Processing Bio-Argo nitrate concentration at the DAC Level

The only method used to date to measure dissolved nitrate concentration (NITRATE) with sensors mounted on profiling floats is based on the absorption of light at ultraviolet wavelengths by nitrate ion (Johnson and Coletti, 2002; Johnson et al., 2010; 2013; D’Ortenzio et al., 2012). Nitrate has a modest UV absorption band with a peak near 210 nm, which overlaps with the stronger absorption band of bromide, which has a peak near 200 nm. In addition, there is a much weaker absorption due to dissolved organic matter and light scattering by particles (Ogura and Hanya, 1966). The UV spectrum thus consists of three components, bromide, nitrate and a background due to organics and particles. The background also includes thermal effects on the instrument and slow drift. All of these latter effects (organics, particles, thermal effects and drift) tend to be smooth spectra that combine to form an absorption spectrum that is linear in wavelength over relatively short wavelength spans. If the light absorption spectrum is measured in the wavelength range around 217 to 240 nm (the exact range is a bit of a decision by the operator), then the nitrate concentration can be determined. Two different instruments based on the same optical principles are in use for this purpose. The In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) built at MBARI or at Satlantic has been mounted inside the pressure hull of a Teledyne/Webb Research APEX and NKE Provor profiling floats and the optics penetrate through the upper end cap into the water. The Satlantic Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA) is placed on the outside of APEX, Provor, and Navis profiling floats in its own pressure housing and is connected to the float through an underwater cable that provides power and communications. Power, communications between the float controller and the sensor, and data processing requirements are essentially the same for both ISUS and SUNA. There are several possible algorithms that can be used for the deconvolution of nitrate concentration from the observed UV absorption spectrum (Johnson and Coletti, 2002; Arai et al., 2008; Sakamoto et al., 2009; Zielinski et al., 2011). In addition, the default algorithm that is available in Satlantic sensors is a proprietary approach, but this is not generally used on profiling floats. There are some tradeoffs in every approach. To date almost all nitrate sensors on profiling floats have used the Temperature Compensated Salinity Subtracted (TCSS) algorithm developed by Sakamoto et al. (2009), and this document focuses on that method. It is likely that there will be further algorithm development and it is necessary that the data systems clearly identify the algorithm that is used. It is also desirable that the data system allow for recalculation of prior data sets using new algorithms. To accomplish this, the float must report not just the computed nitrate, but the observed light intensity. Then, the rule to obtain only one NITRATE parameter is, if the spectrum is present then, the NITRATE should be recalculated from the spectrum while the computation of nitrate concentration can also generate useful diagnostics of data quality.

CATARINA 2012-Leg 1 - CTD-O2 Data report

The CATARINA Leg1 cruise was carried out from June 22 to July 24 2012 on board the B/O Sarmiento de Gamboa, under the scientific supervision of Aida Rios (CSIC-IIM). It included the occurrence of the OVIDE hydrological section that was performed in June 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010, as part of the CLIVAR program (name A25) ), and under the supervision of Herlé Mercier (CNRSLPO). This section begins near Lisbon (Portugal), runs through the West European Basin and the Iceland Basin, crosses the Reykjanes Ridge (300 miles north of Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, and ends at Cape Hoppe (southeast tip of Greenland). The objective of this repeated hydrological section is to monitor the variability of water mass properties and main current transports in the basin, complementing the international observation array relevant for climate studies. In addition, the Labrador Sea was partly sampled (stations 101-108) between Greenland and Newfoundland, but heavy weather conditions prevented the achievement of the section south of 53°40’N. The quality of CTD data is essential to reach the first objective of the CATARINA project, i.e. to quantify the Meridional Overturning Circulation and water mass ventilation changes and their effect on the changes in the anthropogenic carbon ocean uptake and storage capacity. The CATARINA project was mainly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Innovation and co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. The hydrological OVIDE section includes 95 surface-bottom stations from coast to coast, collecting profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen and currents, spaced by 2 to 25 Nm depending on the steepness of the topography. The position of the stations closely follows that of OVIDE 2002. In addition, 8 stations were carried out in the Labrador Sea. From the 24 bottles closed at various depth at each stations, samples of sea water are used for salinity and oxygen calibration, and for measurements of biogeochemical components that are not reported here. The data were acquired with a Seabird CTD (SBE911+) and an SBE43 for the dissolved oxygen, belonging to the Spanish UTM group. The software SBE data processing was used after decoding and cleaning the raw data. Then, the LPO matlab toolbox was used to calibrate and bin the data as it was done for the previous OVIDE cruises, using on the one hand pre and post-cruise calibration results for the pressure and temperature sensors (done at Ifremer) and on the other hand the water samples of the 24 bottles of the rosette at each station for the salinity and dissolved oxygen data. A final accuracy of 0.002°C, 0.002 psu and 0.04 ml/l (2.3 umol/kg) was obtained on final profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, compatible with international requirements issued from the WOCE program.

Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologias para quantificação de 3,4 metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA) em comprimidos de ecstasy por cromatografia gasosa e ressonância magnética nuclear

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, 2016.

Design de equipamento médico

Dissertação de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Design de Produto, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

Monitoreo de movimientos de terreno en el sector del cerro Tamuga del cantón Paute mediante técnicas DGPS

vulnerabilidad a deslizamientos ubicado en el Cerro Tamuga del cantón Paute, provincia del Azuay, la metodología empleada consiste en utilizar la técnica DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System), la misma que incluye el uso simultaneo de dos o más receptores, el método de medida empleado para las observaciones DGPS es el estático rápido con un tiempo de medida de diez minutos para cada hito, los resultados fueron comparados con mediciones realizadas con estación total, para lo que se aplicó el método de medida y cálculo de triangulación; que consiste en observar desde dos bases diferentes al mismo hito para realizar la triangulación y procesamiento de los datos. Durante la etapa de muestreo se realizó 20 campañas de medición con técnicas DGPS, monitoreando un total de 14 hitos, con técnicas convencionales (Topográficas) se realizó 7 campañas y se monitoreó 14 hitos. De estos datos se obtiene la diferencia entre la última y la primera medición tanto para valores de X, Y y Z, y por tanto se obtiene la variación de precisión para los dos métodos de medición (DGPS y Estación Total). Con los resultados (∆X, ∆Y, ∆Z) se realiza el análisis de la direccionalidad de los vectores de desplazamiento mediante la diferencia entre el promedio de todas las mediciones con el primer punto medido. Los resultados DGPS presentan menor variabilidad de los datos, por lo que se sugiere emplear esta técnica en la medición de desplazamiento en extensiones grandes. Con relación al caso de estudio del Cerro Tamuga, se determinó que mediante las mediciones con DGPS, éste no presenta movimientos, pero se deben continuar las campañas de monitoreo para analizar la situación a largo plazo.

Inter-industry analysis and monetary policy evaluations in the Korean flow of funds accounts

This study mainly aims to provide an inter-industry analysis through the subdivision of various industries in flow of funds (FOF) accounts. Combined with the Financial Statement Analysis data from 2004 and 2005, the Korean FOF accounts are reconstructed to form "from-whom-to-whom" basis FOF tables, which are composed of 115 institutional sectors and correspond to tables and techniques of input–output (I–O) analysis. First, power of dispersion indices are obtained by applying the I–O analysis method. Most service and IT industries, construction, and light industries in manufacturing are included in the first quadrant group, whereas heavy and chemical industries are placed in the fourth quadrant since their power indices in the asset-oriented system are comparatively smaller than those of other institutional sectors. Second, investments and savings, which are induced by the central bank, are calculated for monetary policy evaluations. Industries are bifurcated into two groups to compare their features. The first group refers to industries whose power of dispersion in the asset-oriented system is greater than 1, whereas the second group indicates that their index is less than 1. We found that the net induced investments (NII)–total liabilities ratios of the first group show levels half those of the second group since the former's induced savings are obviously greater than the latter.

The use of computer technology to compare and analyze community college dissertations

