Crisis y superación en el ámbito de la Geografía crítica: construyendo la metageografía.

El punto de inicio del razonamiento desarrollado para la construcción de lo que se denomina metageografía, parte con el reconocimiento de un estado de crisis en la Geografía, y en segundo lugar, de su rol como posibilidad, a pesar de ser una ciencia fragmentada, de comprender el mundo moderno, pues su conocimiento puede constituirse en un movimiento hacia la totalidad. En un sentido más amplio, se reflexiona sobre el lugar de la Geografía en la explicación de la realidad en constante cambio. ¿Es posible pensar que, a pesar de sus avances, la Geografía se encuentra en un estado de crisis? Nos enfrentamos con la obligación de revelar sus indicios y, por consiguiente, la necesidad de construir un camino hacia adelante en la necesidad de comprender la realidad desde o por la Geografía. La metageografía es una propuesta teórico-metodológica para la superación de la situación de crisis en que la disciplina se encuentra, a partir de la práctica socioespacial como modo explicativo.

Soil carbon balance in a tropical grassland: Estimation of soil respiration and its partitioning using a semi-empirical model

In savannah and tropical grasslands, which account for 60% of grasslands worldwide, a large share of ecosystem carbon is located below ground due to high root:shoot ratios. Temporal variations in soil CO2 efflux (R-S) were investigated in a grassland of coastal Congo over two years. The objectives were (1) to identify the main factors controlling seasonal variations in R-S and (2) to develop a semi-empirical model describing R-S and including a heterotrophic component (R-H) and an autotrophic component (R-A). Plant above-ground activity was found to exert strong control over soil respiration since 71% of seasonal R-S variability was explained by the quantity of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed (APAR) by the grass canopy. We tested an additive model including a parameter enabling R-S partitioning into R-A and R-H. Assumptions underlying this model were that R-A mainly depended on the amount of photosynthates allocated below ground and that microbial and root activity was mostly controlled by soil temperature and soil moisture. The model provided a reasonably good prediction of seasonal variations in R-S (R-2 = 0.85) which varied between 5.4 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) in the wet season and 0.9 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) at the end of the dry season. The model was subsequently used to obtain annual estimates of R-S, R-A and R-H. In accordance with results reported for other tropical grasslands, we estimated that R-H accounted for 44% of R-S, which represented a flux similar to the amount of carbon brought annually to the soil from below-ground litter production. Overall, this study opens up prospects for simulating the carbon budget of tropical grasslands on a large scale using remotely sensed data. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Epistasis among eNOS, MMP-9 and VEGF maternal genotypes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes were shown to be associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. However, epistasis is suggested to be an important component of the genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia (PE). The aim of this study was to characterize the interactions among these genes in PE and gestational hypertension (GH). Seven clinically relevant polymorphisms of eNOS (T-786C, rs2070744, a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4 and Glu298Asp, rs1799983), MMP-9 (C-1562T, rs3918242 and -90(CA)(13-25), rs2234681) and VEGF (C-2578A, rs699947 and G-634C, rs2010963) were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays or PCR and fragment separation by electrophoresis in 122 patients with PE, 107 patients with GH and a control group of 102 normotensive pregnant (NP) women. A robust multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis was used to characterize gene-gene interactions. Although no significant genotype combinations were observed for the comparison between the GH and NP groups (P>0.05), the combination of MMP-9-1562CC with VEGF-634GG was more frequent in NP women than in women with PE (P<0.05). Moreover, the combination of MMP-9-1562CC with VEGF-634CC or MMP-9-1562CT with VEGF-634CC or-634GG was more frequent in women with PE than in NP women (P<0.05). These results are obscured when single polymorphisms in these genes are considered and suggest that specific genotype combinations of MMP-9 and VEGF contribute to PE susceptibility. Hypertension Research (2012) 35, 917-921; doi:10.1038/hr.2012.60; published online 10 May 2012

Outlining new frontiers for the comprehension of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of its relationship with fear and anxiety

