Molecular phylogeography of the Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa [Denis and Schiffermüller] 1775) in Europe

Phylogeography is a recent field of biological research that links phylogenetics to biogeography through deciphering the imprint that evolutionary history has left on the genetic structure of extant populations. During the cold phases of the successive ice ages, which drastically shaped species’ distributions since the Pliocene, populations of numerous species were isolated in refugia where many of them evolved into different genetic lineages. My dissertation deals with the phylogeography of the Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa [Denis and Schiffermüller] 1775) in Central and Eastern Europe. This Palaearctic butterfly species is currently distributed from central France and south eastern Belgium over large parts of Central Europe and southern Siberia to the Pacific. It is absent from those parts of Europe with mediterranean, oceanic and boreal climates. It was supposed to be a Siberian faunal element with a rather homogeneous population structure in Central Europe due to its postglacial expansion out of a single eastern refugium. An already existing evolutionary scenario for the Woodland Ringlet in Central and Eastern Europe is based on nuclear data (allozymes). To know if this is corroborated by organelle evolutionary history, I sequenced two mitochondrial markers (part of the cytochrome oxydase subunit one and the control region) for populations sampled over the same area. Phylogeography largely relies on the construction of networks of uniparentally inherited haplotypes that are compared to geographic haplotype distribution thanks to recent developed methods such as nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA). Several ring-shaped ambiguities (loops) emerged from both haplotype networks in E. medusa. They can be attributed to recombination and homoplasy. Such loops usually avert the straightforward extraction of the phylogeographic signal contained in a gene tree. I developed several new approaches to extract phylogeographic information in the presence of loops, considering either homoplasy or recombination. This allowed me to deduce a consistent evolutionary history for the species from the mitochondrial data and also adds plausibility for the occurrence of recombination in E. medusa mitochondria. Despite the fact that the control region is assumed to have a lack of resolving power in other species, I found a considerable genetic variation of this marker in E. medusa which makes it a useful tool for phylogeographic studies. In combination with the allozyme data, the mitochondrial genome supports the following phylogeographic scenario for E. medusa in Europe: (i) a first vicariance, due to the onset of the Würm glaciation, led to the formation of several major lineages, and is mirrored in the NCPA by restricted gene flow, (ii) later on further vicariances led to the formation of two sub-lineages in the Western lineage and two sub-lineages in the Eastern lineage during the Last Glacial Maximum or Older Dryas; additionally the NCPA supports a restriction of gene flow with isolation by distance, (iii) finally, vicariance resulted in two secondary sub-lineages in the area of Germany and, maybe, to two other secondary sub-lineages in the Czech Republic. The last postglacial warming was accompanied by strong range expansions in most of the genetic lineages. The scenario expected for a presumably Siberian faunal element such as E. medusa is a continuous loss of genetic diversity during postglacial westward expansion. Hence, the pattern found in this thesis contradicts a typical Siberian origin of E. medusa. In contrast, it corroboratess the importance of multiple extra-Mediterranean refugia for European fauna as it was recently assumed for other continental species.

New associations between native parasitoids and exotic insects introduced in Italy and in Europe

The introduction of exotic species is one of the most important threats to biodiversity.This phenomenon may cause economic and environmental damage. To prevent these invasions there are institutions like EPPO. Nevertheless, the introduction of exotic pests is an increasing issue, difficult to control. Classic biological control, based on importation of natural enemies from the country of origin, has been successfully used for over 120 years, but it has also raised some criticism. My research work has focused on the study of the new associations occurring between indigenous parasitoids and three exotic pests introduced in Italy and Europe. The three target insects considered were: Cacyreus marshalli Butler (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a pest of Geranium plants; Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), a plague of Castanea sp. and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). This ladybug has been introduced as a biological control agent, but since some years it considered as an invasive species. For C. marshalli I performed laboratory tests on acceptance and suitability of immature stages of this butterfly by Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Brachymeria tibialis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidicae). The experiments showed that these two parasitoids could be used to contain this pest. For D. kuriphilus I performed field samplings in an infested chestnut area, the samples were maintained in rearing chamber until gall wasp or parasitoids emergence. In the 3-year research many parasitoids of gall wasps were found; one of these, Torymus flavipes (Walker), was found in large number. For H. axyridis the research work included a first phase of field sampling, during which I searched indigenous parasitoids which had adapted to this new host; the only species found was Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Laboratory tests were performed on the wasp rearing, biology and capacity to contain H. axyridis.

