Studies on the interaction of two level atoms with quantized electromagnetic field

The present study described about the interaction of a two level atom and squeezed field with time varying frequency. By applying a sinusoidal variation in the frequency of the field, the randomness in population inversion is reduced and the collapses and periodic revivals are regained. Quantum optics is an emerging field in physics which mainly deals with the interaction of atoms with quantised electromagnetic fields. Jaynes-Cummings Model (JCM) is a key model among them, which describes the interaction between a two level atom and a single mode radiation field. Here the study begins with a brief history of light, atom and their interactions. Also discussed the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic fields. The study suggest a method to manipulate the population inversion due to interaction and control the randomness in it, by applying a time dependence on the frequency of the interacting squeezed field.The change in behaviour of the population inversion due to the presence of a phase factor in the applied frequency variation is explained here.This study also describes the interaction between two level atom and electromagnetic field in nonlinear Kerr medium. It deals with atomic and field state evolution in a coupled cavity system. Our results suggest a new method to control and manipulate the population of states in two level atom radiation interaction,which is very essential for quantum information processing.We have also studied the variation of atomic population inversion with time, when a two level atom interacts with light field, where the light field has a sinusoidal frequency variation with a constant phase. In both coherent field and squeezed field cases, the population inversion variation is completely different from the phase zero frequency modulation case. It is observed that in the presence of a non zero phase φ, the population inversion oscillates sinusoidally.Also the collapses and revivals gradually disappears when φ increases from 0 to π/2. When φ = π/2 the evolution of population inversion is identical to the case when a two level atom interacts with a Fock state. Thus, by applying a phase shifted frequency modulation one can induce sinusoidal oscillations of atomic inversion in linear medium, those normally observed in Kerr medium. We noticed that the entanglement between the atom and field can be controlled by varying the period of the field frequency fluctuations. The system has been solved numerically and the behaviour of it for different initial conditions and different susceptibility values are analysed. It is observed that, for weak cavity coupling the effect of susceptibility is minimal. In cases of strong cavity coupling, susceptibility factor modifies the nature in which the probability oscillates with time. Effect of susceptibility on probability of states is closely related to the initial state of the system.

Simulation and Design of a high speed Solid State Switch for Excimer Laser

Excimerlaser sind gepulste Gaslaser, die Laseremission in Form von Linienstrahlung – abhängig von der Gasmischung – im UV erzeugen. Der erste entladungsgepumpte Excimerlaser wurde 1977 von Ischenko demonstriert. Alle kommerziell verfügbaren Excimerlaser sind entladungsgepumpte Systeme. Um eine Inversion der Besetzungsdichte zu erhalten, die notwendig ist, um den Laser zum Anschwingen zu bekommen, muss aufgrund der kurzen Wellenlänge sehr stark gepumpt werden. Diese Pumpleistung muss von einem Impulsleistungsmodul erzeugt werden. Als Schaltelement gebräuchlich sind Thyratrons, Niederdruckschaltröhren, deren Lebensdauer jedoch sehr limitiert ist. Deshalb haben sich seit Mitte der 1990iger Jahre Halbleiterschalter mit Pulskompressionsstufen auch in dieser Anwendung mehr und mehr durchgesetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, die Pulskompression durch einen direkt schaltenden Halbleiterstapel zu ersetzen und dadurch die Verluste zu reduzieren sowie den Aufwand für diese Pulskompression einzusparen. Zudem kann auch die maximal mögliche Repetitionsrate erhöht werden. Um die Belastung der Bauelemente zu berechnen, wurden für alle Komponenten möglichst einfache, aber leistungsfähige Modelle entwickelt. Da die normalerweise verfügbaren Daten der Bauelemente sich aber auf andere Applikationen beziehen, mussten für alle Bauteile grundlegende Messungen im Zeitbereich der späteren Applikation gemacht werden. Für die nichtlinearen Induktivitäten wurde ein einfaches Testverfahren entwickelt um die Verluste bei sehr hohen Magnetisierungsgeschwindigkeiten zu bestimmen. Diese Messungen sind die Grundlagen für das Modell, das im Wesentlichen eine stromabhängige Induktivität beschreibt. Dieses Modell wurde für den „magnetic assist“ benützt, der die Einschaltverluste in den Halbleitern reduziert. Die Impulskondensatoren wurden ebenfalls mit einem in der Arbeit entwickelten Verfahren nahe den späteren Einsatzparametern vermessen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die sehr gebräuchlichen Class II Keramikkondensatoren für diese Anwendung nicht geeignet sind. In der Arbeit wurden deshalb Class I Hochspannungs- Vielschicht- Kondensatoren als Speicherbank verwendet, die ein deutlich besseres Verhalten zeigen. Die eingesetzten Halbleiterelemente wurden ebenfalls in einem Testverfahren nahe den späteren Einsatzparametern vermessen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass nur moderne Leistungs-MOSFET´s für diesen Einsatz geeignet sind. Bei den Dioden ergab sich, dass nur Siliziumkarbid (SiC) Schottky Dioden für die Applikation einsetzbar sind. Für die Anwendung sind prinzipiell verschiedene Topologien möglich. Bei näherer Betrachtung zeigt sich jedoch, dass nur die C-C Transfer Anordnung die gewünschten Ergebnisse liefern kann. Diese Topologie wurde realisiert. Sie besteht im Wesentlichen aus einer Speicherbank, die vom Netzteil aufgeladen wird. Aus dieser wird dann die Energie in den Laserkopf über den Schalter transferiert. Aufgrund der hohen Spannungen und Ströme müssen 24 Schaltelemente in Serie und je 4 parallel geschaltet werden. Die Ansteuerung der Schalter wird über hochisolierende „Gate“-Transformatoren erreicht. Es zeigte sich, dass eine sorgfältig ausgelegte dynamische und statische Spannungsteilung für einen sicheren Betrieb notwendig ist. In der Arbeit konnte ein Betrieb mit realer Laserkammer als Last bis 6 kHz realisiert werden, der nur durch die maximal mögliche Repetitionsrate der Laserkammer begrenzt war.

High-Speed Semiconductor Lasers based on Low-Dimensional Active Materials for Optical Telecommunication

The scope of this work is the fundamental growth, tailoring and characterization of self-organized indium arsenide quantum dots (QDs) and their exploitation as active region for diode lasers emitting in the 1.55 µm range. This wavelength regime is especially interesting for long-haul telecommunications as optical fibers made from silica glass have the lowest optical absorption. Molecular Beam Epitaxy is utilized as fabrication technique for the quantum dots and laser structures. The results presented in this thesis depict the first experimental work for which this reactor was used at the University of Kassel. Most research in the field of self-organized quantum dots has been conducted in the InAs/GaAs material system. It can be seen as the model system of self-organized quantum dots, but is not suitable for the targeted emission wavelength. Light emission from this system at 1.55 µm is hard to accomplish. To stay as close as possible to existing processing technology, the In(AlGa)As/InP (100) material system is deployed. Depending on the epitaxial growth technique and growth parameters this system has the drawback of producing a wide range of nano species besides quantum dots. Best known are the elongated quantum dashes (QDash). Such structures are preferentially formed, if InAs is deposited on InP. This is related to the low lattice-mismatch of 3.2 %, which is less than half of the value in the InAs/GaAs system. The task of creating round-shaped and uniform QDs is rendered more complex considering exchange effects of arsenic and phosphorus as well as anisotropic effects on the surface that do not need to be dealt with in the InAs/GaAs case. While QDash structures haven been studied fundamentally as well as in laser structures, they do not represent the theoretical ideal case of a zero-dimensional material. Creating round-shaped quantum dots on the InP(100) substrate remains a challenging task. Details of the self-organization process are still unknown and the formation of the QDs is not fully understood yet. In the course of the experimental work a novel growth concept was discovered and analyzed that eases the fabrication of QDs. It is based on different crystal growth and ad-atom diffusion processes under supply of different modifications of the arsenic atmosphere in the MBE reactor. The reactor is equipped with special valved cracking effusion cells for arsenic and phosphorus. It represents an all-solid source configuration that does not rely on toxic gas supply. The cracking effusion cell are able to create different species of arsenic and phosphorus. This constitutes the basis of the growth concept. With this method round-shaped QD ensembles with superior optical properties and record-low photoluminescence linewidth were achieved. By systematically varying the growth parameters and working out a detailed analysis of the experimental data a range of parameter values, for which the formation of QDs is favored, was found. A qualitative explanation of the formation characteristics based on the surface migration of In ad-atoms is developed. Such tailored QDs are finally implemented as active region in a self-designed diode laser structure. A basic characterization of the static and temperature-dependent properties was carried out. The QD lasers exceed a reference quantum well laser in terms of inversion conditions and temperature-dependent characteristics. Pulsed output powers of several hundred milli watt were measured at room temperature. In particular, the lasers feature a high modal gain that even allowed cw-emission at room temperature of a processed ridge wave guide device as short as 340 µm with output powers of 17 mW. Modulation experiments performed at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) showed a complex behavior of the QDs in the laser cavity. Despite the fact that the laser structure is not fully optimized for a high-speed device, data transmission capabilities of 15 Gb/s combined with low noise were achieved. To the best of the author`s knowledge, this renders the lasers the fastest QD devices operating at 1.55 µm. The thesis starts with an introductory chapter that pronounces the advantages of optical fiber communication in general. Chapter 2 will introduce the fundamental knowledge that is necessary to understand the importance of the active region`s dimensions for the performance of a diode laser. The novel growth concept and its experimental analysis are presented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 finally contains the work on diode lasers.

Programmable Self-Assembly: Constructing Global Shape using Biologically-inspire

In this thesis I present a language for instructing a sheet of identically-programmed, flexible, autonomous agents (``cells'') to assemble themselves into a predetermined global shape, using local interactions. The global shape is described as a folding construction on a continuous sheet, using a set of axioms from paper-folding (origami). I provide a means of automatically deriving the cell program, executed by all cells, from the global shape description. With this language, a wide variety of global shapes and patterns can be synthesized, using only local interactions between identically-programmed cells. Examples include flat layered shapes, all plane Euclidean constructions, and a variety of tessellation patterns. In contrast to approaches based on cellular automata or evolution, the cell program is directly derived from the global shape description and is composed from a small number of biologically-inspired primitives: gradients, neighborhood query, polarity inversion, cell-to-cell contact and flexible folding. The cell programs are robust, without relying on regular cell placement, global coordinates, or synchronous operation and can tolerate a small amount of random cell death. I show that an average cell neighborhood of 15 is sufficient to reliably self-assemble complex shapes and geometric patterns on randomly distributed cells. The language provides many insights into the relationship between local and global descriptions of behavior, such as the advantage of constructive languages, mechanisms for achieving global robustness, and mechanisms for achieving scale-independent shapes from a single cell program. The language suggests a mechanism by which many related shapes can be created by the same cell program, in the manner of D'Arcy Thompson's famous coordinate transformations. The thesis illuminates how complex morphology and pattern can emerge from local interactions, and how one can engineer robust self-assembly.

Detecting Faces in Impoverished Images

The ability to detect faces in images is of critical ecological significance. It is a pre-requisite for other important face perception tasks such as person identification, gender classification and affect analysis. Here we address the question of how the visual system classifies images into face and non-face patterns. We focus on face detection in impoverished images, which allow us to explore information thresholds required for different levels of performance. Our experimental results provide lower bounds on image resolution needed for reliable discrimination between face and non-face patterns and help characterize the nature of facial representations used by the visual system under degraded viewing conditions. Specifically, they enable an evaluation of the contribution of luminance contrast, image orientation and local context on face-detection performance.

Face processing in humans is compatible with a simple shape-based model of vision

Understanding how the human visual system recognizes objects is one of the key challenges in neuroscience. Inspired by a large body of physiological evidence (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tso et al., 2001; Zeki, 1993), a general class of recognition models has emerged which is based on a hierarchical organization of visual processing, with succeeding stages being sensitive to image features of increasing complexity (Hummel and Biederman, 1992; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; Selfridge, 1959). However, these models appear to be incompatible with some well-known psychophysical results. Prominent among these are experiments investigating recognition impairments caused by vertical inversion of images, especially those of faces. It has been reported that faces that differ "featurally" are much easier to distinguish when inverted than those that differ "configurally" (Freire et al., 2000; Le Grand et al., 2001; Mondloch et al., 2002) ??finding that is difficult to reconcile with the aforementioned models. Here we show that after controlling for subjects' expectations, there is no difference between "featurally" and "configurally" transformed faces in terms of inversion effect. This result reinforces the plausibility of simple hierarchical models of object representation and recognition in cortex.

Centros Financieros Offshore

Como consecuencia de los procesos de desregulación financiera y la creciente movilidad de flujos financieros internacionales; los centros financieros offshore se han consolidado dentro de la dinámica económica mundial, generando tanto beneficios a sus usuarios como criticas respecto a su instrumentalización para el financiamiento de actividades delictivas y terroristas; tornándose de esta manera en uno de los temas de mayor interés y debate en sus aspectos jurídicos y económicos; por lo que en el presente trabajo lo abordaremos desde la perspectiva jurídica, explicando la dinámica de su funcionamiento a partir de las distintas modalidades en que se desarrolla teniendo como base tanto la legislación nacional, internacional y los casos prácticos de las actividades que realizan dichos países.

Exercise sheet 9 pdf

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Exercise sheet 9

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Alternativas de fondeo en un banco de desarrollo de segundo piso, como FINDETER

En este trabajo se pretende entender y analizar las alternativas de fondeo en un Banco de Desarrollo de segundo piso, como FINDETER; para ello se requiere saber que es la Financiera de Desarrollo Territorial, de acuerdo a sus funciones y los productos que maneja. Teniendo presente que uno de los mecanismos que utiliza la entidad para obtener financiamiento es por medio de los créditos externos, para ello se debe tener muy claro cuáles son los procedimientos a seguir de acuerdo a lo que está sujeto a FINDETER. Así mismo, se realizó una investigación sobre la banca multilateral y los organismos de Cooperación Técnica Internacional. Se investigó el historial de la relación que ha tenido FINDETER con entidades de la banca multilateral y la Cooperación Técnica Multilateral, con el fin de determinar nuevas alternativas de fondeo y/o desarrollo de proyectos para la entidad a partir de la información recopilada.

Exam 2000

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Determinantes del perfil de ahorro en Colombia : una estimación para hogares e individuos

En este documento se presenta un análisis de los determinantes del perfil de ahorro para hogares e individuos con el objetivo de contrastar la Hipótesis de Ciclo de Vida, utilizando la metodología expuesta en Deaton y Paxson (2000a y 2000b) con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos (ENIG) para los periodos 1984-1985, 1994-1995 y 2006-2007. Se encontró que para el análisis por hogar no hay evidencia que determine el cumplimiento de la Hipótesis del Ciclo de Vida, mientras que para el análisis por individuo si existe.

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Confianza inversionista. Inversión extranjera directa en Colombia. Periodo 2002–2010

Desde el surgimiento de las doctrinas económicas sobre el crecimiento endógeno, se ha determinado que la inversión extranjera es un factor que contribuye al crecimiento económico, ya que facilita la transferencia de tecnología y conocimientos en técnicas de producción, de mercadeo y de gestión en mercado extranjeras donde la competencia permite la existencia de incrementos en la productividad de los factores. Hacia el año 2000 la política de IED en Colombia, contemplaba unas políticas de gobierno centradas en la paz, reformas estructurales y promoción a las exportaciones. Dadas estas condiciones, los retos concernientes a aumentar la inversión extranjera eran bastante exigentes al momento de iniciar el periodo de gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002 – 2010), razón por la cual el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los resultados al finalizar los dos periodos consecutivos de mandato del Presidente Uribe. Durante su gobierno, el Presidente Uribe Vélez, logró que la inversión extranjera directa alcanzara un notable incremento en sectores específicos como el minero y el petrolero, acompañando el proceso de crecimiento económico, sin embargo, este crecimiento no figura generalizado y contrariamente los índices de desempleo se incrementaron y las utilidades generadas se convierten en remesas al exterior conllevando baja reinversión en el país y estancamiento de otros sectores. Centraré la investigación en las situaciones inicial y final del periodo presidencial, en los aspectos concernientes a los niveles de inversión captados en Colombia, los sectores más favorecidos con dicha inversión, el origen de los recursos y la relación que estos flujos han tenido en los resultados de indicadores de crecimiento económico, productividad, competitividad, empleo y reinversión de utilidades.

Portafolios de inversión : una alternativa para el aprovechamiento de los recursos remanentes de tesorería

El mercado de valores ofrece una variedad de activos con diferentes combinaciones de rendimientos y de riesgos que en la actualidad las empresas utilizan, con el fin de obtener rendimientos o dividendos y contribuir a aumentar el capital de la empresa. Esta operación, si no es realizada de manera correcta puede generar desde la falta de liquidez hasta la pérdida de dinero. Por tal motivo, la creación de portafolios de inversión se convierte en una herramienta fundamental para la toma de decisiones permitiéndole a las empresas que los remanentes de tesorería sean utilizados como inversión y que estos mismos obtengan rendimientos fructíferos y satisfactorios.