Anxiety is an important component of the psychopathology of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). So far, most interventions that have proven to be effective for treating OCD are similar to those developed for other anxiety disorders. However, neurobiological studies of OCD came to conclusions that are not always compatible with those previously associated with other anxiety disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to review the degree of overlap between OCD and other anxiety disorders phenomenology and pathophysiology to support the rationale that guides research in this field. RESULTS: Clues about the neurocircuits involved in the manifestation of anxiety disorders have been obtained through the study of animal anxiety models, and structural and functional neuroimaging in humans. These investigations suggest that in OCD, in addition to dysfunction in cortico-striatal pathways, the functioning of an alternative neurocircuitry, which involves amygdalo-cortical interactions and participates in fear conditioning and extinction processes, may be impaired. CONCLUSION: It is likely that anxiety is a relevant dimension of OCD that impacts on other features of this disorder. Therefore, future studies may benefit from the investigation of the expression of fear and anxiety by OCD patients according to their type of obsessions and compulsions, age of OCD onset, comorbidities, and patterns of treatment response.

Hands-on experiments in the Practicum: repositioning student teachers' autonomy.

Following a worldwide trend, the Initial Teacher Education (ITE) Programmes in Brazil are recently searching for ways of integrating practice into curriculum. It raises question about what practice must be integrated and how. Notably, university-based courses are disconnected from school and have low commitment with school issues (Zeichner, 2009).The student teacher induction into school daily life is not an easy task, mainly when the practitioners are transforming physics classroom practice toward an active learning. Drawing on cultural-historical framework (Wolff-Michael Roth & Lee, 2007; Vygotsky, 1978) this study addresses the articulation between Practicum in Physics Classes and the Hands-on Experiments (HoE) used throughout the Practicum. Although in a different level, both Practicum and HoE are linked with an idea of practice. Particularly, this study focuses on how HoE might foster student teachers' autonomy and agency in the Practicum. Data was gathered in the course Practice of Physics Teaching at University of São Paulo/Brazil in 2010; in a cohort of 60 student teachers doing a year-long Practicum in urban school in São Paulo city. Data was analysed using qualitative research methods (Roth, 2005), based on 14 interviews and video records of the student teacher preparing the HoE for Practicum we will present in general lines the role of HoE for student teacher autonomy.

Dispersal in free-living, marine, benthic nematodes : passive or active processes?

Meiofauna, and especially marine nematodes are common in sediments around the world. Despite very wide ranging distributions in many nematode species, little is presently known about their dispersal mechanisms shaping these patterns. Rafting, and perhaps ballast water transport has been suggested as viable means for nematode long-range transport. On a much smaller scale other processes have been suggested for their dispersal. They generally include some form of passive suspension into the water column and later on a passive, haphazard settling back towards the bottom. Small-scale phenomena in nematode dispersal were studied by conducting a series of studies at Askö field station, Trosa Archipelago, Baltic proper. Studied aspects were one case of macrofaunal influence on nematode dispersal rate, using an amphipod, Monoporeia affinis as disturbing agent, and three different studies on mechanisms related to settling. The experiments were conducted both in laboratory and field settings. The amphipod Monoporeia affinis did not exert any influence on the dispersal rate in the nematodes. The nematode dispersal was only an effect of time, in the aspect that the more time that past, the more nematodes dispersed from their place of origin. The settling experiments revealed that nematodes do have an active component in their settling behaviour, as they were able to exert influence on the spot where they were to settle. They were able to choose settling spot in response to the food quality of the sediment. It also became evident that contrary to common belief, nematodes are able to extend their presence in the water column far beyond the times that would be predicted considering settling velocities and hydrodynamic conditions alone.

