Proposta d’un text articulat sobre teoria general del contracte per al Llibre sisè del Codi Civil de Catalunya

El treball que es presenta conté un text articulat sobre la part de teoria general del contracte (arts. 612-1 i següents) del llibre sisè del Codi Civil de Catalunya. El procés de codificació civil que es viu a Catalunya justifica aquest treball, que podria ser útil per a elaboració del llibre sisè del CCCat dedicat a les obligacions i els contractes. El treball consta d’una proposta de text articulat, amb el seus respectius comentaris a cada article. Es tracta del capítol segon del títol primer del llibre sisè, i es divideix en les següents seccions: 1) El contracte, els seus elements essencials, i la seva eficàcia; 2) La formació del contracte; 3) La interpretació del contracte; i 4) La ineficàcia del contracte, que inclou l’anàlisi dels vicis del consentiment. El treball ha pres com a referència les principals propostes d’harmonització del dret contractual (Principis Unidroit [PICC], Principis de Dret Contractual Europeu [PECL], Marc Comú de Referència [DCFR], i l’Instrument Opcional sobre Compravenda Europea [CESL] i la regulació dels codis més moderns (entre ells, el del Quebec, l’Holandès, el Portuguès o l’Italià) i les seves propostes de reforma (el projecte Terrè a França, i la Propuesta de Modificación del Código Civil Español en materia de obligaciones y contratos). En la proposta presentada s’incorporen institucions no regulades en el Codi civil espanyol actualment vigent a Catalunya en la seva condició de dret supletori, i s’omplen algunes llacunes d’aquest cos legal. Es poden citar, entre elles, les clàusules abusives dels contractes, el canvi en les circumstàncies essencials del contracte, el contracte per a persona per designar, la responsabilitat per culpa in contrahendo, les cartes d’intencions, el règim de l’oferta i l’acceptació del contracte, els contractes preparatoris, els drets de preferència, la possibilitat d’anul·lació del contracte per concessió d’un avantatge injust a alguna de les parts, i el règim dels contractes en frau de creditors.

La Declaració quebequesa sobre els arxius en català: unir-se per reaccionar i actuar

Entre 2003 i 2005, els 1.000 arxivers quebequesos que treballaven en els 300 serveis d'arxius i que estaven agrupats en 9 associacions, es van unir per reaccionar davant de certes situacions o per actuar sobre el seu entorn. Aquestes accions els fan prendre conciència de la seva força col·lectiva i els inciten a treballar en la redacció d'una Declaració quebequesa sobre els arxius per traduir la seva implicació professional i les seves ganes de treballar per a la constitució, la conservació i la valorització dels arxius de la seva societat.

Fiktiivisen kirjallisuuden maailmasta monikulttuuriseen Suomeen. Ennakointikertomus kirjallisuudenopetuksen ja monikulttuurisuuskasvatuksen välineenä