A purpose of this research study was to demonstrate the practical linguistic study and evaluation of dissertations by using two examples of the latest technology, the microcomputer and optical scanner. That involved developing efficient methods for data entry plus creating computer algorithms appropriate for personal, linguistic studies. The goal was to develop a prototype investigation which demonstrated practical solutions for maximizing the linguistic potential of the dissertation data base. The mode of text entry was from a Dest PC Scan 1000 Optical Scanner. The function of the optical scanner was to copy the complete stack of educational dissertations from the Florida Atlantic University Library into an I.B.M. XT microcomputer. The optical scanner demonstrated its practical value by copying 15,900 pages of dissertation text directly into the microcomputer. A total of 199 dissertations or 72% of the entire stack of education dissertations (277) were successfully copied into the microcomputer's word processor where each dissertation was analyzed for a variety of syntax frequencies. The results of the study demonstrated the practical use of the optical scanner for data entry, the microcomputer for data and statistical analysis, and the availability of the college library as a natural setting for text studies. A supplemental benefit was the establishment of a computerized dissertation corpus which could be used for future research and study. The final step was to build a linguistic model of the differences in dissertation writing styles by creating 7 factors from 55 dependent variables through principal components factor analysis. The 7 factors (textual components) were then named and described on a hypothetical construct defined as a continuum from a conversational, interactional style to a formal, academic writing style. The 7 factors were then grouped through discriminant analysis to create discriminant functions for each of the 7 independent variables. The results indicated that a conversational, interactional writing style was associated with more recent dissertations (1972-1987), an increase in author's age, females, and the department of Curriculum and Instruction. A formal, academic writing style was associated with older dissertations (1972-1987), younger authors, males, and the department of Administration and Supervision. It was concluded that there were no significant differences in writing style due to subject matter (community college studies) compared to other subject matter. It was also concluded that there were no significant differences in writing style due to the location of dissertation origin (Florida Atlantic University, University of Central Florida, Florida International University).

The use of digital educational resources : the contribution of research in the supervised teaching practice in basic education

This article aims to reflect on the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the educational context, focusing on the potential contributions of the use of Digital Educational Resources (RED) in the process of teaching and learning. For this purpose, the results of the use of the RED will be presented:. Digital Classroom - The World's 1st Year Carochinha The study was accomplished in a class of the 1st grade of the 1st CEB, composed of 27 students, aged 6-7 years in Castelo Branco City Schools Group within the Supervised Teaching Practice. The results obtained after the analysis and processing of the data showed that when using this RED students show they have acquired the content covered by the fact that they enhanced levels of greater interest, commitment, motivation, commitment and initiative in the course of activities proposals. But, perhaps because they are students of 1st year of the 1st CEB, do not neglect the presence and monitoring of the teacher and the use of paper-based resources. This means that there should be a complementarity that reconciles the human factor (teacher), with the use of digital media resources and paper support resources (Manual).

Geometrical Methods in Multivariate Risk Management: Algorithms and Applications

This thesis builds a framework for evaluating downside risk from multivariate data via a special class of risk measures (RM). The peculiarity of the analysis lies in getting rid of strong data distributional assumptions and in orientation towards the most critical data in risk management: those with asymmetries and heavy tails. At the same time, under typical assumptions, such as the ellipticity of the data probability distribution, the conformity with classical methods is shown. The constructed class of RM is a multivariate generalization of the coherent distortion RM, which possess valuable properties for a risk manager. The design of the framework is twofold. The first part contains new computational geometry methods for the high-dimensional data. The developed algorithms demonstrate computability of geometrical concepts used for constructing the RM. These concepts bring visuality and simplify interpretation of the RM. The second part develops models for applying the framework to actual problems. The spectrum of applications varies from robust portfolio selection up to broader spheres, such as stochastic conic optimization with risk constraints or supervised machine learning.

Niveles de actividad física y su relación con los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos en profesores de educación física en Bogotá - Colombia.

La actividad física regular desempeña un papel fundamental en la prevención y control de los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos, dentro de la actividad laboral del profesor de educación física. Objetivo: El propósito del estudio fue determinar la relación entre los niveles de actividad física y la prevalencia de los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos, en profesores de educación física de 42 instituciones educativas oficiales de Bogotá-Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio de corte transversal en 262 profesores de educación física, de 42 instituciones educativas oficiales de Bogotá - Colombia. Se aplicó de manera auto-diligenciada el Cuestionario Nórdico de desórdenes músculos esqueléticos y el Cuestionario IPAQ versión corta para identificar los niveles de actividad física. Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión para variables cuantitativas y frecuencias relativas para variables cualitativas. Se calculó la prevalencia de vida y el porcentaje de reubicación laboral en los docentes que habían padecido diferentes tipo de dolor. Para estimar la relación entre el dolor y las variables sociodemográficas de los docentes, se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria simple. Los análisis fueron realizados en SPSS versión 20 y se consideró como significativo un valor p < 0.05 para el contraste de hipótesis y un nivel de confianza para la estimación de parámetros. Resultados: El porcentaje de respuesta fue del 83.9%, se consideraron válidos 262 registros, 22.5% eran de género femenino, la mayor cantidad de docentes de educación física se encuentraon entre 25 y 35 años (43,9%), frente a los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos, el 16.9% de los profesores reporto haberlos sufrido alguna vez molestias en el cuello, el 17,2% en el hombro, 27,9% espalda, 7.93% brazo y en mano el 8.4%. Los profesores con mayores niveles de actividad física, reportaron una prevalencia menor de alteraciones musculo esqueléticas de 16,9 % para cuello; 27.7% para dorsal/lumbar frente a los sujetos con niveles bajos de actividad física. La presencia de los desórdenes se asoció a los años de experiencia (OR 3.39 IC95% 1.41-7.65), a pertenecer al género femenino (OR 4.94 IC95% 1.94-12.59), a la edad (OR 5.06 IC95% 1.25-20.59), y al atender más de 400 estudiantes a cargo dentro de la jornada laboral (OR 4.50 IC95% 1.74-11.62). Conclusiones: En los profesores de Educación Física no sé encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles de actividad física y los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos medidos por auto reporte.

