Propriedades cristalográficas de caulinitas de solos do ambiente tabuleiros costeiros, Amazônia e Recôncavo Baiano

Grande parte das propriedades e características dos solos estão relacionadas à quantidade e ao tipo de mineral na fração argila. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar a fração argila e estudar as características cristalográficas das caulinitas de solos vermelhos e amarelos, visando ao entendimento das relações desse mineral com as características e propriedades dos solos dominantes na região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros e mais interioranos do Brasil. Para isso, determinou-se a relação argila grossa/argila fina e foram realizadas análises mineralógicas (qualitativa e quantitativa) por meio de DRX e aplicação do método Rietveld; caracterização espectral por ERD, para determinação da relação hematita/goethita; estimativa de propriedades cristalográficas (tamanho e microtensões), por DRX e utilizando modelos matemáticos; da superfície específica, por BET-N2; da fractalidade; do grau de desordem estrutural, por diversos índices; e análises de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (a) a quantificação dos minerais de argila pelo método Rietveld revelou predomínio marcante das caulinitas em todos os solos estudados; (b) a análise dos espectros de DRX, aplicando-se o método Rietveld, sugere a coexistência de caulinitas triclínicas e caulinitas com caráter monoclínico; (c) as caulinitas menores que 0,2 µm de todos os solos foram similares em superfície específica BET-N2, dimensão média do cristalito no plano (001), grau de desordem estrutural e dimensão fractal, mas diferentes em sua morfologia, que se apresentou correlacionada com o material de origem.

Evidence on the complex link between

Most studies analysing the infrastructure impact on regional growth show a positive relationship between both variables. However, the public capital elasticity estimated in a Cobb-Douglas function, which is the most common specification in these works, is sometimes too big to be credible, so that the results have been partially desestimated. In the present paper, we give some new advances on the real link between public capital and productivity for the Spanish regions in the period 1964-1991. Firstly, we find out that the association for both variables is smaller when controlling for regional effects, being industry the sector which reaps the most benefits from an increase in the infrastructural dotation. Secondly, concerning to the rigidity of the Cobb-Douglas function, it is surpassed by using the variable expansion method. The expanded functional form reveals both the absence of a direct effect of infrastructure and the fact that the link between infrastructure and growth depends on the level of the existing stock (threshold level) and the way infrastructure is articulated in its location relative to other factors. Finally, we analyse the importance of the spatial dimension in infrastructure impact, due to spillover effects. In this sense, the paper provides evidence of the existence of spatial autocorrelation processes that may invalidate previous results.

Evidence on the complex link between

Most studies analysing the infrastructure impact on regional growth show a positive relationship between both variables. However, the public capital elasticity estimated in a Cobb-Douglas function, which is the most common specification in these works, is sometimes too big to be credible, so that the results have been partially desestimated. In the present paper, we give some new advances on the real link between public capital and productivity for the Spanish regions in the period 1964-1991. Firstly, we find out that the association for both variables is smaller when controlling for regional effects, being industry the sector which reaps the most benefits from an increase in the infrastructural dotation. Secondly, concerning to the rigidity of the Cobb-Douglas function, it is surpassed by using the variable expansion method. The expanded functional form reveals both the absence of a direct effect of infrastructure and the fact that the link between infrastructure and growth depends on the level of the existing stock (threshold level) and the way infrastructure is articulated in its location relative to other factors. Finally, we analyse the importance of the spatial dimension in infrastructure impact, due to spillover effects. In this sense, the paper provides evidence of the existence of spatial autocorrelation processes that may invalidate previous results.

A comparative long-memory Analysis between Spanish, Mexican and U.S. interest rates

Evidence exists that many natural facts are described better as a fractal. Although fractals are very useful for describing nature, it is also appropiate to review the concept of random fractal in finance. Due to the extraordinary importance of Brownian motion in physics, chemistry or biology, we will consider the generalization that supposes fractional Brownian motion introduced by Mandelbrot.The main goal of this work is to analyse the existence of long range dependence in instantaneous forward rates of different financial markets. Concretelly, we perform an empirical analysis on the Spanish, Mexican and U.S. interbanking interest rate. We work with three time series of daily data corresponding to 1 day operations from 28th March 1996 to 21st May 2002. From among all the existing tests on this matter we apply the methodology proposed in Taqqu, Teverovsky and Willinger (1995).