From the world of fiction literature into multi-cultural Finland. Anticipatory story as an educational tool in teaching of literature and multiculturalism The research clarifies the relationship between reading fiction literature and multicultural value education in basic education. The research focuses on the subject didactics of mother tongue and literature and on the literature teaching in particular. The objective is to develop a method that is easily transferable into a teaching context so as to intensify the educational discussion based on fiction literature. In essence, understanding fiction literature and the ethical and moral thinking resemble one another, because both of them aim at empathizing with the thinking of a person or with a situation foreign to oneself. For this reason fiction literature is ideally suited for the discussion on ethical and moral values within a subject entity in the basic education. The empirical unit of the research consists of two parts. The first part explains how youth novels published in the years 1993 – 2007 describe multiculturalism in Finnish society. Books on multiculturalism are still few in number within youth literature, and people with a foreign background are mainly minor or background characters in such literary works. Nevertheless, youth novels serve well as a starting point for an educational discussion about multicultural issues. More often than not characters in youth novels are stereotypes and even opposite to each other. The juxtaposing makes a young reader question the stereotypes associated with immigrants. Besides the stereotype, reference to a prototype or a model is possible. The second part tests the usefulness of an anticipatory story based on a fictive text for an educational discussion about multicultural issues. The empirical material was collected from the eighth-grade teaching groups in basic education as follows: one teaching group was an immigrant group, the second one a group of Finns with experience of immigrants while the third group of students had hardly any experience of immigrants. The anticipatory stories were written on the basis of extracts from youth novels with multicultural themes. The material collected for a total of 120 anticipatory stories was analysed by using meaning cue analysis. Using the meaning cue analysis, the anticipatory stories were divided into three groups: stories with predominantly positive meaning cues of interculturalism, ambivalent stories with both positive and negative meaning cues of interculturalism and the stories with predominantly negative meaning cues of interculturalism. The meaning cues produced by girls and boys differ from one another, in particular, by the negative meaning cues of interculturalism. For girls, the predominant meaning cue is fear whereas for boys, it is that of violence. It would also seem that the students, in particular, boys with little experience of immigrants produce more negative meaning cues of interculturalism than do immigrants or Finnish students with experience of immigrants. Further still, it seems that active reading of fiction literature affects the meaning cues of interculturalism in an ambivalent direction. In the way of youth novels this is understandable, because youth novels in general are made up of opposite characters and meaning cues. The less the student takes an interest in reading, the more he used meaning cues from outside the parent text for his anticipatory story. No doubt it would be possible to use fiction literature in the literature education to a much higher extent than it is being used today whereby the literature could be used in basic education for reviewing subject entities or study contents of other study subjects. By way of an anticipatory story and the meaning cue analysis, it is possible to intensify the educational discussions based on fiction literature. However, using fiction literature in the literature education requires consideration of the specific genre of fiction literature.

Soraääniä, sitaatteja ja suunnitelmallisuutta. Moniäänisyys Eira Stenbergin romaanituotannossa

Tutkin väitöskirjassani Eira Stenbergin (s. 1943) romaanituotannon moniäänisyyttä, joka liittyy niin subjektiin, kertomisen prosessiin kuin todellisuuskäsityksiin. Aineistonani ovat Stenbergin 1980–1990-luvulla kirjoittamat, tutkimusongelmani kannalta keskeiseen ajanjaksoon kuuluvat romaanit Paratiisin vangit (1984), Häikäisy (1987), Kuun puutarhat (1990) sekä Gulliverin tytär (1993). 1980-luvulla postmodernista tuli kirjallisen kulttuurin keskeisimpiä aiheita Suomessa, ja subjektista tuli ongelma jopa siinä määrin että puhuttiin sen kuolemasta. Ääni oli 1980-luvulla osa subjektia koskevaa keskustelua: yhtäältä nousevan feministisen liikkeen identiteettipoliittisena ja emansipatorisena metaforana, toisaalta jälkistrukturalismin antihumanismin uhkakuvana, joka koski subjektin ääntä alkuperän lähteenä ja persoonan ilmaisuna. Äänen käsitteen voidaan katsoa implikoivan jonkinlaista käsitystä subjektista, ja tarkastelenkin tutkimuksessani erityisesti henkilöhahmoja, kertojia ja kertomisen prosessia, mutta myös tekijän suunnitelmallisuutta ja kuulijaa kohti orientoitumista. Yhdistelen tutkimuksessani retorista kertomuksen teoriaa dekonstruktioon sekä feministisiin subjektiteorioihin. Myös Mihail Bahtinin käsitys moniäänisestä romaanista on työssäni keskeinen. Problematisoin tutkimuksessani äänen kytköksen sisimmän ilmaisuun, omistamiseen ja auktoriteettiin ja ymmärrän sen keskustelualueena, jossa kohtaavat erilaiset arvot ja näkemykset maailmasta. Tällöin kaikenkattava puhe subjektin kuolemasta sekä käsitykset 1980-luvun kirjallisuudesta maailmasta vieraantuneena ja yksityisen alueelle vetäytyvänä problematisoituvat. Stenbergin tuotannon perusteella voi sanoa, että kirjallisuuden äänet saavat merkityksensä vasta erilaisina äänensävyinä konkreettisissa ja ainutkertaisissa konteksteissa. Tämä viittaa tarpeeseen ymmärtää kirjallisuusteoreettisessa keskustelussa usein historiattomana ja universaalina nähty käsite historiaan paikantuneena: eivät vain erityiset aineistot, vaan myös erityiset kontekstit määrittelevät äänen saamia merkityksiä.

Recueil sur la marine et les colonies, de 1643 à 1769.

Contient : 1 « Decouverte de la terre australe par Abel Tasman » ; 2 Acte de LOUIS XIV, par lequel il règle les conditions dans lesquelles les « chefs d'escadre et capitaines de la marine qui seront nommez et choisis par » le « duc de Vandome » pour « courre sur les ennemis de l'Estat, nettoyer la mer des pirattes de Tunis et d'Alger et les prendre pour renforcer la chiourme de ses galleres », exerceront leur commission. « Donné à Vincennes, le XVIIIe jour d'octobre 1656 » ; 3 « Instruction au sieur de Fricambaud, en execution de l'ordonnance du roy, dont copie est cy dessus transcripte... Faict à Annet, le XXIIIIe jour d'octobre 1656. Signé : CESAR DE VANDOSME. Et, à costé, est escrit, de la main de S. A. : Instruction pour le sieur de Fricambaud, chef d'escadre allant en course pour le service du roy avec le vaisseau le Soleil, qui est à S. M. Et, plus bas : Par monseigneur Chappellain, et scellé du seau des armes de Sad. Altesse » ; 4 « Pensées d'un zelé François pour le bien de sa patrie, sur le project mis en lumière touchant le commerce des Indes orientales » ; 5 « Memoire de M. CLAUDE BLOT touchant la navigation et commerce, du 3e de may 1664. Pour monseigneur Du Fresne » ; 6 « Memoire sur les offres faittes de la part des Espagnols pour composer une compagnie de commerce pour les Indes, avec divers princes d'Allemagne » ; 7 « Memoire general de l'estat et scituation de l'isle St-Domingue, sa grandeur, le nombre de familles que la partie françoise de ceste isle peut entretenir, la bonté de ses portz, les differentes cultures qu'on y peut faire, et celles qui sont les plus necessaires ou utilles à l'Estat, les bestiaux qu'on y peut eslever, les differentes sortes de bois qui y croissent, et ce qu'il convient de faire pour les conserver et les perpetuer... A Paris, le 2e Xbre 1717 ». Signé : « DE LA BOULAYE ». — Au dos on lit : « Mss. venant de Mr Fevret de Fontette, conseiller au parlement de Dijon, mon parent et ami, sur l'ille de Saint-Domingue ». Original ; 8 Supplique adressée « à monseigneur de Pontchartrain » par « la femme du Sr Du Casse, gouverneur de Saint-Domingue », pour se plaindre des procédés de « Mr de Pointis » ; 9 Récit du siège et de la prise de Carthagène, en Colombie, par « Mr de Pointis » et « Mr Du Casse », gouverneur de S. Domingue, en 1697 ; 10 « Proposition pour la descouverte des terres australles... inconneues » et l'établissement d'une « mission chrestienne » en ces contrées, adressée à « Messieurs de la compagnie françoise des Indes Orientales » par « quelques particuliers ecclesiastiques et autres » ; 11 « Notes sur une partie des côtes de l'isle de Madagascar, depuis la pointe d'Itapere jusqu'à la baye d'Andrahomenu » ; 12 « Memoire touchant ce que l'on a fait esperer de la part du roy pour la formation d'une compagnie des terres australles, pour en faire la descouverte, y passer des colonies françoises et y annoncer l'Evangile » ; 13 « Copie d'un edit de creation d'un conseil souverain en la Nouvelle France, à Quebec ». Acte de LOUIS XIV. 1662 ; 14 « Monnoyes des Yndes » qui ont « cours dans tous les pays de la domination du Mogol... Diverses espèces de monnoye ayant cours dans tout le royaume de Perse » ; 15 « Bibliothèque de Mr le marquis de Quincye. Lettre mss. ecritte à M. Rollin, ancien recteur de l'Université de Paris, professeur d'eloquence au Collège royal, sur le lac Moeris d'Egipte... A Paris, le 30 juillet 1736 » ; 16 Lettre non signée d'un gentilhomme, qui semble être officier dans un régiment de l'Ile de France, dont le gouverneur était alors « Mr Des Roches ». Cette lettre, marquée « Duplicata », est adressée par ledit gentilhomme à sa femme. Il semble engagé à l'Ile de France dans une entreprise de mines de fer et de forges, et sa femme, restée à Paris, est en relation avec le Palais-Royal et les princesses de la maison d'Orléans. La lettre, en partie chiffrée, est datée « De Mondesir, à l'Isle de France, le 20 novembre 1769 ». Il y est fait allusion plusieurs fois à des passages du Voyage autour du monde de Bougainville ; 17 « Observations concernant la terre australe, tirées des ordres que la compagnie hollandaise des Indes Orientales donne aux capitaines et pilotes qu'elle envoye annuellement aux Grandes Indes et à leur fameuse Batavia » ; 18 « Memoire pour adjouster à l'instruction de S. M. envoyée le 22e decembre dernier au Sr commandeur de Neuchèses, intendant general de la navigation et commerce de France, commandant l'armée navalle de S. M... Faict à Paris, le 7e jour de febvrier 1662 »

Recueil de pièces, mss. et imprimées, sur l'histoire d'Amérique, formé par le P. Léonard de Ste-Catherine de Sienne, Augustin déchaussé.

Contient : Mémoire adressé au Roy par le sr Champlain. Impr. in-4° ; Notes sur le Canada et l'évêché de Quebec ; « Information concernant l'affaire de Darien en 1699 ; » copie de l'imprimé ; « Les costes aux environs de la rivière de Misisipi, découvertes par Mr de la Salle en 1683,... par N. de Fer. 1701. » Carte et texte gravés ; Pièces diverses sur le fleuve Mississipi, parmi lesquelles une copie de la « lettre de M. d'Iberville, ou relation de son voyage... à l'embouchure du fleuve de Mississipi... 1699 ; » — fol. 49 : « Journal du voyage fait [à l'embouchure de la rivière de Mississipi] par... M. d'Iberville et le chevalier de Surgères... » (1698-1699) ; — fol. 107 : « Croquis du Mississipy..., par le sr Tonty... 1700 ; » — fol. 108 : « Campagne du vaisseau de la Renommée, en 1699 et 1700, sur la rivière de Mississipi » ; — fol. 119 : « Extrait de la relation des avantures et voyages de Mathieu Sàgean, 1701 ; » — fol. 127 : « Letre historique touchant le Mississipi, écrite à Paris, le 6 aoust 1702, par M. de Remonville » ; « Relation du voyage du sr de Beauchesne au Chilli, dans la mer du sud de l'Amérique, par le destroit de Magellan... » (1698-1701) ; Autre relation du même ; « Mémoire pour la découverte et la conqueste des pays de Quivira et de Thequaye dans l'Amérique septentrionale » ; Copie d'une lettré anonyme sur un voyage de Porto-Rico à Carthagène et sur les combats livrés à la flotte anglaise (1702)

Gender bias in the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMMS) for Canadian students /

This study is a secondary data analysis of the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMSS) to determine if there is a gender bias, unbalanced number of items suited to the cognitive skill of one gender, and to compare performance by location. Results of the Grade 8, math portion of the test were examined. Items were coded as verbal, spatial, verbal /spatial or neither and as conventional or unconventional. A Kruskal- Wallis was completed for each category, comparing performance of students from Ontario, Quebec, and Singapore. A Factor Analysis was completed to determine if there were item categories with similar characteristics. Gender differences favouring males were found in the verbal conventional category for Canadian students and in the spatial conventional category for students in Quebec. The greatest differences were by location, as students in Singapore outperformed students from Canada in all areas except for the spatial unconventional category. Finally, whether an item is conventional or unconventional is more important than whether the item is verbal or spatial. Results show the importance of fair assessment for the genders in both the classroom and on standardized tests.