Diversity of baculoviruses isolated from cutworms (Agrotis spp.)

Larven der Eulenfalter, Gattung Agrotis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sind Schädlinge in der Landwirtschaft, welche gravierende Fraßschäden an bodennahen Pflanzenteilen verursachen. Häufig kommt es zum Absterben der noch jungen Pflanzen oder zu Beschädigungen der pflanzlichen Produkte, was zu finanziellen Ertragsverlusten führt. Zwei der wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Schädlinge der Gattung Agrotis sind die Larven der Saateule (Agrotis segetum) und der Ypsiloneule (Agrotis ipsilon), welche bisher überwiegend mittels chemischer Pestizide bekämpft werden. Als eine umweltfreundliche, nachhaltige und vielversprechende Alternative in der Bekämpfung wird der Einsatz von Baculoviren berücksichtigt. Baculoviren zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Virulenz und einem sehr engen Wirtsbereich aus. Häufig werden nur wenige nah verwandte Arten der gleichen Gattung infiziert. Aus der Gattung Agrotis wurden bisher mindestens vier Baculoviren isoliert und charakterisiert, welche als potentielle biologische Pflanzenschutzmittel in Frage kommen; sie gehören zu zwei Gattungen der Baculoviren: rnAlphabaculovirusrn(i) Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus A (AgseNPV-A)rn(ii) Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus B (AgseNPV-B)rn(iii) Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipNPV)rnBetabaculovirusrn(i) Agrotis segetum granulovirus (AgseGV).rnDie Genome der AgseNPV-A, AgipNPV sowie des AgseGV wurden in vorherigen Studien bereits vollständig sequenziert und publiziert. In der vorgelegten Dissertation wurde das AgseNPV-B sequenziert und umfassend mit AgseNPV-A und AgipNPV verglichen. Das Genom von AgseNPV-B ist 148981 Kbp groß und kodiert ….. offene Leseraster. Phylogenetische Analysen zeigen eine enge Verwandtschaft dieser drei Viren und klassifizieren AgseNPV-B als eine neue Art innerhalb der Gattung Alphabaculovirus. Auf Basis der vorhandenen Genomsequenzen konnte eine PCR-basierende Methode zur Detektion und Quantifizierung on AgseNPV-A, AgseNPV-B, AgipNPV und AgseGV etabliert werden. Dises Verfahren ermöglichte die Quantifizierung von AgseNPV-B und AgseGV in Larven von A. segetum, die von beiden Viren zeitgleichinfiziert waren. Durch das gemeinsame Auftreten dieser beiden Wiren innerhalb eines Wirtsindividuums stellte sich die Frage, welche Art der Interaktion bei einer Ko-Infektion vorliegt. Durch Mischinfektionsversuche von AgseNPV-B und AgseGV konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Viren um die Ressourcen der Larven konkurrieren. Eine für landwirtschaftliche Zwecke vorteilige Interaktion, wie das vorzeitige Verenden der Larven, das bereits für andere interagierende Baculoviren nachgewiesen wurde, konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Neben den Mischinfektionsversuchen wurden auch AgseGV und AgseNPV-B einzeln auf ihre Eignung als biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel getestet. AgseGV zeigte in den Laborversuchen eine relativ langsame Wirkung, während AgseNPV-B durchaus Potential für ein rasche Abtötung besitzt. rnDie durchgeführten Aktivitätsstudien und die Charakterisierung von AgseNPV-B als neue Art erlauben ein vertieftes biologisches und molekulares Verständnis des Virus legen den Grundstein für und eine mögliche spätere Zulassung als Pflanzenschutzmittel. Die Methode zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Agrotis-Baculoviren stellt ein wichtiges Instrument in der Qualitätskontrolle für Produzenten dar und ermöglicht zudem weitere Untersuchungen von Agrotis-Baculoviren in Mischinfektionen.

