Predictors of trabecular bone score in school children.

UNLABELLED: Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a DXA-based tool that assesses bone texture and reflects microarchitecture. It has been shown to independently predict the risk of osteoporotic fracture in the elderly. In this study, we investigated the determinants of TBS in adolescents. INTRODUCTION: TBS is a gray-level textural measurement derived from lumbar spine DXA images. It appears to be an index of bone microarchitecture that provides skeletal information additional to the standard BMD measurement and clinical risk factors. Our objectives were to characterize the relationship between TBS and both age and pubertal stages and identify other predictors in adolescents. METHODS: We assessed TBS by reanalyzing spine DXA scan images obtained from 170 boys and 168 girls, age range 10-17 years, gathered at study entry and at 1 year, using TBS software. The results are from post hoc analyses obtained using data gathered from a prospective randomized vitamin D trial. Predictors of TBS were assessed using t test or Pearson's correlation and adjusted using regression analyses, as applicable. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 13.2 ± 2.1 years, similar between boys and girls. Age, height, weight, sun exposure, spine BMC and BMD, body BMC and BMD, and lean and fat mass are all significantly correlated with TBS at baseline (r = 0.20-0.75, p < 0.035). Correlations mostly noted in late-pubertal stages. However, after adjustment for BMC, age remained an independent predictor only in girls. CONCLUSIONS: In univariate exploratory analyses, age and pubertal stages were determinants of TBS in adolescents. Studies to investigate predictors of TBS and to investigate its value as a prognostic tool of bone fragility in the pediatric population are needed.

Validation of a computer-assisted system on classifying lower third molars

Objectives: The present study evaluates the reliability of the Radio Memory® software (Radio Memory; Belo Horizonte,Brasil.) on classifying lower third molars, analyzing intra- and interexaminer agreement of the results. Study Design: An observational, descriptive study of 280 lower third molars was made. The corresponding orthopantomographs were analyzed by two examiners using the Radio Memory® software. The exam was repeated 30 days after the first observation by each examiner. Both intra- and interexaminer agreement were determined using the SPSS v 12.0 software package for Windows (SPSS; Chicago, USA). Results: Intra- and interexaminer agreement was shown for both the Pell & Gregory and the Winter classifications, p<0.01, with 99% significant correlation between variables in all the cases. Conclusions: The use of Radio Memory® software for the classification of lower third molars is shown to be a valid alternative to the conventional method (direct evaluation on the orthopantomograph), for both clinical and investigational applications.

Caractérisation des patients lausannois formeurs de calculs rénaux

La lithiase rénale est une pathologie connue depuis très longtemps. Elle est très intéressante d'un point de vue épidémiologique car elle est présente dans le monde entier et reflète les habitudes alimentaires, les conditions sanitaires et le niveau de vie des populations. En effet, sa localisation, sa nature et son âge d'apparition sont associés au niveau économique d'une population donnée. Dans les pays ayant un niveau socioéconomique bas, les enfants jusqu'à 10 ans sont plus touchés que les adultes, avec un rapport garçons/filles très élevé, atteignant plus de 10. La localisation des calculs rénaux est surtout vésicale et ils sont composés majoritairement de phosphate ou d'acide urique. Par contre, dans les populations avec un niveau socioéconomique plus élevé comme c'est le cas actuellement en Europe, les adultes entre 30 et 50 ans sont majoritairement touchés avec un rapport hommes/femmes situé entre 1.5 et 2.5. La lithiase est essentiellement rénale et composée d'oxalate de calcium. Actuellement, dans la plupart des pays du monde, le calcul a une localisation rénale et est de nature oxalo-calcique, reflétant une amélioration des conditions de vie et un meilleur niveau de médicalisation. Peu de pays possèdent les moyens d'effectuer de larges études pour estimer la prévalence de la lithiase rénale. Cependant, toutes les études effectuées confirment que les calculs rénaux sont en progression dans le monde entier. Une forte augmentation de la prévalence de la lithiase rénale a notamment été observée depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale avec une mise sur le marché plus importante ainsi qu'une consommation croissante de boissons sucrées, de protéines animales et de chocolat riche en oxalate avec en parallèle une diminution de la consommation de produits laitiers et une sédentarisation de la population. La lithiase rénale comprend en effet des facteurs de risques environnementaux et sa progression est donc en grande partie due aux changements des habitudes de vie. Au cours des dernières décennies, les changements de mode de vie ont également favorisé l'augmentation de l'hypertension artérielle, de l'obésité ainsi que du diabète dans la population générale, eux-mêmes associés à la lithiase rénale. Différentes études illustrent la prévalence croissante des calculs rénaux. Des études scandinaves datant de 1970-1980 démontrent que 19% des hommes de plus de 60 ans avaient des antécédents de lithiase urinaire. Aux États-Unis, l'étude de Stamatelou et al. (1) a démontré une progression de la lithiase rénale de 3.2% entre 1976 et 1980 et de 5.2% entre 1988 et 1994. En Allemagne, la prévalence de la lithiase rénale a augmenté de 17% entre 1980 et 2000. En 2001 en Espagne, 10% des sujets de plus de 60 ans avaient une lithiase rénale. L'étude française SU.VI.MAX a notamment révélé une prévalence de calculs rénaux de 9.5% chez les personnes de plus de 45 ans avec une prédominance masculine, 13.6% chez les hommes et 7.6% chez les femmes. Le rapport hommes/femmes était de 2.35 avec une tendance à la baisse. L'âge du premier calcul était en moyenne à 35 ans chez les hommes et à 30 ans chez les femmes. Plus de la moitié des patients lithiasiques de l'étude SU.VI.MAX récidivent au cours de leur vie, 54% des hommes et 52% des femmes. Le nombre d'épisodes dans la vie d'une personne ayant eu une fois un calcul rénal était en moyenne de 3, avec un intervalle moyen de 3.5 ans entre deux récidives.