Tecnologie ad agenti e sistemi embedded

Information technology (IT) is on the verge of another revolution. Driven by the increasing capabilities and ever declining costs of computing and communications devices, IT is being embedded into a growing range of physical devices linked together through networks and will become ever more pervasive as the component technologies become smaller, faster, and cheaper. [..] These networked systems of embedded computers, referred to as EmNets throughout this report, have the potential to change radically the way people interact with their environment by linking together a range of devices and sensors that will allow information to be collected, shared, and processed in unprecedented ways.[..] The use of EmNets throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution.[..] IT will eventually become \textbf{an invisible component of almost everything} in everyone`s surroundings. Con il ridursi dei costi e l'aumentare della capacità di computazione dei componenti elettronici sono proliferate piattaforme che permettono al bambino come all'ingegnere di sviluppare un'idea che trasversalmente taglia il mondo reale e quello virtuale. Una collisione tra due mondi che fino a poco tempo fa era consentita esclusivamente a professionisti. Oggetti che possono acquisire o estendere funzionalità, che ci permettono di estendere la nostra percezione del mondo e di rivalutarne i suoi limiti. Oggetti connessi alla 'rete delle reti' che condividono ed elaborano dati per un nuovo utilizzo delle informazioni. Con questa tesi si vuole andare ad esplorare l'applicazione degli agenti software alle nuove piattaforme dei sistemi embedded e dell'Internet of Things, tecnologie abbastanza mature eppure non ancora esplorate a fondo. Ha senso modellare un sistema embedded con gli agenti?

Untersuchung zum Entstehungsmechanismus von Smith-Purcell-Strahlung im Nahbereich mit einem 855 MeV Elektronenstrahl geringer Emittanz

Experimental investigations of visible Smith-Purcell-radiation with a micro-focused high relativistic electron beam (E=855 MeV) are presented in the near region, in which the electron beam grazes the surface of the grating. The radiation intensity was measured as a function of the angle of observation and of the distance between electron beam axis and the surface of the grating simultaneously for two different wavelengths (360 nm, 546 nm).In the experiments Smith-Purcell-radiation was identified by the measured angular distribution fulfilling the characteristic coherence condition. By the observed distance dependence of the intensity two components of Smith-Purcell-radiation could be separated: one component with the theoretical predicted interaction length hint, which is produced by electrons passing over the surface of the grating, and an additional component in the near region leading to a strong enhancement of the intensity, which is produced by electrons hitting the surface. To describe the intensity of the observed additional radiation component a simple model for optical grating transition radiation, caused by the electrons passing through the grating structure, is presented. Taking into account the simple scalar model, the results of a Monte-Carlo calculation show that the additional radiation component could be explained by optical grating transition radiation.