Numerical modeling of the effect of variation of boundary conditions on vadose zone hydraulic properties

An accurate estimation of hydraulic fluxes in the vadose zone is essential for the prediction of water, nutrient and contaminant transport in natural systems. The objective of this study was to simulate the effect of variation of boundary conditions on the estimation of hydraulic properties (i.e. water content, effective unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic flux) in a one-dimensional unsaturated flow model domain. Unsaturated one-dimensional vertical water flow was simulated in a pure phase clay loam profile and in clay loam interlayered with silt loam distributed according to the third iteration of the Cantor Bar fractal object Simulations were performed using the numerical model Hydrus 1D. The upper and lower pressure heads were varied around average values of -55 cm for the near-saturation range. This resulted in combinations for the upper and lower constant head boundary conditions, respectively, of -50 and -60 cm, -40 and -70 cm, -30 and -80 cm, -20 and -90 cm, and -10 and -100 cm. For the drier range the average head between the upper and lower boundary conditions was set to -550 cm, resulting in the combinations -500 and -600 cm, -400 and -700 cm, -300 and -800 cm, -200 and -900 cm, and -100 and -1,000 cm, for upper and lower boundary conditions, respectively. There was an increase in water contents, fluxes and hydraulic conductivities with the increase in head difference between boundary conditions. Variation in boundary conditions in the pure phase and interlayered one-dimensional profiles caused significant deviations in fluxes, water contents and hydraulic conductivities compared to the simplest case (a head difference between the upper and lower constant head boundaries of 10 cm in the wetter range and 100 cm in the drier range).

Spanning avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics: Field dependence and geometrical properties

Spanning avalanches in the 3D Gaussian Random Field Ising Model (3D-GRFIM) with metastable dynamics at T=0 have been studied. Statistical analysis of the field values for which avalanches occur has enabled a Finite-Size Scaling (FSS) study of the avalanche density to be performed. Furthermore, a direct measurement of the geometrical properties of the avalanches has confirmed an earlier hypothesis that several types of spanning avalanches with two different fractal dimensions coexist at the critical point. We finally compare the phase diagram of the 3D-GRFIM with metastable dynamics with the same model in equilibrium at T=0.