Evaluation of sugar maple dieback in the Upper Great Lakes region and development of a forest health youth education program

Acer saccharum Marsh., is one of the most valuable trees in the northern hardwood forests. Severe dieback was recently reported by area foresters in the western Upper Great Lakes Region. Sugar Maple has had a history of dieback over the last 100 years throughout its range and different variables have been identified as being the predisposing and inciting factors in different regions at different times. Some of the most common factors attributed to previous maple dieback episodes were insect defoliation outbreaks, inadequate precipitation, poor soils, atmospheric deposition, fungal pathogens, poor management, or a combination of these. The current sugar maple dieback was evaluated to determine the etiology, severity, and change in dieback on both industry and public lands. A network of 120 sugar maple health evaluation plots was established in the Upper Peninsula, Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota and evaluated annually from 2009-2012. Mean sugar maple crown dieback between 2009-2012 was 12.4% (ranging from 0.8-75.5%) across the region. Overall, during the sampling period, mean dieback decreased by 5% but individual plots and trees continued to decline. Relationships were examined between sugar maple dieback and growth, habitat conditions, ownership, climate, soil, foliage nutrients, and the maple pathogen sapstreak. The only statistically significant factor was found to be a high level of forest floor impacts due to exotic earthworm activity. Sugar maple on soils with lower pH had less earthworm impacts, less dieback, and higher growth rates than those on soils more favorable to earthworms. Nutritional status of foliage and soil was correlated with dieback and growth suggesting perturbation of nutrient cycling may be predisposing or contributing to dieback. The previous winter's snowfall totals, length of stay on the ground, and number of days with freezing temperatures had a significant positive relationship to sugar maple growth rates. Sapstreak disease, Ceratocystis virescens, may be contributing to dieback in some stands but was not related to the amount of dieback in the region. The ultimate goal of this research is to help forest managers in the Great Lakes Region prevent, anticipate, reduce, and/or salvage stands with dieback and loss in the future. An improved understanding of the complex etiology associated with sugar maple dieback in the Upper Great Lakes Region is necessary to make appropriate silvicultural decisions. Forest Health education helps increase awareness and proactive forest management in the face of changing forest ecosystems. Lessons are included to assist educators in incorporating forest health into standard biological disciplines at the secondary school curricula.

Oviposition by a moth suppresses constitutive and herbivore-induced plant volatiles in maize

Plant volatiles function as important signals for herbivores, parasitoids, predators, and neighboring plants. Herbivore attack can dramatically increase plant volatile emissions in many species. However, plants do not only react to herbivore-inflicted damage, but also already start adjusting their metabolism upon egg deposition by insects. Several studies have found evidence that egg deposition itself can induce the release of volatiles, but little is known about the effects of oviposition on the volatiles released in response to subsequent herbivory. To study this we measured the effect of oviposition by Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths on constitutive and herbivore-induced volatiles in maize (Zea mays L.). Results demonstrate that egg deposition reduces the constitutive emission of volatiles and suppresses the typical burst of inducible volatiles following mechanical damage and application of caterpillar regurgitant, a treatment that mimics herbivory. We discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for reducing the plant's signaling capacity triggered by S. frugiperda oviposition and how suppression of volatile organic compounds can influence the interaction between the plant, the herbivore, and other organisms in its environment. Future studies should consider oviposition as a potential modulator of plant responses to insect herbivores. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

Two enzymes responsible for the formation of herbivore-induced volatiles of maize, the methyltransferase AAMT1 and the terpene synthase TPS23, are regulated by a similar signal transduction pathway