Cluster-derived Gold/Iron catalysts for environmental applications

During the last years we assisted to an exponential growth of scientific discoveries for catalysis by gold and many applications have been found for Au-based catalysts. In the literature there are several studies concerning the use of gold-based catalysts for environmental applications and good results are reported for the catalytic combustion of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently it has also been established that gold-based catalysts are potentially capable of being effectively employed in fuel cells in order to remove CO traces by preferential CO oxidation in H2-rich streams. Bi-metallic catalysts have attracted increasing attention because of their markedly different properties from either of the costituent metals, and above all their enhanced catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. In the literature there are several studies demostrating the beneficial effect due to the addition of an iron component to gold supported catalysts in terms of enhanced activity, selectivity, resistence to deactivation and prolonged lifetime of the catalyst. In this work we tried to develop a methodology for the preparation of iron stabilized gold nanoparticles with controlled size and composition, particularly in terms of obtaining an intimate contact between different phases, since it is well known that the catalytic behaviour of multi-component supported catalysts is strongly influenced by the size of the metal particles and by their reciprocal interaction. Ligand stabilized metal clusters, with nanometric dimensions, are possible precursors for the preparation of catalytically active nanoparticles with controlled dimensions and compositions. Among these, metal carbonyl clusters are quite attractive, since they can be prepared with several different sizes and compositions and, moreover, they are decomposed under very mild conditions. A novel preparation method was developed during this thesis for the preparation of iron and gold/iron supported catalysts using bi-metallic carbonyl clusters as precursors of highly dispersed nanoparticles over TiO2 and CeO2, which are widely considered two of the most suitable supports for gold nanoparticles. Au/FeOx catalysts were prepared by employing the bi-metallic carbonyl cluster salts [NEt4]4[Au4Fe4(CO)16] (Fe/Au=1) and [NEt4][AuFe4(CO)16] (Fe/Au=4), and for comparison FeOx samples were prepared by employing the homometallic [NEt4][HFe3(CO)11] cluster. These clusters were prepared by Prof. Longoni research group (Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry- University of Bologna). Particular attention was dedicated to the optimization of a suitable thermal treatment in order to achieve, apart from a good Au and Fe metal dispersion, also the formation of appropriate species with good catalytic properties. A deep IR study was carried out in order to understand the physical interaction between clusters and different supports and detect the occurrence of chemical reactions between them at any stage of the preparation. The characterization by BET, XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, ICP-AES and XPS was performed in order to investigate the catalysts properties, whit particular attention to the interaction between Au and Fe and its influence on the catalytic activity. This novel preparation method resulted in small gold metallic nanoparticles surrounded by highly dispersed iron oxide species, essentially in an amorphous phase, on both TiO2 and CeO2. The results presented in this thesis confirmed that FeOx species can stabilize small Au particles, since keeping costant the gold content but introducing a higher iron amount a higher metal dispersion was achieved. Partial encapsulation of gold atoms by iron species was observed since the Au/Fe surface ratio was found much lower than bulk ratio and a strong interaction between gold and oxide species, both of iron oxide and supports, was achieved. The prepared catalysts were tested in the total oxidation of VOCs, using toluene and methanol as probe molecules for aromatics and alchols, respectively, and in the PROX reaction. Different performances were observed on titania and ceria catalysts, on both toluene and methanol combustion. Toluene combustion on titania catalyst was found to be enhanced increasing iron loading while a moderate effect on FeOx-Ti activity was achieved by Au addition. In this case toluene combustion was improved due to a higher oxygen mobility depending on enhanced oxygen activation by FeOx and Au/FeOx dispersed on titania. On the contrary ceria activity was strongly decreased in the presence of FeOx, while the introduction of gold was found to moderate the detrimental effect of iron species. In fact, excellent ceria performances are due to its ability to adsorb toluene and O2. Since toluene activation is the determining factor for its oxidation, the partial coverage of ceria sites, responsible of toluene adsorption, by FeOx species finely dispersed on the surface resulted in worse efficiency in toluene combustion. Better results were obtained for both ceria and titania catalysts on methanol total oxidation. In this case, the performances achieved on differently supported catalysts indicate that the oxygen mobility is the determining factor in this reaction. The introduction of gold on both TiO2 and CeO2 catalysts, lead to a higher oxygen mobility due to the weakening of both Fe-O and Ce-O bonds and consequently to enhanced methanol combustion. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on oxygen mobility and followed the same trend observed for catalysts reducibility. Regarding CO PROX reaction, it was observed that Au/FeOx titania catalysts are less active than ceria ones, due to the lower reducibility of titania compared to ceria. In fact the availability of lattice oxygen involved in PROX reaction is much higher in the latter catalysts. However, the CO PROX performances observed for ceria catalysts are not really high compared to data reported in literature, probably due to the very low Au/Fe surface ratio achieved with this preparation method. CO preferential oxidation was found to strongly depend on Au particle size but also on surface oxygen reducibility, depending on the different oxide species which can be formed using different thermal treatment conditions or varying the iron loading over the support.

