Beneficios económicos periódicos (BEP)como sistema complementario de seguridad social en pensiones

34 p.

Measuring the effectiveness of two public policies on the sectors of labor markets and urban infraestructure. Experimental and quasi-experimental evidence from developing countries

La tesis presenta evidencia rigurosa de la efectividad de las políticas públicas utilizando metodologías experimentales y cuasi-experimentales. La tesis comienza con una introducción completa y una revisión rigurosa de las metodologías que se utilizarán en el análisis posterior de los datos. El primer capítulo, "Habilidades personales y habilidades técnicas en programas de formación de jóvenes. Evidencia Experimental de Largo Plazo de República Dominicana ", evalúa el impacto de un programa de empleo de los jóvenes en una serie de variables de interés. El programa ofrece capacitación en las habilidades vocacionales y en las habilidades no cognitivas a jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión social. Cabe destacar que la metodología utilizada para evaluar el programa es un ensayo controlado aleatorio, que proporciona evidencia robusta del efecto causal del programa. Mientras que estudios previos analizaron el impacto de los programas para jóvenes relacionados, ningún estudio anterior había evaluado los efectos de 4 años después de la implementación del programa. Esto representa una contribución importante debido a que las ganancias a corto plazo de varios programas de desarrollo han demostrado no ser sostenida en el tiempo. Esto es también lo que este estudio encuentra para los resultados del mercado de trabajo: mientras que el programa genera una mejora a corto plazo de los resultados de empleo para las mujeres, este efecto se disipa en el largo plazo. Sin embargo, el programa parece conducir a cambios persistentes en las expectativas del mercado de trabajo de las mujeres: las mujeres que asistieron al entrenamiento de informar una visión más optimista de las perspectivas del mercado de trabajo hasta 4 años después del programa...

Expanding our Constitutional Horizons: A Comprehensive Study of Quasi-Constitutionality in Canada

A number of laws in Canada which uphold rights are referred to as quasi-constitutional by the courts in recognition of their special importance. Quasi-constitutional statutes are enacted through the regular legislative process, although they are being interpreted and applied in a fashion which has become remarkably similar to constitutional law, and are therefore having an important affect over other legislation. Quasi-constitutionality has surprisingly received limited scholarly attention, and very few serious attempts at explaining its significance have been made. This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive study of quasi-constitutionality which considers its theoretical basis, its interpretation and legal significance, as well as its similarities to comparable forms of law in other Commonwealth jurisdictions. Part I examines the theoretical basis of quasi-constitutionality and its relationship to the Constitution. As a statutory and common law form of fundamental law, quasi-constitutionality is shown to signify an association with the Canadian Constitution and the foundational principles that underpin it. Part II proceeds to consider the special rules of interpretation applied to quasi-constitutional legislation, the basis of this interpretative approach, and the connection between the interpretation of similar provisions in quasi-constitutional legislation and the Constitution. As a statutory form of fundamental law, quasi-constitutional legislation is given a broad, liberal and purposive interpretation which significantly expands the rights which they protect. The theoretical basis of this approach is found in both the fundamental nature of the rights upheld by quasi-constitutional legislation as well as legislative intent. Part III explores how quasi-constitutional statutes affect the interpretation of regular legislation and how they are used for the purposes of judicial review. Quasi-constitutional legislation has a significant influence over regular statutes in the interpretative exercise, which in some instances results in conflicting statutes being declared inoperable. The basis of this form of judicial review is demonstrated to be rooted in statutory interpretation, and as such it provides an interesting model of rights protection and judicial review that is not conflated to constitutional and judicial supremacy.

Acoustic Propagation over Periodic and Quasi-Period Rough Surfaces Proceedings

Numerical techniques such as the Boundary Element Method, Finite Element Method and Finite Difference Time Domain have been used widely to investigate plane and curved wave-front scattering by rough surfaces. For certain shapes of roughness elements (cylinders, semi-cylinders and ellipsoids) there are semi-analytical alternatives. Here, we present a theory for multiple scattering by cylinders on a hard surface to investigate effects due to different roughness shape, the effects of vacancies and variation of roughness element size on the excess attenuation due to a periodically rough surfaces.

Embrapa Monitoramento por satélite: um estudo a partir de periódicos indexados.

O trabalho tem por objetivo maior obter inferências sobre o direcionamento da produção científica da Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite a partir da análise do comportamento dos artigos de periódicos publicados pela instituição, no período de 2010 a 2014. Nessa vertente, busca-se conhecer o impacto gerado na comunidade científica, medido pelo número de citações, bem como os principais artigos e periódicos utilizados para publicação.