An examination of Simone de Beauvoir's theme of situated embodiment

Abstract This thesis is an examination of Simone de Beauvoir's theme of situated embodiment. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate that the theme of situated embodiment was a concern of Beauvoir's since early childhood and that it was this interest which was the impetus for Beauvoir's later philosophical notion of authentic embodiment. Through the examination of Beauvoir's autobiographies it becomes evident that Beauvoir consistently demonstrates an early awareness that one's situation will be expressed through one's body. This idea is also present in Beauvoir's novels. In the novels it is shown that many of the characters are struggling within authentic embodiment. Beauvoir also fictionalizes many of her own experiences in the novels. These novels are used as concrete examples of Beauvoir's philosophy. Through Beauvoir's philosophical works it becomes evident that authentic embodiment will include the notions of freedom, ambiguity, and reciprocity. All are crucial when trying to live an authentic existence. Beauvoir's philosophy also focuses on marginalized groups who are in the position ofthe Other. One of the marginalized groups studied are women, and this thesis investigates Beauvoir's understanding of why woman is in the position of the Other. This thesis also addresses two feminist criticisms of Beauvoir's study on women. These criticisms are argued against in an effort to defend the notion ofauthentic situated embodiment as delineated in the first three chapters. Overall it is established that Beauvoir's early experiences allowed for her to form the philosophical idea of situated embodiment that lies at the core of her philosophy.

Fifth series of historical documents : [All relating to the War of 1812].

Published under the auspices of "The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec".

Women’s Literary Club of St. Catharines Fonds

The Women's Literary Club of St. Catharines was founded in 1892 by a local author, Emma Harvey (Mrs. J.G.) Currie (1829-1913) and held its last official meeting on February 19, 1994. The Club developed, flourished and eventually waned. After more than one hundred successful years, the last members deposited the Club's archives at Brock University for the benefit of researchers, scholars and the larger community. The ‘object of the Club’ was established as “the promotion of literary pursuits.” The Club was a non-profit social organization composed of predominantly white, upper middle class women from the St. Catharines and surrounding areas. Club meetings were traditionally held fortnightly from March to December each year. The last meeting of the year was a celebration of their Club anniversary. The early meetings of the Club include papers presented and music performed by Club members. The literary pursuits that would dominate the agendas for the entire life of the Club reflected an interest in selected authors, national and local history, classical history, musical performances and current cultural and newsworthy events. For example in 1893 a typical meeting agendas would contain papers on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Hawaii, Brook Farm, Miss Louisa May Alcott and “Education of Women 100 years Ago.” Within the first year of the Club’s existence, detailed minute books became the norm and an annual agenda or program developed. The WLC collection contains a near complete set of meeting minutes from 1892 until 1995 and a comprehensive collection of yearly programs from 1983-1967 which members took great care to publish each year. Mrs. Currie brought together a group of women with a shared interest in literature and history, who wanted to pursue that interest in a formal and structured manner. She was well educated and influenced at an early age by her tutor and mentor William Kirby, local historian, writer and newspaper editor from Niagara-on-the-Lake. While Currie’s private education influenced her love of literature and history, the Club movement of the 1890’s offered a more public forum for her to share knowledge and learning with other women. Mrs. Currie was the wife of St. Catharines lawyer, James G. Currie, who also served as a Member of Parliament for the county of Lincoln. Mrs. W.H. McClive, who was also married to a St. Catharines lawyer, worked closely with Currie and they began research into the possibility of a literary Club in St. Catharines. Currie corresponded with a variety of literary Clubs across North America before she and Mrs.McClive tagged onto the momentum of the Club movement and published “A Clarion call for Women of St. Catharines To Form a Literary Club” in the local paper The St. Catharines Evening Journal. in 1892 and asked like Clubs to publish the news of their new Club. The early years of the WLC set the foundation of how the Club meetings and events would unfold for the next 80 plus years. Photos and minutes from the first ten years reveal an excitement and interest in organized Club outings. One particular event, an annual pilgrimage to the homestead of Laura Secord, became a yearly celebration for the Club. Club President, Mrs. Currie’s own personal work on Laura Secord amplified the Club’s interest in the ‘heroine of 1812’ and she allocated the profits from her publication on Secord in order to create a commemorative plaque/monument in the name of Laura Secord. The Club celebrated this event with a regular pilgrimage to this site. The connection felt by Club members and this memorial would continue until the Club’s last meetings. The majority of members in the early years were of the upper middle classes in the growing city of St. Catharines. Many of the charter members were the wives of merchants, business men, lawyers, doctors, even a hatter. Furthermore, the position of president was most often held by a woman with a comprehensive list of interests. This is particularly the case in Isabel Brighty McComb (1876-1941). Brighty who became a member in 1903, became Club president in 1932 and stayed in her post until her death in 1941. Similar to Mrs. Currie, Brighty was a local historian and published 2 booklets on local history. Her obituary indicates her position in the community as an author and involved community member committed to lifetime memberships in the Imperial Order of Daughters of Empire, I.O.D.E., the National Organization of Women, N.O.W. and the United Empire Loyalist Society, as well as the WLC. She was a locally known ‘teacher of elocution’ and a devoted researcher of Upper Canadian history. In a Club scrapbook dedicated to her, the biographical sketch illustrates the professionalism surrounding Brighty. There is very little personal history mentioned and the focus is on her literary works, her published essay, booklets and poetry. This professional focus, evident in both her obituary and the scrapbook, illustrate the diversity of these women, especially in their roles outside of the home. The WLC collection contains a vast array of essay, lectures clippings and scrapbooks from past meetings. Organized predominantly by topic or author, the folders and scrapbooks offer a substantial amount of research opportunity in the literary history of Canada. The dates, scope of topics and authors covered offer historians an exciting opportunity to examine the consumption of particular literary trends, artists and topics within the context of a midsized industrial city in English Canada. This is especially important because the agenda adhered to by the Club was bent on promoting, discussing and reviewing predominantly Canadian material. By connecting when and what these women were studying, scholars many gain a better understanding of the broader consumption and appreciation of literary and social trends of Canadian women outside of publishing and institutional records. Furthermore, because the agendas were set by and for these women, outside of the constructs of an institutionalized canon or agenda, they offer a fresh and on the ground examination of literary consumption over an extensive length of time.

Comics carnet : the graphic novelist as global nomad

An interdisciplinary approach is used to identify a new graphic novel genre, 'comics camet', and its key features. The study situates comics camet in a historical context and shows it to be the result of a cross-pollination between the American and French comics traditions. Comics camet incorporates features from other literary genres: journalism, autobiography, ethnography and travel writing. Its creators, primarily European rriales, document their experiences visiting countries that Europe has traditionally defined as belonging to the 'East'. A visual and narrative analysis, using theoretical perspectives derived from cultural and postcolonial studies, examines how comics camet represents the non-European other and identifies the genre's ideological assumptions. Four representative texts are examined: Joe Sacco's Palestine (2001), Craig Thompson's, Camet de Voyage (2004), Guy Delisle's Pyongyang (2005) and Mrujane Satrpi's Persespolis 2 (2004). The study concludes that the comics camet genre simultaneously reinforces and challenges stereotypical assumptions about non-European people and places.

Grantham Township Records Collection

Item one is a minute book for Grantham Township, Ontario. It records the proceedings of meetings from 1818-1854 and the names of parish and town officers from 1818 to 1842. Names include: Chisholm, Ball, Steele, TenBroeck, Shipman, Laraway, McKerney, Adams, Pawling, Merritt, Rolls, Robertson, Lampman, Phelps, Darling. Also notes the laws agreed upon for the period - mainly dealing with livestock. Item two is a report and evidence of boundary line disputes in the Township of Grantham. Includes affidavits from witnesses to the boundary dispute and a report to the Honourable the Commissioner of Crown Lands Quebec. The affadavits were recorded in 1844, and transcribed into the folio in 1852. Lewis A. Ball was the commissioner before whom the affadavits were sworn and duly recorded. Includes field notes by Frederic F. Passmore, Provincial land surveyor. The boundary lines in dispute were 1. between the 2nd and 3rd Concessions, from Lot no. 1 to Lot no. 5, 2. between the 4th and 5th concessions, from lot no. 4 to lot no. 5 and 3. between lots 14 in the 9th and 10th concession of the Township of Grantham.

Walker Brothers Quarries Limited fonds, 1975, 1980-1981, 1984, 1987-1989

Serving the Niagara and surrounding areas for over 120 years, Walker Industries has made its impact not only commercially, but also culturally. Beginning in 1875 with the erection of a stone sawing mill on a property John Walker purchased from the Welland Canal Loan Company. One of the first projects Walker cut stone for was the Merritton Town Hall. In 1882 the business expanded to include Walkers children, changing the name to Walker & Sons. Eventually in 1887 the two eldest sons took control of the business operation and their partnership changed the company’s name to Walker Brothers, the same year the company began operating its first quarry. The quarry was conveniently located alongside the 3rd Welland canal, offering easy access to Toronto and Hamilton. It was also close to the railway system which allowed immediate access to Thorold and Niagara Falls and later access to parts of Ontario and Quebec. The quarry supplied stone to build numerous halls and armouries across Ontario. A use was also found for the ‘waste products’ of cutting the limestone. Leftover stone chips were sent to paper mills, where stone was needed as part of the sulphite pulp process for making paper. Beginning to supply the Ontario Paper Company with stone in 1913, meant not only long, hard, work, but also more profit for the company. Before mechanization, most of the loading and unloading of the stone was done by hand, taking 19 man-hours to load an 18 yard railway car. Mechanization followed in 1947 when the plant became fully mechanized making the work easier and increasing production rates. In 1957 the company moved from its original location and opened the St. Catharines Crushed Stone Plant.

Plan of the river from Niagara to Fort Schlosser

1 map :|bdigital, JPEG file

The Columbian Newspaper vol. IV no. 1105- June 12, 1813

The "Columbian" was established by Mr. Holt in 1808 as an "organ of the Clintonians" (Journalism in the United States, from 1690-1872 By Frederic Hudson) and a replacement to the "Citizen". It was a passionate Democratic paper that supported both Jefferson and Madison. Holt later sold the "Columbian" to Alden Spooner, who published the Long Island "Star". The Columbian ceased in 1821. This issue includes the following War of 1812 topics: Page 2: copies of letters from U.S. Gen. H. Dearborn describing the U.S. attack on Ft. George 27 May 1813; letter from Gen. H. Dearborn describing U.S. pursuit of British troops at Beaver Dams and the U.S. capture of Fort Erie; list of U.S. killed and wounded in Commodore Isaac Chauncey's squadron in attack on York 27 April, 1813; list of killed and wounded in Commodore Isaac Chauncey's squadron in attack on Ft. George 27 May 1813; abstract of the cartel for the exchange of prisoners of war between Great Britain and the United States; mention of troop movements through New York on their way to the battle front; list of persons killed or lost on the privateer Saratoga; Page 3: account of the loss of the U.S. war ships the Growler and Eagle to the British; news from Quebec and Kingston of troop movements; U.S. ship Syren unsuccessfully pursues British ship Herald; account of a U.S. cargo ship being captured by a British military ship; account of U.S. ship Siro capturing British ship Loyal Sam; report from Halifax of recent British troop and ship movements; list of recent troop enrollments in various states; report of British troop build up in Kingston;