Troposphere Calibration Techniques for Deep Space Probe Tracking

Ground-based Earth troposphere calibration systems play an important role in planetary exploration, especially to carry out radio science experiments aimed at the estimation of planetary gravity fields. In these experiments, the main observable is the spacecraft (S/C) range rate, measured from the Doppler shift of an electromagnetic wave transmitted from ground, received by the spacecraft and coherently retransmitted back to ground. If the solar corona and interplanetary plasma noise is already removed from Doppler data, the Earth troposphere remains one of the main error sources in tracking observables. Current Earth media calibration systems at NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) stations are based upon a combination of weather data and multidirectional, dual frequency GPS measurements acquired at each station complex. In order to support Cassini’s cruise radio science experiments, a new generation of media calibration systems were developed, driven by the need to achieve the goal of an end-to-end Allan deviation of the radio link in the order of 3×〖10〗^(-15) at 1000 s integration time. The future ESA’s Bepi Colombo mission to Mercury carries scientific instrumentation for radio science experiments (a Ka-band transponder and a three-axis accelerometer) which, in combination with the S/C telecommunication system (a X/X/Ka transponder) will provide the most advanced tracking system ever flown on an interplanetary probe. Current error budget for MORE (Mercury Orbiter Radioscience Experiment) allows the residual uncalibrated troposphere to contribute with a value of 8×〖10〗^(-15) to the two-way Allan deviation at 1000 s integration time. The current standard ESA/ESTRACK calibration system is based on a combination of surface meteorological measurements and mathematical algorithms, capable to reconstruct the Earth troposphere path delay, leaving an uncalibrated component of about 1-2% of the total delay. In order to satisfy the stringent MORE requirements, the short time-scale variations of the Earth troposphere water vapor content must be calibrated at ESA deep space antennas (DSA) with more precise and stable instruments (microwave radiometers). In parallel to this high performance instruments, ESA ground stations should be upgraded to media calibration systems at least capable to calibrate both troposphere path delay components (dry and wet) at sub-centimetre level, in order to reduce S/C navigation uncertainties. The natural choice is to provide a continuous troposphere calibration by processing GNSS data acquired at each complex by dual frequency receivers already installed for station location purposes. The work presented here outlines the troposphere calibration technique to support both Deep Space probe navigation and radio science experiments. After an introduction to deep space tracking techniques, observables and error sources, in Chapter 2 the troposphere path delay is widely investigated, reporting the estimation techniques and the state of the art of the ESA and NASA troposphere calibrations. Chapter 3 deals with an analysis of the status and the performances of the NASA Advanced Media Calibration (AMC) system referred to the Cassini data analysis. Chapter 4 describes the current release of a developed GNSS software (S/W) to estimate the troposphere calibration to be used for ESA S/C navigation purposes. During the development phase of the S/W a test campaign has been undertaken in order to evaluate the S/W performances. A description of the campaign and the main results are reported in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 presents a preliminary analysis of microwave radiometers to be used to support radio science experiments. The analysis has been carried out considering radiometric measurements of the ESA/ESTEC instruments installed in Cabauw (NL) and compared with the requirements of MORE. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the results obtained and defines some key technical aspects to be evaluated and taken into account for the development phase of future instrumentation.

Molekulardynamiksimulationen zur Untersuchung des Mischalkali-Effektes in silikatischen Gläsern

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird mittels Molekulardynamik(MD)-Computersimulationen die Dynamik von verschiedenen Alkalisilikaten in der Schmelze und im Glas untersucht. Es ist bekannt, daß diese Systeme ionenleitend sind, was auf eine hohe Mobilität der Alkaliionen im Vergleich zu den glasbildenden Komponenten Si und O zurückzuführen ist. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht der sog. Mischalkalieffekt (MAE), der in ternären Mischungen aus Siliziumdioxid mit zwei Alkalioxiden auftritt. Gegenüber Mischungen mit nur einer Alkaliionensorte weisen letztere Systeme eine signifikante Verlangsamung der Alkaliionendiffusion auf. Zunächst werden zwei binäre Alkalisilikate simuliert, nämlich Lithiumdisilikat (LS2) und Kaliumdisilikat (KS2). Die Simulationen zeigen, daß der Ursprung der hohen Mobilität der Alkaliionen in der Struktur begründet ist. KS2 und LS2 weisen auf intermediären Längenskalen Ordnung auf, die in partiellen statischen Strukturfaktoren durch Prepeaks reflektiert ist. Die den Prepeaks zugrundeliegende Struktur erklärt sich durch perkolierende Netzwerke aus alkalioxidreichen Kanälen, die als Diffusionskanäle für die mobilen Alkaliionen fungieren. In diesen Kanälen bewegen sich die Ionen mittels Sprüngen (Hopping) zwischen ausgezeichneten Plätzen. In der Simulation beobachtet man für die hohen Temperaturen (4000K>=1500K) eine ähnliche Aktivierungsenergie wie im Experiment. Im Experiment findet allerdings unterhalb von ca.1200K ein Crossover in ein Arrheniusverhalten mit höherer Aktivierungsenergie statt, welches von der Simulation nicht nachvollzogen wird. Das kann mit der in der Simulation nicht im Gleichgewicht befindlichen Si-O-Matrix erklärt werden, bei der Alterungseffekte beobachtet werden. Am stärksten ist der MAE für eine Alkalikomponente, wenn deren Konzentrationsanteil in einem ternären Mischalkalisystem gegen 0 geht. Daher wird ein LS2-System untersucht, in dem ein Li-Ion gegen ein K-Ion getauscht wird. Der Einfluß des K-Ions ist sowohl lokal in den charakteristischen Abständen zu den ersten nächsten Nachbarn (NN) zu sehen, als auch in der ortsaufgelösten Koordinationszahlverteilung bis zu Längenskalen von ca. 8,5 Angstrom. Die Untersuchung der Dynamik des eingesetzten K-Ions zeigt, daß die Sprungwahrscheinlichkeit nicht mit der Lokalisierung, einem Maß für die Bewegung eines Teilchens um seine Ruheposition, korreliert ist, aber daß eine chemische Umgebung mit wenig Li- und vielen O-NN oder vielen Li- und wenig O-NN ein Sprungereignis begünstigt. Zuletzt wird ein ternäres Alkalisilikat (LKS2) untersucht, dessen Struktur alle charakteristischen Längenskalen von LS2 und KS2 aufweist. Es stellt sich also eine komplexe Struktur mit zwei perkolierenden Subnetzwerken für Alkaliionen ein. Die Untersuchung der Dynamik zeigt eine geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür auf, daß Ionen in ein Subnetzwerk andersnamiger Ionen springen. Auch kann gezeigt werden, daß das Modellpotential den MAE reproduzieren kann, daß also die Diffusionskonstanten in LKS2 bei bis zu einer Größenordnung langsamer sind als in KS2 bzw. LS2. Der beobachtete Effekt stellt sich zudem vom funktionalen Verlauf her so dar, wie er beim MAE erwartet wird. Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß trotz der zeitlichen Verzögerung in den dynamischen Größen die Anzahl der Sprünge pro Zeit nicht geringer ist und daß für niedrige Temperaturen (d.h.im Glas) Sprünge auf den Nachbarplatz mit anschließendem Rücksprung auf die vorherige Position deutlich wahrscheinlicher sind als bei hohen Temperaturen (also in der Schmelze). Die vorliegenden Resultate geben Aufschluß über die Details der Mechanismen mikroskopischer Ionenleitung in binären und ternären Alkalisilikaten sowie dem MAE.

Magnetic fields around radio galaxies from Faraday rotation measure analysis

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the strength and structure of the magnetized medium surrounding radio galaxies via observations of the Faraday effect. This study is based on an analysis of the polarization properties of radio galaxies selected to have a range of morphologies (elongated tails, or lobes with small axial ratios) and to be located in a variety of environments (from rich cluster core to small group). The targets include famous objects like M84 and M87. A key aspect of this work is the combination of accurate radio imaging with high-quality X-ray data for the gas surrounding the sources. Although the focus of this thesis is primarily observational, I developed analytical models and performed two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations of magnetic fields. The steps of the thesis are: (a) to analyze new and archival observations of Faraday rotation measure (RM) across radio galaxies and (b) to interpret these and existing RM images using sophisticated two and three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. The approach has been to select a few bright, very extended and highly polarized radio galaxies. This is essential to have high signal-to-noise in polarization over large enough areas to allow computation of spatial statistics such as the structure function (and hence the power spectrum) of rotation measure, which requires a large number of independent measurements. New and archival Very Large Array observations of the target sources have been analyzed in combination with high-quality X-ray data from the Chandra, XMM-Newton and ROSAT satellites. The work has been carried out by making use of: 1) Analytical predictions of the RM structure functions to quantify the RM statistics and to constrain the power spectra of the RM and magnetic field. 2) Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations to address the effect of an incomplete sampling of RM distribution and so to determine errors for the power spectra. 3) Methods to combine measurements of RM and depolarization in order to constrain the magnetic-field power spectrum on small scales. 4) Three-dimensional models of the group/cluster environments, including different magnetic field power spectra and gas density distributions. This thesis has shown that the magnetized medium surrounding radio galaxies appears more complicated than was apparent from earlier work. Three distinct types of magnetic-field structure are identified: an isotropic component with large-scale fluctuations, plausibly associated with the intergalactic medium not affected by the presence of a radio source; a well-ordered field draped around the front ends of the radio lobes and a field with small-scale fluctuations in rims of compressed gas surrounding the inner lobes, perhaps associated with a mixing layer.