Aviso sobre los “avisos”. Los anuncios periódicos como fuente histórica (1857-1861)

IntroducciónLa utilización de los periódicos como fuente, por parte de los historiadores de Costa Rica, se limita casi siempre a los textos de contenido (cartas, noticias, reportajes, editoriales, comunicados, etc.) estratégicos para el estudio de distintos sectores y conflictos sociales, El propósito de esta selección de documentos es, sin embargo, destacar la riqueza que brinda, enj especial a partir de 1850, otro tipo de materiales: los "avisos" -publicitarios o no-, útiles para explorar con detalle diversos aspectos de la vida económica y cultural del país, particularmente en al esfea del quehacer cotidiano...

Los protagonistas de la prensa (Los primeros escritores de periódicos costarricenses, 1833-1850

ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo analizar a los primeros escritores de los periódicos costarricenses de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, como paso previo para estudiar el desarrollo de la prensa y la transmisión del pensamiento colectivamente, a través del material impreso y su impacto en la sociedad decimonónica.AbstractThe purpose of this article is to analyze the main writers publishing in Costa Rican newspapers during the first half of the 19th century. This is a prior step for a discussion of the development of the press and the collective transmission of ideas by means of printed material, and of their impact of 19th century society.

Mode-I fracture parameters of quasi-brittle materials: direct evaluation using DIC and relationship with Mode-II interfacial parameters

The objective of this thesis is the investigation of the Mode-I fracture mechanics parameters of quasi-brittle materials to shed light onto the influence of the width and size of the specimen on the fracture response of notched beams. To further the knowledge on the fracture process, 3D digital image correlation (DIC) was employed. A new method is proposed to determine experimentally the critical value of the crack opening, which is then used to determine the size of the fracture process zone (FPZ). In addition, the Mode-I fracture mechanics parameters are compared with the Mode-II interfacial properties of composites materials that feature as matrices the quasi-brittle materials studied in Mode-I conditions. To investigate the Mode II fracture parameters, single-lap direct shear tests are performed. Notched concrete beams with six cross-sections has been tested using a three-point bending (TPB) test set-up (Mode-I fracture mechanics). Two depths and three widths of the beam are considered. In addition to concrete beams, alkali-activated mortar beams (AAMs) that differ by the type and size of the aggregates have been tested using the same TPB set-up. Two dimensions of AAMs are considered. The load-deflection response obtained from DIC is compared with the load-deflection response obtained from the readings of two linear variable displacement transformers (LVDT). Load responses, peak loads, strain profiles along the ligament from DIC, fracture energy and failure modes of TPB tests are discussed. The Mode-II problem is investigated by testing steel reinforced grout (SRG) composites bonded to masonry and concrete elements under single-lap direct shear tests. Two types of anchorage systems are proposed for SRG reinforced masonry and concrete element to study their effectiveness. An indirect method is proposed to find the interfacial properties, compare them with the Mode-I fracture properties of the matrix and to model the effect of the anchorage.

The United Nations 'quasi-prosecutorial' investigative mechanisms: assessing a new institutional model in the international criminal justice landscape

This work aims to provide a theoretical examination of three recently created bodies of the United Nations mandated to investigate the alleged international crimes committed in Syria (IIIM), Iraq (UNITAD) and Myanmar (IIMM). Established as a compromise solution in the paralysis of international criminal jurisdictions, these essentially overlapping entities have been depicted as a ‘new generation’ of UN investigative mechanisms. While non-judicial in nature, they depart indeed from traditional commissions of inquiry in several respects due to their increased criminal or ‘quasi-prosecutorial’ character. After clarifying their legal basis and different mandating authorities, a comparative institutional analysis is thus carried out in order to ascertain whether these ‘mechanisms’ can be said to effectively represent a new institutional model. Through an in-depth assessment of their mandates, the thesis is also intended to outline both the strengths and the criticalities of these organs. Given their aim to facilitate criminal proceedings by sharing information and case files, it is suggested that more attention shall be paid to the position of the person under investigation. To this end, some proposals are made in order to enhance the mechanisms’ frameworks, especially from the angle of procedural safeguards. As a third aspect, the cooperation with judicial authorities is explored, in order to shed light on the actors involved, the relevant legal instruments and the possible obstacles, in particular from a human rights perspective. Ultimately, drawing from the detected issues, the thesis seeks to identify some lessons learned which could be taken into account in case of creation of new ad hoc investigative mechanisms or of a permanent institution of this kind.

Abordagem da demanda espontânea na Unidade Básica de Saúde Cristais - Nova Lima

O modelo de saúde atualmente proposto pelo Sistema Único de Saúde atribui à Atenção Primária à Saúde, dentre outras, a função de ser a porta de entrada para o sistema. Para isso, as equipes de saúde devem possuir habilidades para atender as necessidades da população e apresentar resolubilidade. Nesse contexto, o atendimento à demanda espontânea é fundamental e é papel de todos os membros da equipe. Discutem-se estratégias de abordagem eficaz dos problemas apresentados pelos usuários que compõem essa demanda, de modo a atender o princípio da integralidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar um projeto de intervenção que permita o aprimoramento do atendimento da demanda espontânea na unidade básica de saúde Cristais, em Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, fortalecendo os princípios de integralidade, equidade e universalidade. A elaboração do projeto de intervenção seguiu os passos do planejamento estratégico situacional, com apoio de revisão bibliográfica a respeito do tema e de conhecimentos adquiridos em reuniões com a equipe de saúde local. O plano de ação obtido a partir desses dados teve como base a capacitação da equipe para atuar de forma a realizar um acolhimento de qualidade e a triagem adequada dos problemas apresentados pelos usuários do serviço. Espera-se, portanto, a partir da execução da intervenção proposta, que se alcance uma assistência de saúde de melhor qualidade aos usuários, de modo a se consolidar cada vez mais os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Criação e execução de programa de capacitação permanente dos agentes comunitários de saúde da Unidade de Saúde Básica dos Cristais em Nova Lima

O trabalho executado pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) tem uma enorme relevância dentro do contexto da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. A atuação destes profissionais, quando em sincronia com os demais membros da Equipe de Saúde da Família, garante melhor qualidade no cuidado à saúde da população. Diante disso, este trabalho objetivou a criação e o desenvolvimento de um programa de capacitação permanente para os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde da Unidade Básica de Saúde dos Cristais em Nova Lima, Minas Gerais. Esta intervenção foi definida como prioritária através do Método de Planejamento Estratégico Situacional, que apontou a atuação heterogênea dos ACSs como um problema relevante para atuação. A Proposta de Intervenção adotada baseou-se em reuniões quinzenais com os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde para discussão de temas relevantes da saúde pública e elaboração de um roteiro para orientar as visitas domiciliares. A Equipe de Saúde da Família foi submetida a ciclos de avaliação e o resultado, após seis meses de capacitação, foi extremamente satisfatório corroborando os dados encontrados pelo estudo bibliográfico realizado. Por fim, a intervenção realizada permitiu melhoria no cuidado em saúde para a população e maior homogeneidade na atuação dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, atingindo todos os objetivos inicialmente propostos pelo trabalho.

Processos naturais de biodegradação do petróleo em reservatórios

Petroleum biodegradation in reservoirs is a process caused by different microorganisms affecting many oil deposits which modifies the oil composition in a quasi-stepwise process starting from n-alkanes and isoprenoids through to diasteranes. This causes oil souring and increased viscosity, sulfur and metal content, having a direct impact on oil production and refining costs.

Estimativa de parâmetros biofísicos de plantios de café a partir de imagens orbitais de alta resolução espacial

Remote sensing data are each time more available and can be used to monitor the vegetal development of main agricultural crops, such as the Arabic coffee in Brazil, since that the relationship between spectral and agronomical data be well known. Therefore, this work had the main objective to assess the use of Quickbird satellite images to estimate biophysical parameters of coffee crop. Test area was composed by 25 coffee fields located between the cities of Ribeirão Corrente, Franca and Cristais Paulista (SP), Brazil, and the biophysical parameters used were row and between plants spacing, plant height, LAI, canopy diameter, percentage of vegetation cover, roughness and biomass. Spectral data were the reflectance of four bands of QUICKBIRD and values of four vegetations indexes (NDVI, GVI, SAVI and RVI) based on the same satellite. All these data were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression methods to generate estimation models of biophysical parameters. The use of regression models based on nonlinear equations was more appropriate to estimate parameters such as the LAI and the percentage of biomass, important to indicate the productivity of coffee crop.

Clinical trials in Brazilian journals of ophthalmology: where we are

PURPOSE: To compare clinical trials published in Brazilian journals of ophthalmology and in foreign journals of ophthalmology with respect to the number of citations and the quality of reporting [by applying the Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement writing standards]. METHODS: The sample of this systematic review comprised the two Brazilian journals of ophthalmology indexed at Science Citation Index Expanded and six of the foreign journals of ophthalmology with highest Impact Factor® according ISI. All clinical trials (CTs) published from January 2009 to December 2010 at the Brazilians journals and a 1:1 randomized sample of the foreign journals were included. The primary outcome was the number of citations through the end of 2011. Subgroup analysis included language. The secondary outcome included likelihood of citation (cited at least once versus no citation), and presence or absence of CONSORT statement indicators. RESULTS: The citation counts were statistically significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Foreign Group (10.50) compared with the Brazilian Group (0.45). The likelihood citation was statistically significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Foreign Group (20/20 - 100%) compared with the Brazilian Group (8/20 - 40%). The subgroup analysis of the language influence in Brazilian articles showed that the citation counts were statistically significantly higher in the papers published in English (P<0.04). Of 37 possible CONSORT items, the mean for the Foreign Group was 20.55 and for the Brazilian Group was 13.65 (P<0.003). CONCLUSION: The number of citations and the quality of reporting of clinical trials in Brazilian journals of ophthalmology still are low when compared with the foreign journals of ophthalmology with highest Impact Factor®.