Trabecular bone score in kidney transplant recipients.

UNLABELLED: It is uncertain whether bone mineral density (BMD) can accurately predict fracture in kidney transplant recipients. Trabecular bone score (TBS) provides information independent of BMD. Kidney transplant recipients had abnormal bone texture as measured by lumbar spine TBS, and a lower TBS was associated with incident fractures in recipients. INTRODUCTION: Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a texture measure derived from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lumbar spine images, providing information independent of bone mineral density. We assessed characteristics associated with TBS and fracture outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: We included 327 kidney transplant recipients from Manitoba, Canada, who received a post-transplant DXA (median 106 days post-transplant). We matched each kidney transplant recipient (mean age 45 years, 39 % men) to three controls from the general population (matched on age, sex, and DXA date). Lumbar spine (L1-L4) DXA images were used to derive TBS. Non-traumatic incident fracture (excluding hand, foot, and craniofacial) (n = 31) was assessed during a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. We used multivariable linear regression models to test predictors of TBS, and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) per standard deviation decrease in TBS to express the gradient of risk. RESULTS: Compared to the general population, kidney transplant recipients had a significantly lower lumbar spine TBS (1.365 ± 0.129 versus 1.406 ± 0.125, P < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression revealed that receipt of a kidney transplant was associated with a significantly lower mean TBS compared to controls (-0.0369, 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI] -0.0537 to -0.0202). TBS was associated with fractures independent of the Fracture Risk Assessment score including BMD (adjusted HR per standard deviation decrease in TBS 1.64, 95 % CI 1.15-2.36). CONCLUSION: Kidney transplant recipients had abnormal bone texture as assessed by TBS and a lower lumbar spine TBS was associated with fractures in recipients.

Classification of textures seen from different distances and under varying illumination direction

Changes in the angle of illumination incident upon a 3D surface texture can significantly alter its appearance, implying variations in the image texture. These texture variations produce displacements of class members in the feature space, increasing the failure rates of texture classifiers. To avoid this problem, a model-based texture recognition system which classifies textures seen from different distances and under different illumination directions is presented in this paper. The system works on the basis of a surface model obtained by means of 4-source colour photometric stereo, used to generate 2D image textures under different illumination directions. The recognition system combines coocurrence matrices for feature extraction with a Nearest Neighbour classifier. Moreover, the recognition allows one to guess the approximate direction of the illumination used to capture the test image

Model-based objects recognition in industrial environments for autonomous vehicles control

Behavior-based navigation of autonomous vehicles requires the recognition of the navigable areas and the potential obstacles. In this paper we describe a model-based objects recognition system which is part of an image interpretation system intended to assist the navigation of autonomous vehicles that operate in industrial environments. The recognition system integrates color, shape and texture information together with the location of the vanishing point. The recognition process starts from some prior scene knowledge, that is, a generic model of the expected scene and the potential objects. The recognition system constitutes an approach where different low-level vision techniques extract a multitude of image descriptors which are then analyzed using a rule-based reasoning system to interpret the image content. This system has been implemented using a rule-based cooperative expert system

Model-based objects recognition in man-made environments

We describe a model-based objects recognition system which is part of an image interpretation system intended to assist autonomous vehicles navigation. The system is intended to operate in man-made environments. Behavior-based navigation of autonomous vehicles involves the recognition of navigable areas and the potential obstacles. The recognition system integrates color, shape and texture information together with the location of the vanishing point. The recognition process starts from some prior scene knowledge, that is, a generic model of the expected scene and the potential objects. The recognition system constitutes an approach where different low-level vision techniques extract a multitude of image descriptors which are then analyzed using a rule-based reasoning system to interpret the image content. This system has been implemented using CEES, the C++ embedded expert system shell developed in the Systems Engineering and Automatic Control Laboratory (University of Girona) as a specific rule-based problem solving tool. It has been especially conceived for supporting cooperative expert systems, and uses the object oriented programming paradigm

Modeling and Classifying Breast Tissue Density in Mammograms

We present a new approach to model and classify breast parenchymal tissue. Given a mammogram, first, we will discover the distribution of the different tissue densities in an unsupervised manner, and second, we will use this tissue distribution to perform the classification. We achieve this using a classifier based on local descriptors and probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (pLSA), a generative model from the statistical text literature. We studied the influence of different descriptors like texture and SIFT features at the classification stage showing that textons outperform SIFT in all cases. Moreover we demonstrate that pLSA automatically extracts meaningful latent aspects generating a compact tissue representation based on their densities, useful for discriminating on mammogram classification. We show the results of tissue classification over the MIAS and DDSM datasets. We compare our method with approaches that classified these same datasets showing a better performance of our proposal

Effect of magnesium sulphate and L-tryptophan and genotype on the feed intake, behaviour and meat quality of pigs

Sixty-nine entire male pigs with different halothane genotype (homozygous halothanepositive – nn-, n=36; and homozygous halothane negative – NN-, n=33) were fed with a supplementation of magnesium sulphate (Mg) and/or L-tryptophan (Trp) in the diet for 5days before slaughter. Animals were housed individually and were submitted to stressful ante mortem conditions (mixed in the lorry according to treatments and transported 1h on rough roads). Individual feed intake was recorded during the 5-day treatment. At the abattoir, pig behaviour was assessed in the raceway to the stunning system and during the stunning period by exposure to CO2. Muscle pH, colour, water holding capacity, texture and cathepsin activities were determined to assess meat quality. The number of pigs with an individual feed intake lower than 2kg/day was significantly different among diets (P<0.05; Control: 8.7%; Mg&Trp: 43.5%; Trp:17.4%) and they were considered to have inadequate supplement intake. During the antemortem period, 15.2% of pigs included in the experiment died, and this percentagedecreased to 8.7% in those pigs with a feed intake > 2kg/day, all of them from thestress-sensitive pigs (nn). In general, no differences were observed in the behaviour ofpigs along the corridor leading to the stunning system and inside the CO2 stunningsystem. During the stunning procedure, Trp diet showed shorter periods of muscularexcitation than control and Mg&Trp diets. The combination of a stressful ante mortemtreatment and Mg&Trp supplementation led to carcasses with high incidence of severeskin lesions. Different meat quality results were found when considering all pigs orconsidering only those with adequate supplement intake. In this later case, Trp increased pH45 (6.15) vs Control diet (5.96) in the Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle (P<0.05) and pH at 24h (Trp: 5.59 vs C: 5.47) led to a higher incidence of dark, firm and dry (DFD) traits in SM muscle (P<0.05). Genotype affected negatively all the meat quality traits. Seventy-five percent of LT and 60.0% of the SM muscles from nn pigs wereclassified as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), while none of the NN pigs showed these traits (P<0.0001). No significant differences were found between genotypes on the incidence of DFD meat. Due to the negative effects observed in the Mg&Trp group in feed intake and carcass quality, the utilization of a mixture of magnesium sulphate and tryptophan is not recommended

Substâncias húmicas de turfa: estudo dos parâmetros que influenciam no processo de extração alcalina

This study reports the parameters which influence on extraction of humic substances (HS) from peat. The yield, organic and inorganic contend, E4/E6 ratio and elemental composition (C,H,N) of the extracted HS have been determined. The functional groups were identified by Fourier-transform infrared espectroscopy. The results showed influence of the extractor type, concentration, time, temperature and granular texture of the sample in the extraction. This work contributes to better understanding of the extraction process showing the necessity of the standard method to extract humic substances from soil