Der Einfluss von daily hassles auf Aspekte der Arbeitssituation im internationalen Vergleich

Die Literatur zu Arbeitszufriedenheit zeigt, dass die Bedeutung verschiedener Komponenten der Arbeitszufriedenheit zwischen einzelnen Kulturkreisen schwankt. Um diese unterschiedlichen Befunde zu erklären, bietet die "Affective Events Theory" einen Erklärungsrahmen an, der den Einfluss affektiver Erlebnisse auf verschiedene Einstellungskomponenten abbildet. Diese Studie hatte zum Ziel, bei Beschäftigten mit unterschiedlichen kulturellen Hintergründen, den Einfluss von "daily hassles" auf Empfindungen und verschiedene Komponenten der Arbeitszufriedenheit zu untersuchen. Da sich bei Mitgliedern independenter und interdependenter Kulturen verschiedene Interpretationen der gleichen Situationen finden, die anschließend zu unterschiedlichen affektiven und kognitive Reaktionen führen, wurden insgesamt 244 Beschäftigte aus Deutschland (independent) und Japan (interdependent) befragt. Sie erinnerten selbst erlebte, berufliche "daily hassles" hinsichtlich der kognitiven Dimensionen "Verursacher" und "Kontrollierbarkeit" und gaben ihre Reaktionen auf Fragebögen an. Allgemeine Arbeitszufriedenheit wurde als Konstrukt konzipiert, das aus einer affektiven und einer kognitiven Komponente besteht. Es wurde vermutet, dass die Befragten abhängig vom kulturellen Hintergrund und der kognitiven Struktur der "daily hassles" unterschiedliche Empfindungen zeigen, die die affektiven und kognitiven Komponenten der Arbeitszufriedenheit unterschiedlich beeinflussen. Zudem wurde angenommen, dass allgemeine Arbeitszufriedenheit im jeweiligen Kulturkreis durch diese beiden Komponenten unterschiedlich stark beeinflusst wird. Die Ergebnisse der Regressionsanalysen eines grafischen Kettenmodells konnten diese Annahmen zum großen Teil bestätigen: in independenten Kulturkreisen erweist sich allgemeine Arbeitszufriedenheit als ein aus zwei Komponenten bestehendes Konstrukt mit einer kognitiven und einer affektiven Komponente; in interdependenten Kulturen hingegen entspricht allgemeine Arbeitszufriedenheit vornehmlich einer affektiven Komponente. Es zeigte sich, dass die affektive Komponente in beiden Kulturkreisen durch unterschiedliche Empfindungen beeinflusst wird. Auf den ersten Blick gleiche, berufliche Ereignisse werden abhängig vom kulturellen Hintergrund unterschiedlich interpretiert und lösen differierende Empfindungen aus. Diese beeinflussen ihrerseits verschiedene Komponenten der Arbeitszufriedenheit unterschiedlich. Entgegen dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur spiegeln Angaben zu allgemeiner Arbeitszufriedenheit somit nicht ein universell einheitliches (kognitives) Phänomen wider sondern sind abhängig vom kulturellen Hintergrund unterschiedlich stark affektiv besetzt.

