Critério de correntropia no treinamento de redes fuzzy wavelet neural networks para identificação de sistemas dinâmicos não lineares

The great interest in nonlinear system identification is mainly due to the fact that a large amount of real systems are complex and need to have their nonlinearities considered so that their models can be successfully used in applications of control, prediction, inference, among others. This work evaluates the application of Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Networks (FWNN) to identify nonlinear dynamical systems subjected to noise and outliers. Generally, these elements cause negative effects on the identification procedure, resulting in erroneous interpretations regarding the dynamical behavior of the system. The FWNN combines in a single structure the ability to deal with uncertainties of fuzzy logic, the multiresolution characteristics of wavelet theory and learning and generalization abilities of the artificial neural networks. Usually, the learning procedure of these neural networks is realized by a gradient based method, which uses the mean squared error as its cost function. This work proposes the replacement of this traditional function by an Information Theoretic Learning similarity measure, called correntropy. With the use of this similarity measure, higher order statistics can be considered during the FWNN training process. For this reason, this measure is more suitable for non-Gaussian error distributions and makes the training less sensitive to the presence of outliers. In order to evaluate this replacement, FWNN models are obtained in two identification case studies: a real nonlinear system, consisting of a multisection tank, and a simulated system based on a model of the human knee joint. The results demonstrate that the application of correntropy as the error backpropagation algorithm cost function makes the identification procedure using FWNN models more robust to outliers. However, this is only achieved if the gaussian kernel width of correntropy is properly adjusted.

Determinação da condutividade do solo para agricultura: uma metodologia utilizando propagação de ondas AM

Agriculture is an essential activity to the human development, the tendency is that their need to increase according to the increase in world population. It is very important to take the maximum performance that is possible of each land without degrading it, a frequently monitoring is essential for the best performance. The purpose of this work is, nondestructively, to monitor the surface electrical conductivity of the soil in a demarcated area, as on a plantation, using low frequency radio waves. The conductivity is directly linked to the amount of water in the area and nutrients, therefore a periodic or even permanent monitoring increases significantly the efficient of the use of the soil. They will be used long-wave radio transmission or medium whose main characteristic to spread over the surface of the earth. It is possible to choose an AM radio with location, frequency and power of the transmission known or generate the signal. The studied method computes the conductivity of the ground in a straight line between two measured points, so it can be used in smaller or larger size fields. Measurements were carried out using an electromagnetic field strength analyzer. The data obtained in the measurements are processed by a numerical calculation program, in our case Matlab. It is concluded that the recommendations of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) on the conductivity of soil in Brazil is far from reality, on some routes the recommendations indicate the use of the electrical conductivity of the soil 1 mS/m, while the measurements was found 19 mS/m. With the method described a precision farmer, once initial research for about a year, can monitor the humidity and salinity of the land, with the ability to predict the area and the most suitable time for irrigation and fertilization, making management more efficient and less expensive, while optimizing water use, natural resource increasingly precious.

Contribuição ao estudo de treliças não lineares considerando efeitos térmicos

This work presents the numerical analysis of nonlinear trusses summited to thermomechanical actions with Finite Element Method (FEM). The proposed formulation is so-called positional FEM and it is based on the minimum potential energy theorem written according to nodal positions, instead of displacements. The study herein presented considers the effects of geometric and material nonlinearities. Related to dynamic problems, a comparison between different time integration algorithms is performed. The formulation is extended to impact problems between trusses and rigid wall, where the nodal positions are constrained considering nullpenetration condition. In addition, it is presented a thermodynamically consistent formulation, based on the first and second law of thermodynamics and the Helmholtz free-energy for analyzing dynamic problems of truss structures with thermoelastic and thermoplastic behavior. The numerical results of the proposed formulation are compared with examples found in the literature.

Otimização de uma metodologia para análise mineralógica racional de argilominerais

VARELA, M.L. et al. Otimização de uma metodologia para análise mineralógica racional de argilominerais. Cerâmica, São Paulo, n. 51, p. 387-391, 2005.

Sistema para Medição de Velocidades de Escoamentos Através de Ondas Ultra-Sônicas

Está sendo implementado, no Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear-IEN, um projeto de estudos de viabilidade da utilização de técnicas ultra-sônicas para medições de escoamentos bifásicos, ampliando as aplicações do ultra-som na área de pesquisa e na área industrial de medição de fluidos. Na primeira etapa do projeto, foi realizado um estudo preliminar do efeito da velocidade do escoamento em um circuito experimental a água fechado, sobre uma onda ultra-sônica que atravessava o líquido. Foi utilizado um sistema capaz de medir a diferença de tempo de trânsito entre ondas ultra-sônicas da ordem de 1 ns, utilizando técnicas de processamento de sinais. As diferentes velocidades da água obtidas, variando-se a vazão do circuito, foram relacionadas com as velocidades da onda ultra-sônica. Foi observado que a variação da temperatura da água influenciava a velocidade da onda ultra-sônica, de maneira inversa à velocidade do líquido. Pelo experimento realizado, concluiu-se que o dispositivo ultra-sônico montado pode ser adequado para medir a velocidade de escoamento da água no circuito experimental.