Sharp mandibular bone irregularities after lower third molar extraction: Incidence, clinical features and risk factors

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical symptoms associated with sharp mandibular bone irregularities (SMBI) after lower third molar extraction and to identify possible risk factors for this complication. Study Design: A mixed study design was used. A retrospective cohort study of 1432 lower third molar extractions was done to determine the incidence of SMBI and a retrospective case-control study was done to determine potential demographic and etiologic factors by comparing those patients with postoperative SMBI with controls. Results: Twelve SMBI were found (0.84%). Age was the most important risk factor for this complication. The operated side and the presence of an associated radiolucent image were also significantly related to the development of mandibular bone irregularities. The depth of impaction of the tooth might also be an important factor since erupted or nearly erupted third molars were more frequent in the SMBI group. Conclusions: SMBI are a rare postoperative complication after lower third molar removal. Older patients having left side lower third molars removed are more likely to develop this problem. The treatment should be the removal of the irregularity when the patient is symptomatic

A história da ciência e o objeto de seu estudo: confrontos entre a ciência periférica, a ciência central e a ciência marginal

The historiography of science has undergone a profound change from the traditional perspective of a few decades ago, according to which only mainstream science was worth pursuing as a research field. Such a restricted outlook was not conducive to a thorough understanding of the whole process of the construction of science. New approaches have breathed new life into the discipline, taking into account not only scientific endeavours from so-called peripheral societies, but also from different quarters within or close to the central groups. From this a new and far more interesting view has emerged, showing a complex and richer texture.

Morfología de los conductos radiculares de premolares superiores e inferiores

El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la anatomía de los conductos radiculares de dientes premolares superiores e inferiores provenientes de pacientes españoles. Fueron seleccionados 200 dientes premolares permanentes sometidos a diafanización. Para el estudio de los conductos radiculares se empleó la clasificación de Vertucci. La incidencia de conducto tipo I (un conducto) para los primeros premolares superiores fue de 5.88%, mientras que un 88.22% presentó dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo VI). Sólo el 5.88% de los primeros premolares superiores fueron tipo VIII (tres conductos). En los segundos premolares superiores, la incidencia de un conducto (tipo I) fue de 39.65%, y el 60.31% presentaron dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo VII). La incidencia de un conducto (tipo I) fue de 68.18% para los primeros premolares inferiores, y un 31.8% presentó dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo V). En los segundos premolares inferiores, la incidencia de tipo I (un conducto) fue de 73.91%, mientras que el 26.08% presentó dos conductos (de tipo IV a V). Salvo en el caso del segundo premolar inferior, nuestros resultados coincidieron con los de trabajos previos hechos en otras poblaciones.

Morfología de los conductos radiculares de premolares superiores e inferiores

El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la anatomía de los conductos radiculares de dientes premolares superiores e inferiores provenientes de pacientes españoles. Fueron seleccionados 200 dientes premolares permanentes sometidos a diafanización. Para el estudio de los conductos radiculares se empleó la clasificación de Vertucci. La incidencia de conducto tipo I (un conducto) para los primeros premolares superiores fue de 5.88%, mientras que un 88.22% presentó dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo VI). Sólo el 5.88% de los primeros premolares superiores fueron tipo VIII (tres conductos). En los segundos premolares superiores, la incidencia de un conducto (tipo I) fue de 39.65%, y el 60.31% presentaron dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo VII). La incidencia de un conducto (tipo I) fue de 68.18% para los primeros premolares inferiores, y un 31.8% presentó dos conductos (de tipo II a tipo V). En los segundos premolares inferiores, la incidencia de tipo I (un conducto) fue de 73.91%, mientras que el 26.08% presentó dos conductos (de tipo IV a V). Salvo en el caso del segundo premolar inferior, nuestros resultados coincidieron con los de trabajos previos hechos en otras poblaciones.

Decomposição catalítica da hidrazina sobre irídio suportado em compósitos à base de nanofibras de carbono para propulsão espacial: testes em condições reais

The aim of this work is to present the catalytic performance of iridium supported on carbon nanofibers with macroscopic shaping in a 2 N hydrazine microthruster placed inside a vacuum chamber in order to reproduce real-life conditions. The performances obtained are compared to those of the commercial catalyst Shell 405. The carbon-nanofiber based catalyst showed better performance than the commercial catalyst from the standpoint of activity due to its texture and its thermal conductivity.