Analysis, modelling and visualisation of spatiotemporal data for urban studies

The proportion of population living in or around cites is more important than ever. Urban sprawl and car dependence have taken over the pedestrian-friendly compact city. Environmental problems like air pollution, land waste or noise, and health problems are the result of this still continuing process. The urban planners have to find solutions to these complex problems, and at the same time insure the economic performance of the city and its surroundings. At the same time, an increasing quantity of socio-economic and environmental data is acquired. In order to get a better understanding of the processes and phenomena taking place in the complex urban environment, these data should be analysed. Numerous methods for modelling and simulating such a system exist and are still under development and can be exploited by the urban geographers for improving our understanding of the urban metabolism. Modern and innovative visualisation techniques help in communicating the results of such models and simulations. This thesis covers several methods for analysis, modelling, simulation and visualisation of problems related to urban geography. The analysis of high dimensional socio-economic data using artificial neural network techniques, especially self-organising maps, is showed using two examples at different scales. The problem of spatiotemporal modelling and data representation is treated and some possible solutions are shown. The simulation of urban dynamics and more specifically the traffic due to commuting to work is illustrated using multi-agent micro-simulation techniques. A section on visualisation methods presents cartograms for transforming the geographic space into a feature space, and the distance circle map, a centre-based map representation particularly useful for urban agglomerations. Some issues on the importance of scale in urban analysis and clustering of urban phenomena are exposed. A new approach on how to define urban areas at different scales is developed, and the link with percolation theory established. Fractal statistics, especially the lacunarity measure, and scale laws are used for characterising urban clusters. In a last section, the population evolution is modelled using a model close to the well-established gravity model. The work covers quite a wide range of methods useful in urban geography. Methods should still be developed further and at the same time find their way into the daily work and decision process of urban planners. La part de personnes vivant dans une région urbaine est plus élevé que jamais et continue à croître. L'étalement urbain et la dépendance automobile ont supplanté la ville compacte adaptée aux piétons. La pollution de l'air, le gaspillage du sol, le bruit, et des problèmes de santé pour les habitants en sont la conséquence. Les urbanistes doivent trouver, ensemble avec toute la société, des solutions à ces problèmes complexes. En même temps, il faut assurer la performance économique de la ville et de sa région. Actuellement, une quantité grandissante de données socio-économiques et environnementales est récoltée. Pour mieux comprendre les processus et phénomènes du système complexe "ville", ces données doivent être traitées et analysées. Des nombreuses méthodes pour modéliser et simuler un tel système existent et sont continuellement en développement. Elles peuvent être exploitées par le géographe urbain pour améliorer sa connaissance du métabolisme urbain. Des techniques modernes et innovatrices de visualisation aident dans la communication des résultats de tels modèles et simulations. Cette thèse décrit plusieurs méthodes permettant d'analyser, de modéliser, de simuler et de visualiser des phénomènes urbains. L'analyse de données socio-économiques à très haute dimension à l'aide de réseaux de neurones artificiels, notamment des cartes auto-organisatrices, est montré à travers deux exemples aux échelles différentes. Le problème de modélisation spatio-temporelle et de représentation des données est discuté et quelques ébauches de solutions esquissées. La simulation de la dynamique urbaine, et plus spécifiquement du trafic automobile engendré par les pendulaires est illustrée à l'aide d'une simulation multi-agents. Une section sur les méthodes de visualisation montre des cartes en anamorphoses permettant de transformer l'espace géographique en espace fonctionnel. Un autre type de carte, les cartes circulaires, est présenté. Ce type de carte est particulièrement utile pour les agglomérations urbaines. Quelques questions liées à l'importance de l'échelle dans l'analyse urbaine sont également discutées. Une nouvelle approche pour définir des clusters urbains à des échelles différentes est développée, et le lien avec la théorie de la percolation est établi. Des statistiques fractales, notamment la lacunarité, sont utilisées pour caractériser ces clusters urbains. L'évolution de la population est modélisée à l'aide d'un modèle proche du modèle gravitaire bien connu. Le travail couvre une large panoplie de méthodes utiles en géographie urbaine. Toutefois, il est toujours nécessaire de développer plus loin ces méthodes et en même temps, elles doivent trouver leur chemin dans la vie quotidienne des urbanistes et planificateurs.

¡Maldito platonismo! Piel, carne y cuerpo de personas concretas: etapas de un combate librado -y ganado- en la poesía de Miquel Àngel Riera

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo, en el conjunto de la obra poética de M. A, Riera, se detecta una evidente sensibilidad antimetafísica que le impulsa a elogiar la piel, la carne y el cuerpo de las personas concretas, rehuyendo así cualquier vivencia platónica o idealista del amor. La lectura minuciosa de sus poemas permite descubrir, en opinión del autor, a Platón y al platonismo como uno de los grandes responsables del desprecio del amor carnal, causa indudable de sufrimiento humano por el hecho de no querer reconocer la dimensión somática de eros.

Multiscaling and information content of natural color images

Naive scale invariance is not a true property of natural images. Natural monochrome images possess a much richer geometrical structure, which is particularly well described in terms of multiscaling relations. This means that the pixels of a given image can be decomposed into sets, the fractal components of the image, with well-defined scaling exponents [Turiel and Parga, Neural Comput. 12, 763 (2000)]. Here it is shown that hyperspectral representations of natural scenes also exhibit multiscaling properties, observing the same kind of behavior. A precise measure of the informational relevance of the fractal components is also given, and it is shown that there are important differences between the intrinsically redundant red-green-blue system and the decorrelated one defined in Ruderman, Cronin, and Chiao [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2036 (1998)].

Application of the microcanonical multifractal formalism to monofractal systems

The design of appropriate multifractal analysis algorithms, able to correctly characterize the scaling properties of multifractal systems from experimental, discretized data, is a major challenge in the study of such scale invariant systems. In the recent years, a growing interest for the application of the microcanonical formalism has taken place, as it allows a precise localization of the fractal components as well as a statistical characterization of the system. In this paper, we deal with the specific problems arising when systems that are strictly monofractal are analyzed using some standard microcanonical multifractal methods. We discuss the adaptations of these methods needed to give an appropriate treatment of monofractal systems.

El modelo de Súnion y el pronóstico de la educación permanente. Lo pendiente desde una doble perspectiva

La idea de que el proceso de Bolonia y la reforma universitaria representan un cambio radical del modelo educativo y una auténtica renovación didáctica no halla su correspondencia necesaria en la teoría pedagógica de la educación superior. Conscientes de la importancia y la repercusión de esta nueva realidad, que es ya un hecho en la práctica cotidiana de las academias, el presente artículo intenta trazar un paralelismo con lo que aconteció en otros momentos clave de la pedagogía moderna. En la didáctica del siglo XX, la dimensión práctica de la enseñanza ha dejado faltas de un análisis teórico a no pocas iniciativas. Mediante el ejemplo de Súnion. Institució Cultural Catalana se considera hasta qué punto conviene mirar a la enseñanza primaria y secundaria para prever el futuro de la enseñanza superior y prepararse para un profundo replanteamiento tanto del aprendizaje y de lo aprendido como de las figuras del profesor y del estudiante.

A comparative long-memory Analysis between Spanish, Mexican and U.S. interest rates

Evidence exists that many natural facts are described better as a fractal. Although fractals are very useful for describing nature, it is also appropiate to review the concept of random fractal in finance. Due to the extraordinary importance of Brownian motion in physics, chemistry or biology, we will consider the generalization that supposes fractional Brownian motion introduced by Mandelbrot.The main goal of this work is to analyse the existence of long range dependence in instantaneous forward rates of different financial markets. Concretelly, we perform an empirical analysis on the Spanish, Mexican and U.S. interbanking interest rate. We work with three time series of daily data corresponding to 1 day operations from 28th March 1996 to 21st May 2002. From among all the existing tests on this matter we apply the methodology proposed in Taqqu, Teverovsky and Willinger (1995).

Terracotas femeninas de aspecto ibérico en Cataluña y Aragón

Se dan a conocer algunas terracotas inéditas o dispersamente publicadas, con el fm de reflexionar sobre el deficiente estado de la coroplastia ibérica en el nordeste peninsular, Para ello, nos centramos en una parte de las mismas, las representaciones femeninas de aspecto ibérico; un grupo de figuritas que poseen una serie de afmidades, a pesar de haberse hallado en lugares distantes y en condiciones diversas, lo que se ha traducido a veces en fechaciones arcaizantes, hecho que, asimismo, debería cuestionarse. Las cronologías que se deducen, a tenor de los pocos hallazgos precisables, entran ya, en algunos casos, en momentos muy romanizados y no son ajenas al debate sobre el componente autóctono en ésta parte de la Hispania romana y su dimensión religiosa.

Percepción de patrones de envejecimiento: ¿Unidireccionalidad o multidireccionalidad?

El presente trabajo pretende comprobar si existe una percepción uniforme del proceso de envejecimiento o si bien esta percepción es múltiple y dependiente de las dimensiones o caracteristicas concretas que se tomen en consideración. Se administró un protocolo de respuesta en el que 186 universitarios estimaron la evolución a 10 largo del ciclo vital de 16 dimensiones diferentes (salud, capacidad de movimiento,rapidez, agudeza sensorial, fuerza fisica, memoria, inteligencia, felicidad, ilusión, dependencia, sabiduria, belleza, productividad, recursos económicos, prestigio social y poder). Nuestros resultados indican que, aunque 10 mas frecuente es que el envejecimiento se equipare a declive, se pueden encontrar cuatro patrones diferenciales de percepción del envejecimiento, que tienen que ver con la naturaleza biológica, psicológica o social de la dimensión evaluada. También se encontró que la cantidad de declive atribuida al paso de la madurez a la vejez no correlacionaba o 10 hacia de forma muy baja con el contacto que 10s sujetos tenian con personas de mas de 65 años.