Traffic Light Using Multiple Wireless Technologies

This paper presents the study and experimental tests for the viability analysis of using multiple wireless technologies in urban traffic light controllers in a Smart City environment. Communication drivers, different types of antennas, data acquisition methods and data processing for monitoring the network are presented. The sensors and actuators modules are connected in a local area network through two distinct low power wireless networks using both 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequency bands. All data communications using 868 MHz go through a Moteino. Various tests are made to assess the most advantageous features of each communication type. The experimental results show better range for 868 MHz solutions, whereas the 2.4 GHz presents the advantage of self-regenerating the network and mesh. The different pros and cons of both communication methods are presented.

Alinhamento das práticas de responsabilidade social com a estratégia das instituições de ensino superior: um referencial de governação socialmente responsável gerador de confiança e reputação organizacional

A responsabilidade social é considerada fundamental para a conquista de vantagens competitivas organizacionais. A integração dos seus princípios na estratégia da organização, apresenta-se como uma linha orientadora do foco na satisfação de necessidades das partes interessadas internas e externas. As actuais limitações orçamentais têm afectado significativamente as Instituições de Ensino Superior, nomeadamente as localizadas no interior de Portugal continental, o que dificulta ainda mais a crescente diminuição de estudantes sendo necessário a implementação de estratégias de captação de estudantes nos vários ciclos, fases de idade e locais de proveniência. O sistema de gestão da responsabilidade social, referenciado na NP 4469.1:2008, apresenta um grande desafio ao modelo de gestão das organizações que o implementam, já que este sistema de gestão tem o potencial de optimizar os interesses das diversas partes interessadas. O foco da instituição passa a ser os das suas partes interessadas, maximizando os seus impactes positivos e minimizando os seus impactes negativos em resultado das suas actividades e decisões. O aumento da eficácia organizacional e a equidade dos interesses das partes interessadas, podem clarificar as funções estratégicas das Instituições de Ensino Superior. Os programas e práticas de responsabilidade social implementados nas Instituições de Ensino Superior do interior de Portugal continental são assim estrategicamente vistos, como um factor de diferenciação positiva face às suas congéneres e em consequência, assumido como um factor para a sua sustentabilidade. A presente investigação procura identificar um modelo de governação socialmente responsável que se comprometa com a dinamização de uma estratégia que preveja práticas de responsabilidade social condutoras a aumentos na confiança e reputação organizacionais nos estudantes e colaboradores das Instituições de Ensino Superior. Tendo por base a abordagem de investigação qualitativa, realizaram-se estudos de caso em duas Instituições de Ensino Superior localizadas no Alentejo, recorrendo-se a várias fontes de informação: entrevistas a 45 entrevistados, entre elementos da governação, colaboradores e estudantes, análise documental e observação participante. Como técnica de tratamento dos dados utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo através do software Atlas Ti. Os resultados da investigação empírica permitem identificar que, as duas Instituições de Ensino Superior melhoraram em termos de visibilidade externa e interna, havendo entrevistados que referem uma melhoria na confiança e reputação em resultado da adesão a práticas de responsabilidade social. O líder de uma das Instituições de Ensino Superior é reconhecido pelos seus pares como de elevado compromisso para com os princípios da responsabilidade social enquanto que o outro líder não é reconhecido da mesma forma. Os estudantes entrevistados, não reconhecem vantagens em resultado das práticas de responsabilidade social tanto ao nível da confiança como reputação organizacional; ABSTRACT: Social responsibility is considered essential to the achievement of organizational competitive advantage. The integration of its principles in the organization's strategy, presents itself as a guiding line focus on meeting the needs of internal and external stakeholders. The current budgetary constraints have significantly affected the higher education institutions, further hindering the increasing decline of students being required to implement student recruitment strategies in the various cycles of age stages and places of origin. The management system of social responsibility, referenced in NP 4469.1:2008, presents a major challenge to the model of management of organizations implementing it, since this management system, has the potential to optimize the interests of the various stakeholders. The focus of the institution happens to be out of their stakeholders, maximizing its positive impacts and minimizing the negative impacts as a result of its activities and decisions. Increased organizational effectiveness and equity interests of stakeholders can clarify the strategic functions of the higher education institutions. Social responsibility programs and Social responsibility practices implemented in higher education institutions in the interior of mainland Portugal are so strategically seen as a positive differentiating factor compared to their counterparts and therefore assumed to be a factor in their sustainability. This research seeks to identify socially responsible governance model that is committed to the promotion of a strategy which envisages conducting social responsibility practices to increases in organizational trust and reputation among students and employees of higher education institutions. Based on the qualitative research approach, there were case studies in two higher education institutions located in the Alentejo, making use of several sources of information: interviews with 45 respondents, between elements of governance, employees and students, document analysis and participant observation. As data processing technique was used content analysis by instrumental Atlas Ti. The results of empirical research identifying that the two higher education institutions have improved in terms of internal and external visibility, with respondents who report an improvement in confidence and reputation as a result of adherence to Social responsibility practices. The leader of one of the higher education institutions are recognized by their peers as high commitment to the principles of social responsibility while the other leader is not recognized in the same way. Students do not recognize advantages as a result of social responsibility practices both in terms of trust and organizational reputation.

Da intervenção da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Évora: a qualidade das respostas sociais e satisfação percebida dos utentes internos da SCMÉ

O Relatório de estágio tem por desígnio, compreender e analisar, o statu quo das dimensões da satisfação (Contemplando o seu bem-estar pessoal e social) dos utentes das valências da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Évora, por conseguinte, analisando e compreendendo a qualidade de vida desses mesmos utentes, debruçando-se, pois, sobre as potenciais e/ou evidentes necessidades institucionais por suprimir, e problemas sociais por erradicar. O levantamento da actual informação obteve-se através de dois instrumentos metodológicos de recolha de dados: inquérito por questionário de aplicação directa auto-administrada (utentes), e por intermédio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas (diretores técnicos das valências). Relativamente, aos métodos de tratamento de dados, no primeiro instrumento utilizou-se IBM SPSS 22, já no segundo análise de conteúdo. Após a detecção das necessidades existentes, procedeu-se a elaboração de uma proposta de intervenção sócio-organizacional, por forma a solucionar essas mesmas necessidades existentes. O presente documento estrutura-se em 4 eixos: o Eixo 1 – Componente teórica - ; o Eixo 2 – Componente metodológica - ; Eixo 3 – Componente dos resultados - ; Eixo 4 – Componente de intervenção sócio- organizacional; Abstract: Intervention of the Holy House of Mercy of Evora - The quality of the Social Responses and satisfaction perceived Internal SCME of users -. This work is to design, understand and analyze the status quo of the dimensions of satisfaction (Contemplating their personal and social welfare) of users of the valences of the Holy House of Mercy of Evora, therefore, analyzing and understanding the quality life of these same users, addressing therefore, on potential and / or obvious institutional needs to suppress and eradicate social problems. The survey of current information was obtained through two methodological tools for data collection: survey by self-administered direct application questionnaire (users), and through semi-structured interviews (technical directors of valences). With regard to the data processing methods, the first instrument was used SPSS 22, in the second content analysis. After detection of the needs, it proceeded to draw up a proposal for social and organizational intervention in order to solve these same existing needs. This document is divided into four axes: Axis 1 - Theoretical component -; Axis 2 - methodological component -; Axis 3 - Component of results -; Axis 4 - socio-organizational intervention component.

Formação inicial de pedagogos: a construção dos saberes no âmbito do estágio supervisionado

O espaço da formação docente apresenta-se como um campo de investigação rico de informações frente ao contexto da sociedade contemporânea. Assim, diferentes dimensões do processo formativo vem se destacando no cenário educacional, como é o caso da Formação Inicial de Pedagogo: construção dos saberes no âmbito do Estágio Supervionado, tema desta investigação. Este estudo faz uma abordagem sobre os dois modelos de formação de professores: o racionalismo técnico e o emergente pautado nos princípios do agente social, passando por um breve histórico da pedagogia no Brasil, e avança enfocando as concepções dicotômica e de unidade dos saberes teóricos e práticos, além de analisar a construção e mobilização dos saberes docentes. Destaca-se a relevância do Estágio Supervisionado no processo de formação, o seu papel articulador entre os vários tipos de saberes. Após, contextualiza-se o Curso de Pedagogia da UVA/AP, seus dispositivos legais, enfocando as ementas das disciplinas Estágio Supervisionado I e II contempladas na matriz curricular deste curso. Em seguida faz-se um apanhado da metodologia utilizada nesta investigação, que tem uma natureza descritiva, pautando-se na pesquisa bibliográfica e na pesquisa de campo. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram à entrevista semiestruturada e questionário, com os supervisores de estágios e alunos-estagiários sujeitos desta investigação. Finalizando com o tratamento e análise dos dados, apresentados graficamente das informações dos supervisores de estágios e alunos-estagiários e da análise das compreensões dos alunos-estagiários na entrevista semiestruturada, a qual são interpretadas a luz do referencial teórico utilizado na revisão literária. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia proposta foi adequada para apreciar sobre a formação inicial do pedagogo e a construção dos saberes no momento do Estágio Supervisionado. ABSTRACT: The sphere of educator training is presented as a rich of information research field in face of the contemporary society context. Thus, different scopes of the training process have been standing out in the educational scenario, as the case of initial educator training: The construction of the knowledge in the scope of the supervised traineeship, topic of this research. This study provides a comprehensive approach about the two models of teacher training: the technical rationalism and the emerging based on the social agent principles, followed by a short historical of the pedagogy in Brazil, right through focusing on dichotomous conceptions and units of the practical and theoretical knowledge, furthermore, analyze the construction and mobilization of the educational knowledge. The relevance of the supervised traineeship stands out in the training process; its role integrates different types of knowledge. After, Put the Pedagogy course: from UVAIAP into context, their legal arrangements, focusing on the subjects "Supervised Traineeship I and II", included in the study programme. Then is made an overview of the methodology used in this research, that is descriptive in nature, also be guided by a bibliographical research and a field research. The data collection resources were semi-structured interview and a questionnaire, with the traineeships supervisor and the trainee-student’s agents of this research. Concluding with the data processing and analysis, graphically presented according to the traineeships supervisor and trainee-students information and also analysis of the trainee-students comprehension in the semi-structured interview, which are interpreted in accordance of the theoretical framework used in the literary review. The results prove that the methodology proposed was appropriated to appreciate about the initial educator training and the construction of knowledge at the moment of the supervised traineeship.

Advanced Spectroscopy for the Study of Colourants in Cultural Heritage

Colourants are substances used to change the colour of something, and are classified in three typology of colorants: a) pigments, b) dyes, and c) lakes and hybrid pigments. Their identification is very important when studying cultural heritage; it gives information about the artistic technique, can help in dating, and offers insights on the condition of the object. Besides, the study of the degradation phenomena constitutes a framework for the preventive conservation strategies, provides evidence of the object's original appearance, and contributes to the authentication of works of art. However, the complexity of these systems makes it impossible to achieve a complete understanding using a single technique, making necessary a multi-analytical approach. This work focuses on the set-up and application of advanced spectroscopic methods for the study of colourants in cultural heritage. The first chapter presents the identification of modern synthetic organic pigments using Metal Underlayer-ATR (MU-ATR), and the characterization of synthetic dyes extracted from wool fibres using a combination of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) coupled to MU-ATR using AgI@Au plates. The second chapter presents the study of the effect of metallic Ag in the photo-oxidation process of orpiment, and the influence of the different factors, such as light and relative humidity. We used a combination of vibrational and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray microspectroscopy techniques: µ-ATR-FT-IR, µ-Raman, SR-µ-XRF, µ-XANES at S K-, Ag L3- and As K-edges and SR-µ-XRD. The third chapter presents the study of metal carboxylates in paintings, specifically on the formation of Zn and Pb carboxylates in three different binders: stand linseed oil, whole egg, and beeswax. We used micro-ATR-FT-IR, macro FT-IR in total reflection (rMA-FT-IR), portable Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIR), macro X-ray Powder Diffraction (MA-XRPD), XRPD, and Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS). For the data processing, we explored the data from rMA-FT-IR and NIR with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA).