990 resultados para Fatores inibidores
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Corrosion is a natural process that causes progressive deterioration of materials, so, reducing the corrosive effects is a major objective of development of scientific studies. In this work, the efficiency of corrosion inhibition on a AISI 1018 carbon steel of the nanoemulsion system containing the oil of the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (SNEOAI) was evaluated by the techniques of linear polarization resistance (LPR) and weight loss (CPM), a instrumented cell. For that, hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of A. indica (EAI) was solubilized in a nanoemulsion system (SNEOAI) of which O/W system (rich in aqueous phase). This nanoemulsion system (tested in different concentrations) was obtained with oil from the seeds of this plant species (OAI) (oil phase), dodecylammonium chloride (DDAC) (surfactant), butanol (cosurfactant) and water, using 30 % of C/T (cosurfactant/surfactant), 0.5 % of oil phase and 69.5 % of aqueous phase, and characterized by surface tension, rheology and droplet sizes. This systems SNEOAI and SNEOAI-EAI (nanoemulsion containing hydroalcoholic extract - EAI) showed inhibition efficiencies in corrosive environment in saline (1 %), for the method of LPR with significant value of 70.58 % (300 ppm) to SNEOAI, 74.17 % (100 ppm) and 72.51 % (150 ppm) to SNEOAI-EAI. The best efficiencies inhibitions were observed for the method of CPM with 85.41 % for the SNEOAI (300 ppm) and 83.19 % SNEOAI-EAI (500 ppm). The results show that this formulation could be used commercially for use as a corrosion inhibitor, this research contributed to the biotechnological applicability of Azadirachta indica, considering the large use of this plant species rich in limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids), especially azadirachtin
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Corrosion usually occurs in pipelines, so that it is necessary to develop new surface treatments to control it. Surfactants have played an outstanding role in this field due to its capacity of adsorbing on metal surfaces, resulting in interfaces with structures that protect the metal at low surfactant concentrations. The appearance of new surfactants is a contribution to the area, as they increase the possibility of corrosion control at specific conditions that a particular oil field presents. The aim of this work is to synthesize the surfactants sodium 12 hydroxyocadecenoate (SAR), sodium 9,10-epoxy-12 hydroxyocadecanoate (SEAR), and sodium 9,10:12,13-diepoxy-octadecanoate (SEAL) and apply them as corrosion inhibitors, studying their action in environments with different salinities and at different temperatures. The conditions used in this work were chosen in order to reproduce oil field reality. The study of the micellization of these surfactants in the liquid-gas interface was carried out using surface tensiometry. It was observed that cmc increased as salt concentration was increased, and temperature and pH were decreased, while cmc decreased with the addition of two epoxy groups in the molecule. Using the values of cmc and the Gibbs equation, the values of Gibbs free energy of adsorption, area per adsorbed molecule, and surface excess were calculated. The surface excess increases as salt concentration and temperature decreases, increasing as pH is increased. The area per adsorbed molecule and the free energy of adsorption decrease with salt concentration, temperature, and pH increase. SAXS results showed that the addition of epoxy group in surfactant structure results in a decrease in the repulsion between the micelles, favoring the formation of more oblong micellar structures, ensuring a better efficiency of metal coverage. The increase in salt and surfactant concentrations provides an increase in micellar diameter. It was shown that the increase in temperature does not influence micellar structure, indicating thermal stability that is advantageous for use as corrosion inhibitor. The results of inhibition efficiency for the surfactants SEAR and SEAL were considered the best ones. Above cmc, adsorption occurred by the migration of micelles from the bulk of the solution to the metal surface, while at concentrations below cmc film formation must be due to the adsorption of semi-micellar and monomeric structures, certainly due to the presence of the epoxy group, which allows side interactions of the molecule with the metal surface. The metal resistance to corrosion presented values of 90% of efficiency. The application of Langmuir and Frumkin isotherms showed that the later gives a better description of adsorption because the model takes into account side interactions from the adsorbing molecules. Wettability results showed that micelle formation on the solid surface occurs at concentrations in the magnitude of 10-3 M, which isthe value found in the cmc study. This value also justifies the maximum efficiencies obtained for the measurements of corrosion resistance at this concentration. The values of contact angle as a function of time suggest that adsorption increases with time, due to the formation of micellar structures on metal surface
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A introdução dos implantes dentários osseointegrados como uma ferramenta na reabilitação oral de pacientes edêntulos e parcialmente edêntulos é uma realidade no cotidiano do cirurgião-dentista. Estudos reportam uma alta taxa de sucesso da utilização de implantes no tratamento reabilitador. Entretanto, outras investigações têm mostrado a perda desses implantes devido a infecções peri-implantares, como a mucosite e a peri-implantite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência das doenças peri-implantares e seus fatores associados em pacientes com implantes dentais em função reabilitados no serviço odontológico da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFRN. Foram examinados 155 indivíduos portadores de 523 implantes e 2718 dentes. Dentes e implantes foram avaliados por meio de sondagem periodontal, observando-se a profundidade de sondagem, retração gengival, bem como foram avaliados índices de placa visível (IPV) e sangramento gengival (ISG) e presença de supuração. Os dados foram armazenados em fichas clínicas e avaliados estatisticamente por meio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 54,05 (± 12,61) anos, sendo 79,4% do sexo feminino. As frequências da mucosite, peri-implantite e periodontite em indivíduos foram 54%, 28% e 50%, respectivamente. Dos 523 implantes avaliados, 43% tinham mucosite, 14% peri-implantite e 43% saúde. Os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher mostraram que as doenças peri-implantares estão associadas as doenças periodontais, uso de medicação, alterações sistêmicas número de implantes, IPV, ISG, ao tempo de função das próteses, região do implante, número de roscas expostas e faixa de mucosa queratinizada (p<0,05). A análise de regressão múltipla, através da regressão binária logística, constatou que indivíduos que faziam uso de medicação (OR = 1,784), com um ISG > 10% (OR = 1,742), com implantes instalados na maxila (OR = 2,654), onde a prótese sobre o implante tinham mais de 2 anos em função (OR = 3,144) e que radiograficamente apresentavam uma perda óssea atingindo a terceira rosca do implante (OR = 4,701) mostram uma associação positiva com as doenças peri-implantares de maneira que esses indivíduos têm mais chances de ter essas doenças. Os resultados sugerem que a frequência das doenças peri-implantares na população em estudo foi de 82% dos pacientes e que estas doenças estão associadas a fatores relacionados aos indivíduos como: a presença da doença periodontal, piores IPV e IS, alterações sistêmicas, uso de medicação e maior número de implantes; e a fatores locais relacionados aos implantes como: ausência ou faixa de mucosa menor que 2mm, implantes na maxila e na região anterior, perda óssea atingindo a terceira rosca do implante e a um tempo de reabilitação prótetica maior que 2 anos
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Many surveys are conducted comparing oral health conditions with individual variables, such as socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, in the same way that individuals differ among themselves, the groups also have their own characteristics and the effects of this differentiation must be researched. Brazil, despite being one of the major economic powers of the world and shows an improvement in the average value of its health indicators, is also one of the most unequal and remains among the countries with the greatest health inequities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of social determinants on the contextual level oral health among Brazilian adolescents, population not much researched by the literature. The research was made using an ecological approach in order to identify possible inequalities between cities and capitals. Using data from SBBrasil 2010 it was evaluated less common outcomes (loss of first molar, dental care index and T-Health) which provide information on the degree of morbidity of caries and health level of dental tissues, in addition to analyze the related services. The association of these oral health indicators with socioeconomic factors such as income, employment, education and inequality, collected from Census 2010, was analyzed by simple and multiple linear regressions. The study included the 27 state capitals and four clusters representing the municipalities of the country. It was possible to see better access to services in locations with better income distribution. However, the strong association of contextual factors related to poverty, low levels of education and poor housing and jobs with poorer levels of oral health in adolescents seems to overshadow the effects of income inequalities on dental caries in the country. In some locations, particularly within the North and Northeast, whichever one keeps dentistry mutilating, whose effects are already noticeable in its adolescent population. Access to restorative services in Brazil remains limited and unequal. The results of this study highlight the inequities in oral health in the country and show the need of the inclusion of new perspectives on the traditional approach of Preventive Dentistry and education models in Dentistry. Tackling health inequalities in oral health in the country requires the cooperation of various actors involved in the process and the inclusion of oral health in the context of overall health. The social determinants approach, as well as evaluating the distribution of oral diseases in the country and its inclusion in the context of overall health, should guide the implementation of programs and oral health practices in order to contribute to the reduction of inequalities
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Measures of mortality represent one of the most important indicators of health conditions. For comprising the larger rate of deaths, the study of mortality in the elderly population is regarded as essential to understand the health situation. In this sense, the present study aims to analyze the mortality profile of the population from 60 to 69 (young elders) and older than 80 years old (oldest old) in the Rio Grande do Norte state (Brazil) in the period 2001 to 2011, and to identify the association with contextual factors and variables about the quality of the Mortality Information System (SIM). For this purpose, Mortality Proportional (MP) was calculated for the state and Specific Mortality Rate by Age (CMId) , according to chapters of ICD- 10, to the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte , through data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IGBE). In order to identify groups of municipalities with similar mortality profiles, Nonhierarchical Clustering K-means method was applied and the Factor Analysis by the Principal Components Analysis was resort to reduce contextual variables. The spatial distribution of these groups and the factors were visualized using the Spatial Analysis Areas technique. During the period investigated, 21,813 younger elders deaths were recorded , with a predominance of deaths from circulatory diseases (32.75%) and neoplasms (22.9 %) . Among the oldest old, 50,637 deaths were observed, which 35.26% occurred because of cardiovascular diseases and 17.27% of ill-defined causes. Clustering Analysis produced three clusters to the two age groups and Factor Analysis reduced the contextual variables into three factors, also the sum of the factor scores was considered. Among the younger elders, the groups are called misinformation profile, development profile and development paradox, which showed a statistically significant association with education and poverty and extreme poverty factors, factorial sum and the variable related to underreporting of deaths. Misinformation profile remained in the oldest old group, accompanied by the epidemiological transition profile and the epidemiological paradox, that were statistically associated with the development and health factor, as well as with the variables that indicate the SIM quality: proportion of blank fields about the schooling and underreporting. It proposed that the mortality profiles of the younger elders and oldest old differ on the importance of the basic causes and that are influenced by different contextual aspects , observing that 60 to 69 years group is more affected by such aspects. Health inequalities can be reduced by measures aimed to improve levels of education and poverty, especially in younger elders, and by optimizing the use of health services, which is more associated to the oldest old health situation. Furthermore, it is important to improve the quality of information for the two age groups
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Urinary incontinence (UI) is a geriatric syndrome that is especially prevalent in institutionalized individuals, and that causes economic and social impacts derived from treatment costs and overload of caregiver. UI also entails physical consequences to the health of the elderly, such as urinary tract infections or pressure ulcers, among other health problems. However, the existing national research on this condition is still scarce and comprises serious methodological biases. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated factors in institutionalized elderly. A cross-sectional study is presented herein, conducted between October and December, 2013 and carried out in 10 nursing homes in the city of Natal (Northeast Brazil). UI was verified through the program Minimum Data Set version 3.0, which was also used to assess fecal incontinence, urinary devices and UI control programs. Data collection included sociodemographic information, UI characterization, as well as variables related to the institution itself and to health conditions (comorbidities, medication, pelvic floor surgery, Barthel Index for functional capacity and Pfeiffer test for cognitive status). Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-Square Test (or Fisher‟s Exact Test) and the Linear Chi-Square Test, calculating the prevalence ratio with 95% confidence interval. Variables with p value under 0.20 were included in the multivariate analysis, which was performed using the Stepwise Forward logistic regression. The inclusion of variables in the final model depended on the likelihood ratio test, absence of multicollinearity and on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. A statistical significance level of 0.05 was considered. Six (1.8%) hospitalized elderly, one individual in palliative care (0.3%) and one (0.3%) individual under the age of 60 were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 321 elderly, mostly females, with a mean age of 81.5 years. The prevalence of UI was 59.43% and the final model revealed statistically a significant association between UI and white race, physical inactivity, stroke, mobility constraints and cognitive decline. The most frequent UI type was functional UI due to physical or cognitive disability, and incontinence control measures were applied only to a minority of residents (approximately 8%). It is concluded that UI is a health issue that affects more than half of the institutionalized elderly, and is associated with white race, physical inactivity, stroke and other geriatric syndromes such as immobility and cognitive disability. Most of these associated factors are modifiable and therefore the findings of this study highlight the importance of UI prevention and treatment in nursing homes, which include general measures, such as physical and psychosocial activities, and specific measures, such as prompted voiding