Características das ondas a jusante de dissipador por ressalto hidráulico

A ação das ondas nas margens de rios provoca o desprendimento de material, tornandoas vulneráveis a erosão. O trabalho apresenta uma descrição de vários experimentos realizados em um modelo reduzido parcial de um vertedouro em degraus com um canal a jusante, instalado no Laboratório de Obras Hidráulicas (IPH/UFRGS). Diferentes condições de vazão e submergência foram consideradas, com o objetivo de estudar as características principais de ondas, tais como, altura e período, que atuam sobre as margens em áreas de influencia de aproveitamento hidrelétrico. Uma analise temporal e espectral foram realizadas com base nos dados medidos e apresentada neste trabalho. Os resultados das análises indicam, em uma primeira abordagem, que as características principais das ondas estão mais relacionadas com a vazão do que com a submergência.

Otimização de uma metodologia para análise mineralógica racional de argilominerais

VARELA, M.L. et al. Otimização de uma metodologia para análise mineralógica racional de argilominerais. Cerâmica, São Paulo, n. 51, p. 387-391, 2005.

Efeito da radiação micro-ondas na sinterização em fases sólida e líquida de pós de aço inoxidável 3I6L

Tese submetida à Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e aprovada em provas públicas para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica (especialidade de Ciência dos Materiais)

ESTIMATIVAS DAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-MECÂNICAS DE COMPOSTOS LVL CONFECCIONADOS COM PARICÁ POR MEIO DE ULTRASSOM

No presente estudo buscou-se avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de compostos LVL produzidos com a madeira de paricá ( Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex. Ducke) por meio do ultrassom. Para isso, foram utilizados LVL produzidos em laboratório e destes retiradas amostras para realização dos ensaios não destrutivos. Posteriormente, as mesmas amostras foram destinadas para realização dos ensaios físicos (absorção de água; inchamento em espessura e inchamento residual) ou mecânicos (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática flatwise; resistência e rigidez à flexão estática edgewise; resistência à compressão paralela e resistência ao cisalhamento paralelo e perpendicular). Os dados da velocidade de propagação de ondas e do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obtidos nos ensaios não destrutivos foram utilizados no ajuste de equações para estimar as propriedades avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos apontaram o uso do ultrassom como uma ferramenta eficaz para a predição da maior parte das propriedades avaliadas. Dentre as variáveis independentes avaliadas, o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obteve os melhores resultados quando comparado à velocidade de propagação das ondas.

Desenvolvimento de um aditivo natural à base de catequina: otimização da extração e estabilização a partir de frutos de Arbutus unedo L.

The common Mediterranean ornamental strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) produces an edible reddish sweet berry that is found to be bland and tasteless unless it is consumed overripe, otherwise it is discarded or used as basic agricultural sub residue. The bioactive properties of this fruit have been reported and related with phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols, such as catechin and procyanidins, which has opened the opportunity to exploit their extraction from alternative sources.The common Mediterranean ornamental strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) produces an edible reddish sweet berry that is found to be bland and tasteless unless it is consumed overripe, otherwise it is discarded or used as basic agricultural sub residue. The bioactive properties of this fruit have been reported and related with phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols, such as catechin and procyanidins, which has opened the opportunity to exploit their extraction from alternative sources. This study compares and optimizes the maceration, microwave and ultrasound extraction techniques in the recovery of a catechin extract from Arbutus unedo L. fruits and evaluate the stability of flavan-3-ols during storage and application processes. To obtain conditions that maximize the catechin extraction yield, a response surface methodology was used. Maceration and microwave extractions were found to be the most effective methods, capable of yielding 1.38±0.1 and 1.70±0.3 mg of catechin/g dry weight (dw) in the corresponding optimal extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for maceration were 93.2±3.7 min, 79.6±5.2 ºC and 23.1±3.7 % of ethanol, while for the microwave extraction were 42.2±4.1 min, 137.1±8.1 ºC and 12.1±1.1 % of ethanol. The microwave system was a quicker solution, conducting to slightly higher yields of catechin than maceration, but this one needed lower temperatures to reach similar yields. The ultrasound method was the least effective solution in terms of catechin yield extraction (0.71±0.1 mg/g at 42.4±3.6 min, 314.9±21.2 W and 40.3±3.8 %. ethanol). The stability was tested with of the catechin-enriched extract (60% flavan-3-ols and 22% catechin), obtained under the best maceration conditions, was tested. Therefore, catechin-enriched extracts were submitted to physical and chemical stability studies, considering the main affecting variables (time, temperature and pH): i) a stability study of the extracts during storage as powder system; and ii) a stability study of the extracts in simulated food environment (aqueous solution system). The measured responses were the flavan-3-ols and catechin contents, determined by HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by hydrophilic assays. Mechanistic and phenomenological equations were used to describe the responses, and the optimal conditions for flavan-3-ols (including catechin) stability as powder extract during a month were pH= 5.4 and T= -20ºC; while its stability in aqueous solution remained during the 24 h of application at pH<4 and T<30ºC. This study compares and optimizes the maceration, microwave and ultrasound extraction techniques in the recovery of a catechin extract from Arbutus unedo L. fruits and evaluate the stability of flavan-3-ols during storage and application processes. To obtain conditions that maximize the catechin extraction yield, a response surface methodology was used. Maceration and microwave extractions were found to be the most effective methods, capable of yielding 1.38±0.1 and 1.70±0.3 mg of catechin/g dry weight (dw) in the corresponding optimal extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for maceration were 93.2±3.7 min, 79.6±5.2 ºC and 23.1±3.7 % of ethanol, while for the microwave extraction were 42.2±4.1 min, 137.1±8.1 ºC and 12.1±1.1 % of ethanol. The microwave system was a quicker solution, conducting to slightly higher yields of catechin than maceration, but this one needed lower temperatures to reach similar yields. The ultrasound method was the least effective solution in terms of catechin yield extraction (0.71±0.1 mg/g at 42.4±3.6 min, 314.9±21.2 W and 40.3±3.8 %. ethanol). The stability was tested with of the catechin-enriched extract (60% flavan-3-ols and 22% catechin), obtained under the best maceration conditions, was tested. Therefore, catechin-enriched extracts were submitted to physical and chemical stability studies, considering the main affecting variables (time, temperature and pH): i) a stability study of the extracts during storage as powder system; and ii) a stability study of the extracts in simulated food environment (aqueous solution system). The measured responses were the flavan-3-ols and catechin contents, determined by HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by hydrophilic assays. Mechanistic and phenomenological equations were used to describe the responses, and the optimal conditions for flavan-3-ols (including catechin) stability as powder extract during a month were pH= 5.4 and T= -20ºC; while its stability in aqueous solution remained during the 24 h of application at pH<4 and T<30ºC.

Modeling height-diameter relationship in pinus pinaster ait. in the forest intervention zone of Lomba, NE-Portugal

In this work, the relationship between diameter at breast height (d) and total height (h) of individual-tree was modeled with the aim to establish provisory height-diameter (h-d) equations for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in the Lomba ZIF, Northeast Portugal. Using data collected locally, several local and generalized h-d equations from the literature were tested and adaptations were also considered. Model fitting was conducted by using usual nonlinear least squares (nls) methods. The best local and generalized models selected, were also tested as mixed models applying a first-order conditional expectation (FOCE) approximation procedure and maximum likelihood methods to estimate fixed and random effects. For the calibration of the mixed models and in order to be consistent with the fitting procedure, the FOCE method was also used to test different sampling designs. The results showed that the local h-d equations with two parameters performed better than the analogous models with three parameters. However a unique set of parameter values for the local model can not be used to all maritime pine stands in Lomba ZIF and thus, a generalized model including covariates from the stand, in addition to d, was necessary to obtain an adequate predictive performance. No evident superiority of the generalized mixed model in comparison to the generalized model with nonlinear least squares parameters estimates was observed. On the other hand, in the case of the local model, the predictive performance greatly improved when random effects were included. The results showed that the mixed model based in the local h-d equation selected is a viable alternative for estimating h if variables from the stand are not available. Moreover, it was observed that it is possible to obtain an adequate calibrated response using only 2 to 5 additional h-d measurements in quantile (or random) trees from the distribution of d in the plot (stand). Balancing sampling effort, accuracy and straightforwardness in practical applications, the generalized model from nls fit is recommended. Examples of applications of the selected generalized equation to the forest management are presented, namely how to use it to complete missing information from forest inventory and also showing how such an equation can be incorporated in a stand-level decision support system that aims to optimize the forest management for the maximization of wood volume production in Lomba ZIF maritime pine stands.

Formulação lagrangiana para sistemas dissipativos através do cálculo fracionário

Neste trabalho, generalizamos o Princípio da Mínima Ação proposto por Riewe para sistemas não conservativos, contendo forças dissipativas lineares dependentes de derivadas temporais de qualquer ordem. A Ação generalizada é construída a partir de funções Lagrangianas dependentes de derivadas de ordem inteira e fracionária. Diferente de outras formulações, o uso de derivadas fracionárias permite a construção de Lagrangianas físicas para sistemas não conservativos. Uma Lagrangiana é dita física se fornece relações fisicamente consistentes para o momentum e o Hamiltoniano do sistema. Neste Princípio da Mínima Ação generalizado, as equações de movimento são obtidas a partir da equação de Euler-Lagrange e, tomando-se o limite indo à zero para o intervalo de tempo definindo a Ação. Finalmente, como exemplo de aplicação, formulamos pela primeira vez uma Lagrangiana física para o problema da carga pontual acelerada.

Controle de sistema não linear de separação gás/líquido sob ação de efeitos transientes fluídicos por sliding control

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2015.