Herbivore-induced volatiles play an important role in the indirect defense of plants. After herbivore damage, volatiles are released from the plant and can attract herbivore enemies that protect the plant from additional damage. The herbivore-induced volatile blend is complex and usually consists of mono- and sesquiterpenes, aromatic compounds, and indole. Although these classes of compounds are generally produced at different times after herbivore damage, the release of the terpene (E)-β-caryophyllene and the aromatic ester methyl anthranilate appear to be tightly coordinated. We have studied the herbivore induction patterns of two terpene synthases from Zea mays L. (Poaceae), TPS23 and TPS10, as well as S-adenosyl-L-methionine:anthranilic acid carboxyl methyltransferases (AAMT1), which are critical for the production of terpenes and anthranilate compounds, respectively. The transcript levels of tps23 and aamt1 displayed the same kinetics after damage by the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and showed the same organ-specific and haplotype-specific expression patterns. Despite its close functional relation to TPS23, the terpene synthase TPS10 is not expressed in roots and does not display the haplotype-specific expression pattern. The results indicate that the same JA-mediated signaling cascade maycontrol the production of both the terpene (E)-β-caryophyllene and aromatic ester methyl anthranilate.

Presence of polydnavirus transcripts in an egg-larval parasitoid and its lepidopterous host

The parasitoid Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae, Hymenoptera) oviposits into eggs of Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) and, along with the egg, also injects polydnaviruses and venom, which are prerequisites for successful parasitoid development. The parasitoid larva develops within the embryonic and larval stages of the host, which enters metamorphosis precociously and arrests development in the prepupal stage. Polydnaviruses are responsible for the developmental arrest and interfere with the host's endocrine system in the last larval instar. Polydnaviruses have a segmented genome and are transmitted as a provirus integrated in the wasp's genome. Virions are only formed in female wasps and no virus replication is seen in the parasitized host. Here it is shown that very small amounts of viral transcripts were found in parasitized eggs and early larval instars of S. littoralis. Later on, transcript quantities increased and were highest in the late last larval instar for two of the three viral segments tested and in the penultimate to early last larval instar for the third segment. These are the first data on the occurrence of viral transcripts in the host of an egg-larval parasitoid and they are different from data reported for hosts of larval parasitoids, where transcript levels are already high shortly after parasitization. The analysis of three open reading frames by RT-PCR revealed viral transcripts in parasitized S. littoralis and in female pupae of C. inanitus, indicating the absence of host specificity. For one open reading frame, transcripts were also seen in male pupae, suggesting transcription from integrated viral DNA.

Grapholita molesta en condiciones de laboratorio : evaluación de la relación de sexos

Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) es plaga principal del duraznero en Mendoza. El desarrollo de crías artificiales permite interpretar el comportamiento de dicha plaga y consecuentemente, aplicar estrategias para su control. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar distintas relaciones de sexos de la especie mediante la fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad La cría se desarrolló en una cámara con temperatura, humedad relativa y fotoperíodo controlados. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar para eliminar la influencia de la luz dentro de la cámara y el desarrollo generacional. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el programa Statistica. El análisis de los resultados entre bloque y tratamiento no tuvo diferencias significativas en la incidencia de la luz y en el desarrollo generacional. La fecundidad tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Por el contrario, la viabilidad y la longevidad de ambos sexos no tuvieron diferencias significativas, pero los valores de la primera fueron en todos los tratamientos más altos que el máximo citado por otros autores. La relación de sexos influyó positivamente sobre la fecundidad cuando la proporción de los machos fue mayor o igual que el sexo contrario.

Densidad de adultos de Grapholita Molesta en jaulas : Mendoza (Argentina)

Grapholita molesta es una importante plaga que afecta brotes y frutos del duraznero en Mendoza, Argentina. Algunos autores han citado que Carpocapsa pomonella requiere, en condiciones artificiales, una densidad poblacional de 100 adultos para alcanzar una alta fecundidad y que esta situación se puede extender a la especie en estudio. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar distintas densidades poblacionales de la especie mediante la fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad. La especie se crió en una cámara con condiciones abióticas controladas. El diseño fue en bloques al azar para eliminar la influencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados se procesaron mediante el programa Statistica. El análisis de los resultados entre bloques y tratamientos no tuvo diferencias significativas por lo que no hubo variación en la incidencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. La viabilidad tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos mientras que la fecundidad y la longevidad no las presentaron. La densidad poblacional influyó positivamente sobre la viabilidad cuando la cantidad de parejas fue la menor y disminuyó al incrementarse la proporción de las mismas. Es decir, el hacinamiento de los individuos afectó la viabilidad de Grapholita molesta pero no la fecundidad ni la longevidad.

Tuta absoluta

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera- Gelechiidae) es una plaga del tomate cultivado en Mendoza (Argentina) que afecta la calidad y la conservación de su producto. Su cría artificial permite conocer su bioetología para aplicarla a su control. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: • Adaptar la especie a la reproducción en condiciones artificiales. • Evaluar dietas para la cría de las larvas. La fundación de la cría partió de larvas salvajes extraídas de hojas y frutos dañados de un cultivo bajo cubierta, ubicado en Guaymallén (Mendoza). La cría desarrolló dentro de cámaras con condiciones controladas de temperatura, humedad y fotoperíodo. Para el apareamiento y oviposición de los adultos se diseñaron tres tipos de jaulas. Como sustratos de oviposición se utilizó papel apergaminado, entretela y algodón. Sobre papel no se obtuvieron posturas. La mayor cantidad de huevos se registró sobre algodón. Los huevos obtenidos se sembraron en dieta artificial y natural. Las larvas se lograron alimentar con dieta artificial pero los adultos -obtenidos con alto rendimiento: 67,58 % huevo a adulto- no dieron suficiente descendencia para mantener la cría.

Caracterización general y depredación predispersiva de chica (Ramorinoa girolae) del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. San Juan, Argentina

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae), es una especie leñosa endémica de Argentina común-mente llamada "chica". En el presente trabajo se evaluaron algunas características de R. gi-rolae, la pérdida de semillas durante la etapa predispersiva y se identificó los depredadores de dicha etapa. Se seleccionaron árboles en tres sitios dentro del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan): la Mina de cuarzo (Provincia Fitogeográfica del Chaco; n= 5 árboles), el Morado (P.F. del Monte; n= 6) y el Tramo (P.F. del Monte; n= 6). A partir de cada árbol se registraron mediciones de tamaño del individuo, densidad de coespecíficos alrededor y número de frutos. Se recolectaron 10 frutos por árbol con el fin de identificar y cuantificar los artrópodos asociados, además se tomaron datos referentes a la densidad y tamaño de frutos y semillas y su viabilidad. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de frutos por árbol presentó diferencias entre los sitios, mientras que la densidad de árboles no presentó diferencias. En cuanto al daño por artrópodos, se encontró que la proporción de semillas dañadas fue mayor en frutos de menor tamaño, en frutos con mayor número de semillas y en frutos con mayor número de depredadores. Las semillas dañadas representaron en promedio el 58% del total de las semillas muestreadas y sólo el 4% de las semillas dañadas conservaron su viabilidad, mientras que el 91% de semillas sanas resultaron viables. Se identificó a Anypsipyla univitella Dyar. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae) como la única especie depredadora de las semillas durante la etapa predispersiva, mientras que Goniozus sp. (Bethy-lidae, Chrysidoidea, Himenóptera) se identificó como parasitoide de la larva del lepidóptero. Como R. girolae es considerada una especie “vulnerable" (IUCN) resulta primordial su conservación ante escenarios de cambio climático, debido a su baja resistencia al fuego, el bajo nivel de regeneración, la falta de conocimiento y a las políticas deficientes de conservación

Investigation of knot nests on Ellesmere Island

Knots arrive on Ellesmere Island in late May or early June. At Hazen Camp small flocks were present on 3 June 1966, but the main influx occurred 5 June when many flocks were seen ranging in size from 6 to 60 individuals. The sexes appeared to arrive together, but the manner of pair-formation was not determined. By 7 June pairs were distributed over the tundra with large feeding flocks forming at snowfree wet marshy areas. Most nests were on Dryas-hummocked slopes and tundra, either dry or moist, with some on clay plains and summits in a mixed Dryas and Salix vegetation. A census area of 240 ha supported at least 3 breeding pairs, and possibly 5; the total number of pairs breeding in the Hazen Camp study area was estimated to be about 25 (1.09 pairs/km**2). Egg-laying (4 nests) extended from 15 to 28 June, with 3 of the 4 sets completed between 20 and 23 June. Both sexes incubated, one of the pair more regularly than the other. The song-flight display of the male was performed most frequently during egglaying and incubation. The incubation period of the last egg in one clutch was established as being between 21.5 and 22.4 days. Four nests hatched between 12 and 20 July, and the hatching period of the entire clutch was less than 24 hours. Four of 7 nests (57 %) survived and egg survival (53 %) was low. Families left the nesting area so on after hatching, concentrating at ponds where food was readily available for the young. Both adults attended the young during the pre-fledging period, but the females apparently departed before the young had hedged. Males left once the young could fly and the adult fall migration was complete by early August. Most 01 the young departed belore mid-August. Fall migration is complete by late August or early September. The breeding season appears to be timed to peak load supply for the young. Adult Chironomidae emergence was highest between 3 and 17 July, the period during which most successful nests hatched. The increasing scarcity of adult insects for the young after mid-July was offset by family movements over the tundra and the early departure of half the adult population. Food also seemed to influence the distribution of breeding pairs aver the tundra, restricting them to the general vicinity of marshes, streams, and ponds where food is most available when the young hatch. Territoriality in the Knot appears to be closely associated with the protection of the nest against predators and has at least a local effect in regulating the number of breeding pairs. Plant material was important in the diet of adult Knots throughout the summer and the primary food from the time of arrival until mid-June. After mid-June the percentage of animal matter increased as dipterous insects became available (especially adult Chironomidae), but plant materials continued to constitute a large part of the diet, usually more than 50 %. The food of the young before fledging consisted principally of adult chironomids.

Distribution of diatoms in surface sediments and some limnological characteristics of studied lakes in the Siberian arctic

The investigation of the species composition and ecology of diatoms of modern bottom sediments in water bodies of arctic polygonal tundra in three subregions of North Yakutiya has been carried out. As a result, 161 taxons of diatoms were determined; the determinant role of the depth, conductivity, pH of the water, and geographic latitude in their distribution was confirmed, and two complexes of species with respect to the leading abiotic factors were distinguished. The diatoms of the first complex prefer shallow water bodies of high latitudes with neutral and slightly alkaline water and relatively high conductivity. The second complex is confined to the water bodies of lower latitudes with small conductivity, as well as neutral and slightly acidic water.

Diatom deposits in the ostpreußischen Haffe

Als man nach dem ersten Weltkrieg im verkleinerten Deutschland nach der Möglichkeit von Neulandgewinnung suchte, dachte man auch an eineTrockenlegung der ostpreußischen Haffe. Aus diesem Anlaß wurden umfangreiche Bohrungen ausgeführt, um ein möglichst genaues Bild vom Untergrunde der Haffe zu bekommen. Auf Veranlassung der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt wurde ich mit der Untersuchung der Diatomeen in den Bohrproben beauftragt. Die Arbeit wurde 1934 begonnen und Ende 1937 wurde der letzte Arbeitsbericht abgeliefert. Die beabsichtigte Veröffentlichung ist bisher unterblieben, weil die Druckvorlagen später verloren gegangen sind. Seitdem sind über die Haffuntersuchungen mehrere Teilergebnisse veröffentlicht worden, von denen hier schon wegen der Terminologie die pollenanalytischen Arbeiten von L. HEIN (1941) und HUGO GROSS (1941) erwähnt seien, auf die im Abschnitt Il 2e näher eingegangen wird. Bei der geologischen Auswertung war Zurückhaltung geboten; denn es wäre gewagt, allein aus der Perspektive der Diatomeenforschung endgültige Aussagen machen zu wollen. Darum habe ich mich bemüht, das Material so weit aufzuschließen, daß es Geologen später auch bei veränderter Fragestellung auswerten können. "Die Theorien wechseln, aber die Tatsachen bleiben." Der Initiative des Herrn Prof. Dr. K. GRIPP und der finanziellen Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ist es zu verdanken, daß die vorliegende Arbeit im Druck erscheinen kann. Zusammenfassung 1. Nur in den alluvialen Schichten des Kurischen Haffs wurden Diatomeen gefunden. 2. Die Diatomeenflora des Kurischen Haffs besteht zur Hauptsache aus Süßwasserformen. 3. Salzwasserformen finden sich in allen Schichten verstreut unter der Süßwasserflora. Wenn sie auch nach Zahl der Arten in manchen Proben einen erheblichen Prozentsatz der Flora ausmachen, so ist doch die Zahl der Individuen stets so gering, daß man nirgends von einer Brackwasserflora sprechen kann. 4. Die Süßwasserflora besteht in den unteren Schichten vorwiegend aus Grundformen; und zwar machen die epiphytischen Bewohner flacher Sumpfgewässer einen großen Teil der Flora aus. 5. In einzelnen Bohrungen kommt in den untersten alluvialen Schichten eine Grundflora mit zahlreichen Mastogloien vor. Dies sind die ältesten diatomeenführenden Schichten, entstanden in isolierten Sumpfgewässern. 6. Die übrigen Schichten mit überwiegender Grundflora sind vermutlich Ablagerungen der Ancyluszeit. 7. Die oberen Schichten, in denen die Planktondiatomeen überwiegen, dürften größtenteils der Litorina-Transgressionszeit angehören, jedoch ist der Transgressions-Kontakt nicht klar zu erkennen. 8. Das Ende der Litorinazeit ist noch weniger erkennbar, da eine grundsätzliche Veränderung der Flora nach oben nicht zu beobachten ist. 9. Die ostbaltischen Charakterformen sind in allen Schichten vertreten.

Pollen and diatom analysis on varved sediments in Lake Jues (Harz Mountains, Germany)

Studies combining sedimentological and biological evidence to reconstruct Holocene climate beyond the major changes, and especially seasonality, are rare in Europe, and are nearly completely absent in Germany. The present study tries to reconstruct changes of seasonality from evidence of annual algal successions within the framework of well-established pollen zonation and 14C-AMS dates from terrestrial plants. Laminated Holocene sediments in Lake Jues (10°20.70' E, 51°39.30' N, 241 m a.s.l.), located at the SW margin of the Harz Mountains, central Germany, were studied for sediment characteristics, pollen, diatoms and coccal green algae. An age model is based on 21 calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates from terrestrial plants. The sedimentary record covers the entire Holocene period. Trophic status and circulation/stagnation patterns of the lake were inferred from algal assemblages, the subannual structure of varves and the physico-chemical properties of the sediment. During the Holocene, mixing conditions alternated between di-, oligo- and meromictic depending on length and variability of spring and fall periods, and the stability of winter and summer weather. The trophic state was controlled by nutrient input, circulation patterns and the temperature-dependent rates of organic production and mineralization. Climate shifts, mainly in phase with those recorded from other European regions, are inferred from changing limnological conditions and terrestrial vegetation. Significant changes occurred at 11,600 cal. yr. BP (Preboreal warming), between 10,600 and 10,100 cal. yr. BP (Boreal cooling), and between 8,400 and 4,550 cal. yr. BP (warm and dry interval of the Atlantic). Since 4,550 cal. yr. BP the climate became gradually cooler, wetter and more oceanic. This trend was interrupted by warmer and dryer phases between 3,440 and 2,850 cal. yr. BP and, likely, between 2,500 and 2,250 cal. yr. BP.