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One of the most important problems in the elderly is a nutritional deficiency. Several physiological changes and the use of multiple drugs interfere with appetite, food intake and absorption of nutrients, which can lead to the risk and malnutrition in the elderly, especially among institutionalized. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition and risk for malnutrition and its associated factors in institutionalized elderly. The same can be characterized by the type individual, observational and cross-sectional. Obtaining the sample was through the records of individuals of long-stay institutions for the elderly in the city of Natal, RN. The elderly were evaluated through the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and triceps skinfold (TSF) and each senior or caregiver answered a questionnaire about information like type and dietary restrictions, accessibility to food, use of alcohol and tobacco, practice physical activity and appetite. Variables such as age, gender, education, marital status, time that the elderly living in the institution, the reason for the institutionalization and comorbidities were taken from the records of each senior. The frequency of food consumption of various food groups was assessed from the questionnaire frequency of feeding study Health, Wellbeing and Aging (HWA). Data were presented as means and standard deviations, absolute and relative frequencies. To analyze the frequency of consumption, there was a factor analysis with extraction of factors from the principal components analysis with varimax rotation. A bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square and the magnitude of the effect observed by prevalence ratio (95% CI). The Poisson regression assessed the net effect of independent variables on the two outcomes, considering a significance level of 5%. We studied twelve Homes for the Aged totaling 381 seniors eligible for the study. The prevalence of risk of malnutrition was 46.1% (45.9 to 46.2) and malnutrition was 31.4% (31.2 to 31.5). The risk of malnutrition was significantly associated with the presence of urinary incontinence (RP = 1.444, 1.113 to 1.874) was associated with malnutrition and lack of appetite (RP = 1.757, 1.246 to 2.476), the fact that the individuals do not have access to food outside the institution (RP = 0.565, 0.337 to 0.946), low water consumption (RP = 1.646, 1.101 to 2.459) and dementia (PR = 1.537, 1.072 to 2.204). The high prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition in the study suggests that we should pay attention to information related to eating habits and the presence of comorbidities, as these can influence the nutritional status of this population
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A iniciação sexual é um marco significativo na vida do indivíduo, ocorrendo geralmente na adolescência. Importantes transformações biopsicossociais ocorrem nesta fase, denotando vulnerabilidades à vida do adolescente, dentre elas, as decorrentes da iniciação sexual, sendo o risco de infecção pelo HIV/aids a mais grave. A infecção pelo HIV/aids constitui atualmente um importante problema de Saúde Pública, estando os jovens no centro da epidemia mundial. No Brasil, dados do último boletim epidemiológico, lançado em 2013, apontam para a tendência de aumento de sua prevalência na população jovem. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a associação entre iniciação sexual e o perfil sociodemográfico, o indicador de conhecimento das formas de transmissão do HIV/aids e fatores biopsicossociais autoestima e habilidades sociais, em adolescentes de 16 a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos, estudantes do nível médio técnico integrado, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Natal. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi constituída aleatoriamente por 200 alunos que responderam de forma anônima a quatro instrumentos: perfil sociodemográfico, questionário da Pesquisa de Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Práticas na População Brasileira (PCAP), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Adolescentes de Del-Prette (IHSA). A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada através do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e do exato de Fisher (α <5%). A média de idade para a primeira relação sexual foi de 15,96 anos, com o início mais cedo para o sexo masculino. Verificou-se associações estatisticamente significativas entre iniciação sexual e as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, situação conjugal, religião, renda familiar, autoestima e o repertório de habilidades sociais. Observou-se ainda que apenas 11% dos adolescentes possuíam conhecimento correto acerca das formas de transmissão do HIV/aids. Conclui-se que os esforços para a prevenção das DST/aids precisam ser direcionados a campanhas e programas mais eficazes, que considerem não somente o caráter informativo, mas também os fatores psicossociais já que estes mostraram-se associados ao início da vida sexual
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A infecção por HIV/Aids (vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida) constitui um importante problema mundial de Saúde Pública. Dados do último boletim apresentado pela UNAIDS (Organização das Nações Unidas para Aids) em 2013, apontam que mais de 35 milhões de pessoas vivem com HIV em todo mundo. No Brasil, a epidemia é concentrada, com prevalência de infecção menor que 1% na população de 15 a 49 anos, porém chegando a 10,5% entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). O diagnóstico precoce do HIV se associa a uma redução da morbidade, mortalidade e também da transmissão desta infecção. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e fatores associados à testagem prévia para HIV na população de HSH dos municípios de Natal/RN e Parnamirim/RN. Os participantes respondiam a um questionário contendo perguntas referentes a dados sociodemográficos, padrões de relacionamento sexual, conhecimentos sobre HIV/Aids, uso de preservativo, consumo de álcool, drogas e busca de testagem para HIV e sífilis. Em seguida, os que desejassem poderiam realizar teste rápido para HIV e sífilis. No total, foram pesquisados 101 sujeitos, destes, 70 foram recrutados com a utilização da técnica Respondent Driving Sample, e 31 com uma amostra de conveniência. O teste de HIV havia sido realizado por 63,3% dos homens pelo menos uma vez na vida. A testagem prévia para HIV foi associada à idade (27 anos ou mais), realização prévia do teste para sífilis, conhecimento sobre locais onde o teste de HIV é feito gratuitamente e resultado positivo para sífilis no momento da pesquisa. A prevalência de testagem para HIV na amostra foi baixa, semelhante ao verificado em outros estudos com a população HSH. Ações que priorizem a divulgação de locais onde o anti-HIV pode ser realizado gratuitamente e direcionadas para o público jovem parecem ser as mais adequadas para a ampliação da testagem entre os HSH na nossa realidade
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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OBJETIVO: investigar e comparar os achados dos fatores de risco para a cronicidade da gagueira em crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental familial e isolada. MÉTODOS: participaram 60 crianças de ambos os gêneros, divididas em dois grupos: GI - 30 crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental familial; GII - 30 crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental isolada. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio do Protocolo de Risco para a Gagueira do Desenvolvimento - PRGD (Andrade, 2006), que considera os seguintes fatores de risco: idade, gênero, tipo de surgimento e tempo de duração das disfluências, tipologia das disfluências, fatores comunicativos e qualitativos associados, histórico mórbido pré, peri e pós natal, fatores estressantes que ocorreram próximo ao surgimento do distúrbio, histórico familial, reação pessoal, familiar e social e atitudes familiares. RESULTADOS: quando o grupo I (GI) foi comparado com o grupo II (GII), a única diferença estatisticamente significante foi com relação aos fatores estressantes que ocorreram próximo ao surgimento do distúrbio. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados confirmam a natureza complexa da gagueira, bem como a necessidade de se investigar os vários fatores considerados como de risco para o distúrbio, com intuito de melhorar a compreensão de suas possíveis etiologias.
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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As alterações cardiovasculares associadas aos bloqueios do neuroeixo apresentam interesse pela frequência com que ocorrem e porque algumas delas podem ser consideradas efeitos fisiológicos desencadeados pelo bloqueio do sistema nervoso simpático. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as complicações cardiovasculares intraoperatórias e os fatores preditores associados aos bloqueios do neuroeixo em pacientes com idades > 18 anos submetidos a procedimentos não obstétricos, em um período de 18 anos, em hospital universitário de atendimento terciário-HCFMB-UNESP. MÉTODO: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva das seguintes complicações: hipertensão arterial, hipotensão arterial, bradicardia sinusal e taquicardia sinusal. Tais complicações foram correlacionadas com técnica anestésica, estado físico (ASA), idade, sexo e comorbidades pré-operatórias. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizadas o teste de Tukey para comparações entre proporções e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 32.554 pacientes submetidos a bloqueios do neuroeixo e houve 4.109 citações de hipotensão arterial, 1.107 de bradicardia sinusal, 601 de taquicardia sinusal e 466 de hipertensão arterial no período intraoperatório. Hipotensão foi mais frequente nos pacientes submetidos à anestesia subaracnoidea contínua (29,4%, OR = 2,39), com idades > 61 anos e do sexo feminino (OR = 1,27). CONCLUSÕES: Hipotensão e bradicardia intraoperatórias foram complicações mais frequentes, sendo que a hipotensão arterial esteve relacionada à técnica anestésica (ASC), faixa etária elevada e sexo feminino. Taquicardia e hipertensão arterial podem não ter sido diretamente relacionadas aos bloqueios do neuroeixo.
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OBJETIVO:Avaliar os fatores de risco clínicos pré-cirurgicos para o desenvolvimento de Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, de modo prospectivo, 150 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, durante 21 meses consecutivos, havendo um leve predomínio de homens (57%), idade média de 56 ± 15 anos, sendo que 66% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana como principal diagnóstico e 34% valvulopatias. A mediana da creatinina sérica no período pré-operatório foi de 1,1 mg/dl. IRA foi definida como elevação de 30% da creatinina sérica basal. O protocolo de variáveis clínicas teve seu preenchimento iniciado 48 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e encerrado 48 horas após o mesmo, incluindo variáveis cardiológicas e não-cardiológicas, além de resultados laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: A IRA esteve presente em 34% dos casos. Após análise multivariada, presença de doença vascular periférica foi fator pré-operatório identificado. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitiram sinalizar alguns fatores contributivos para o desenvolvimento de IRA em cirurgia cardíaca, o que pode possibilitar condutas clínicas simples para evitar a disfunção renal nestas situações e, conseqüentemente, redução da taxa de mortalidade. No presente trabalho, o tamanho da amostra talvez tenha impedido a identificação de outros fatores de risco significativos.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior