeric ellagitannin series to bovine serum albumin (BSA): analysis by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)

A unique series of oligomeric ellagitannins was used to study their interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by isothermal titration calorimetry. Oligomeric ellagitannins, ranging from monomer to heptamer and a mixture of octamer–undecamers, were isolated as individual pure compounds. This series allowed studying the effects of oligomer size and other structural features. The monomeric to trimeric ellagitannins deviated most from the overall trends. The interactions of ellagitannin oligomers from tetramers to octa–undecamers with BSA revealed strong similarities. In contrast to the equilibrium binding constant, enthalpy showed an increasing trend from the dimer to larger oligomers. It is likely that first the macrocyclic part of the ellagitannin binds to the defined binding sites on the protein surface and then the “flexible tail” of the ellagitannin coats the protein surface. The results highlight the importance of molecular flexibility to maximize binding between the ellagitannin and protein surfaces.

A new calibrated sunspot group series since 1749: statistics of active day fractions

Although the sunspot-number series have existed since the mid-19th century, they are still the subject of intense debate, with the largest uncertainty being related to the "calibration" of the visual acuity of individual observers in the past. Daisy-chain regression methods are applied to inter-calibrate the observers which may lead to significant bias and error accumulation. Here we present a novel method to calibrate the visual acuity of the key observers to the reference data set of Royal Greenwich Observatory sunspot groups for the period 1900-1976, using the statistics of the active-day fraction. For each observer we independently evaluate their observational thresholds [S_S] defined such that the observer is assumed to miss all of the groups with an area smaller than S_S and report all the groups larger than S_S. Next, using a Monte-Carlo method we construct, from the reference data set, a correction matrix for each observer. The correction matrices are significantly non-linear and cannot be approximated by a linear regression or proportionality. We emphasize that corrections based on a linear proportionality between annually averaged data lead to serious biases and distortions of the data. The correction matrices are applied to the original sunspot group records for each day, and finally the composite corrected series is produced for the period since 1748. The corrected series displays secular minima around 1800 (Dalton minimum) and 1900 (Gleissberg minimum), as well as the Modern grand maximum of activity in the second half of the 20th century. The uniqueness of the grand maximum is confirmed for the last 250 years. It is shown that the adoption of a linear relationship between the data of Wolf and Wolfer results in grossly inflated group numbers in the 18th and 19th centuries in some reconstructions.

Programa postural para escolares do ensino fundamental

É sabido que crianças e adolescentes podem ser acometidas de dor nas costas de forma aguda ou até mesmo crônica (SALMINEN, PENTTI E TERHO, 1992; KRISTJÁNDÓTTIR, 1996; WEDDERKOPP et al. 2001). Essa ocorrência muitas vezes está associada às atividades escolares que fazem parte do cotidiano desta população (SOUZA, ÁVILA E MORO, 1999; GRIMMER E WILLIAMS, 2000). Os programas de prevenção, baseados nos princípios da Escola Postural (SOUZA, 1996), podem ser uma alternativa para minimizar os efeitos provocados pela repetição excessiva dos movimentos, na medida em que os discute e pratica de forma biomecanicamente adaptada a sua realidade (MÉNDEZ E GÓMEZ-CONESA, 2001; CARDON, DE CLERCQ E BOURDEAUDHUIJ, 2002). Este trabalho situa-se nessa perspectiva. Seu objetivo foi verificar a influência do Programa Postural para Escolares do Ensino Fundamental na (1) execução e (2) aplicação das Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD’S) dos escolares, na (3) forma como percebem e justificam suas posturas frente a algumas tarefas escolares cotidianas e na (4) Amplitude de Movimento Articular do tornozelo, quadril e coluna lombar. A amostra foi composta de um grupo controle (n=29; idade média=15,38 anos ±0,97) e um grupo experimental (n=32; idade média=14 anos ±0,93), selecionados intencionalmente. O Programa postural consistiu em vinte encontros de 50 minutos cada, duas vezes por semana. Os encontros eram teórico-práticos e abordavam as atividades de vida diária relacionadas ao cotidiano escolar: sentar, permanecer sentado, permanecer sentado para escrever em sala de aula, transportar o material escolar e pegar objetos leves e pesados do chão Foram seis os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o programa: (1) Observação das Atividades de Vida Diária através de Vídeo (ROCHA e SOUZA, 1999); (2) Questionário sobre as Atividades de Vida Diária – Versão para os Escolares; (3) Observação da Postura Sentada para Escrever em Sala de Aula; (4) Questionário sobre as Atividades de Vida Diária – Versão para os Pais; (5) Entrevista sobre as respostas dos escolares ao seus questionários sobre as AVD’S e (6) mensuração da Amplitude de Movimento Articular do tornozelo, quadril e coluna lombar. Os grupos realizaram todas as avaliações tanto no pré-teste quanto no pós-teste mas apenas o grupo experimental participou do programa postural. Os resultados mostraram que o Programa Postural influenciou significativamente o grupo experimental nas Atividades de Vida Diária (Instrumento 1; p≤0,004), nas tarefas de sentar e sentar para escrever (Instrumento 2; p≤0,02) e na postura sentada para escrever em sala de aula (Instrumento 3; p=0,001). Além disso, as respostas dos alunos às entrevistas mostraram que houve modificação qualitativa na forma de analisar as posições assumidas no ambiente escolar. Não foi observada influência estatisticamente significativa do Programa no questionário sobre as atividades de vida diária – versão para os pais (Instrumento 4) e na avaliação das amplitudes de movimento articular (Instrumento 6). Concluiu-se com este estudo que o Programa Postural para Escolares do Ensino Fundamental foi eficiente na melhoria da execução das AVD’s dos participantes, especialmente nos atos de sentar e permanecer sentado para escrever, assim como, na aplicação da postura sentada para escrever em sala de aula.

Microbes as engines of ecosystem function : When does community structure enhance predictions of ecosystem processes?

Peer reviewed

Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevelser av att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende : en kvalitativ intervjustudie

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende är ett sedan länge förekommande fenomen som kan vara framträdande hos patienter med en oförmåga att reglera affekter. Det innebär ett lidande för patienterna och det bidrar till en känslomässig påverkan hos sjuksköterskorna. För att skapa en gynnsam omvårdnadsrelation behövs resurser, kunskap, kompetens och stöd för sjuksköterskorna i omvårdnaden. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter och upplevelser av att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Data samlades in från sex sjuksköterskor genom kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer med stöd av en intervjuguide. Materialet har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det framkom fyra kategorier "Att självskada", "Behov av kompetens", "Ge omvårdnad" och "Känslomässig påverkan". Sjuksköterskorna lyfte svårigheter i omvårdnaden, behovet av kompetens och den känslomässiga påverkan de drabbades av i mötet med patienter med självskadebeteende. Slutsats: Självskadebeteende skapar många olika känslor hos sjuksköterskorna, både positiva och negativa. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att patienter med självskadebeteende var en svår, men intressant grupp att arbeta med. Tidsbrist, stress och upprepade självskadehandlingar var påfrestande och de känslor som uppkom hos sjuksköterskorna var inte alltid lätta för dem att hantera. Sjuksköterskorna poängterade vikten av att fånga upp patienter i tid men beskrev även svårigheterna i att kunna göra det. Sjuksköterskorna efterfrågade utökat stöd, kunskap och bättre resurser för att känna sig trygga i sin yrkesroll samt för att kunna erbjuda patienter med självskadebeteende en god och säker omvårdnad.

Cyber security in home and small office local area networks - Attack vectors and vulnerabilities

This thesis presents security issues and vulnerabilities in home and small office local area networks that can be used in cyber-attacks. There is previous research done on single vulnerabilities and attack vectors, but not many papers present full scale attack examples towards LAN. First this thesis categorizes different security threads and later in the paper methods to launch the attacks are shown by example. Offensive security and penetration testing is used as research methods in this thesis. As a result of this thesis an attack is conducted using vulnerabilities in WLAN, ARP protocol, browser as well as methods of social engineering. In the end reverse shell access is gained to the target machine. Ready-made tools are used in the attack and their inner workings are described. Prevention methods are presented towards the attacks in the end of the thesis.

Kioskikirjallisuuden suomentamisen historiaa. Esimerkkitapauksena Ed McBainin The Pusher ja sen suomennokset

Tutkielmani käsittelee kioskikirjallisuuden suomennosten historiaa ja sitä, miten kioskikirjasarjoissa julkaistuja teoksia on suomennosvaiheessa lyhennetty. Suomessa on tehty vain vähän akateemista tutkimusta kioskikirjallisuudesta. Varsinkin siitä, miten ja millaisissa oloissa kioskikirjoja on suomennettu, on vain vähän tietoa. Tutkielman teoreettinen pohja on deskriptiivinen käännöstutkimus. Tutkin kioskikirjallisuutta aikakautensa ilmiönä ja pohdin sitä, miten aikakauden normit ja suomentajien asema ovat vaikuttaneet kioskikirjallisuuden suomennoksiin. Hyödynnän myös Gideon Touryn käännösnormeihin liittyvää tutkimusta. Pohdin tutkimuksessani lisäksi sitä, toteutuuko uudelleenkäännöshypoteesi tutkimissani suomennoksissa. Tutkielman empiirisessä osassa analysoin sitä, miten kioskikirjoja on lyhennetty ja mitä niihin on lisätty suomennosvaiheessa. Tutkimusmateriaalina on Ed McBainin teos The Pusher (1956) ja sen kaksi suomennosta, Vaasa Oy:n Ilves-sarjassa julkaistu Poikani on narkomaani? (1963, suom. Uolevi Maajärvi) ja Grammamies (1973, suom. Kalevi Nyytäjä). Sain tutkimuksessani selville, että Uolevi Maajärven suomennokseen tekemät poistot kohdistuivat pääasiassa seuraavanlaisiin tekstisegmentteihin: muistelu, kielellinen leikittely, epämiellyttäviksi koetut aiheet, toistoa sisältävät kappaleet, poliisitutkimuksen kuvaus ja henkilöhahmojen välisen vuorovaikutuksen kuvaus. Maajärvi oli myös lisännyt suomennokseensa kääntäjän huomautuksia. Maajärven suomennokseen tekemät poistot ja lisäykset eivät vaikeuttaneet kirjan pääjuonen seuraamista, mutta niiden kautta teoksesta katosi Ed McBainin kirjoitustyylille ominaisia aspekteja, kuten tarkat poliisitoiminnan kuvaukset. Maajärven suomennosta on todennäköisesti ensisijaisesti lyhennetty, jotta se sopisi pituudeltaan paremmin kustantajan kirjasarjaan. Suomennokseen tehdyissä poistoissa voidaan kuitenkin nähdä mm. suomentajan itsesensuuria. Kalevi Nyytäjän suomennos noudatti pääsääntöisesti alkuperäistekstiä. Käännösanalyysin perusteella suomennosten julkaisuajankohtien välisen vuosikymmenen aikana on tapahtunut selkeitä muutoksia, esimerkiksi tabu-aiheiden kääntämiseen liittyvissä normeissa. Käännösvertailun perusteella tutkimusmateriaalini tuki jossain määrin uudelleenkääntämishypoteesin olettamusta, jonka mukaan uudemmat käännökset ovat ensimmäisiä käännöksiä vieraannuttavampia.