Organic fertilization of peach trees: implication on nitrogen availability, root growth and carbon distribution within plant

In the last years, sustainable horticulture has been increasing; however, to be successful this practice needs an efficient soil fertility management to maintain a high productivity and fruit quality standards. For this purpose composted organic materials from agri-food industry and municipal solid waste has been used as a source to replace chemical fertilizers and increase soil organic matter. To better understand the influence of compost application on soil fertility and plant growth, we carried out a study comparing organic and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization in micro propagated plants, potted trees and commercial peach orchard with these aims: 1. evaluation of tree development, CO2 fixation and carbon partition to the different organs of two-years-old potted peach trees. 2. Determination of soil N concentration and nitrate-N effect on plant growth and root oxidative stress of micro propagated plant after increasing rates of N applications. 3. Assessment of soil chemical and biological fertility, tree growth and yield and fruit quality in a commercial orchard. The addition of compost at high rate was effective in increasing CO2 fixation, promoting root growth, shoot and fruit biomass. Furthermore, organic fertilizers influenced C partitioning, favoring C accumulation in roots, wood and fruits. The higher CO2 fixation was the result of a larger tree leaf area, rather than an increase in leaf photosynthetic efficiency, showing a stimulation of plant growth by application of compost. High concentrations of compost increased total soil N concentration, but were not effective in increasing nitrate-N soil concentration; in contrast mineral-N applications increased linearly soil nitrate-N, even at the lowest rate tested. Soil nitrate-N concentration influenced positively plant growth at low rate (60- 80 mg kg-1), whereas at high concentrations showed negative effects. In this trial, the decrease of root growth, as a response to excessive nitrate-N soil concentration, was not anticipated by root oxidative stress. Continuous annual applications of compost for 10 years enhanced soil organic matter content and total soil N concentration. Additionally, high rate of compost application (10 t ha-1 year-1) enhanced microbial biomass. On the other hand, different fertilizers management did not modify tree yield, but influenced fruit size and precocity index. The present data support the idea that organic fertilizers can be used successfully as a substitute of mineral fertilizers in fruit tree nutrient management, since they promote an increase of soil chemical and biological fertility, prevent excessive nitrate-N soil concentration, promote plant growth and potentially C sequestration into the soil.

Analyse der konditionell-induzierten Überexpression von Smad7 in epithelialen Geweben der adulten Maus

Smad7 ist eine inhibitorische Komponente der TGF-β- bzw. Activin-Signalweiterleitung und erfüllt eine wichtige Aufgabe bei deren Regulation. So führt eine konstitutive Überexpression von Smad7 in epithelialen Geweben zum Auftreten verschiedener Phänotypen, wie embryonaler bzw. perinataler Letalität, Hyperproliferation der Epidermis und Thymusatrophie. Auch die Entwicklung der T-Zellen im Thymus und epithelialer Anhangsgebilde wie z.B. von Haaren und Zähnen wird dadurch beeinträchtigt. In dieser Arbeit sollte nun in der adulten Maus der Effekt einer Überexpression von Smad7 in epithelialen Geweben untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein, auf dem Cre/loxP-Prinzip beruhendes Transgensystem verwendet (K5-Smad7-tg und K14-creERT2), welches eine konditionell-induzierte Überexpression von Smad7 in epithelialen Zellen der adulten Maus erlaubte. Die so gezüchteten doppeltransgenen Tiere wiesen keine signifikanten Veränderungen gegenüber ihren wildtyp bzw. einfachtransgenen Geschwistertieren auf. Die Überexpression von Smad7 in epithelialen Geweben der adulten Maus zu einem Auftreten verschiedenster veränderter Phänotypen der Haut und deren Anhänge, sowie der Schneidezähne. Bei diesen Tieren konnte auch ein signifikanter Körpergewichtsverlust und eine Erhöhung der Mortalitätsrate beobachtet werden, welche sich im Verlauf nach erfolgter Rekombination einstellte. Weitere Analysen zeigten signifikante Veränderungen in der Haut und im Thymus. So konnte in der Haut eine Erhöhung der Proliferationsrate epidermaler Zellen, eine reduzierte Expression von Smad3 und im Thymus Veränderungen in der Gesamtzahl der lebenden T-Zellen und deren Differenzierung beobachtete werden. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Hemmung der Signalweiterleitung der TGF-β-Superfamilie, speziell von TGF-β und Activin, zu verschiedenen morphogenetischen Defekten der Haut und deren Anhänge, der Zähne und der T-Zellentwicklung im Thymus führt.