998 resultados para Convenção Europeia da Paisagem
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Central conceptual terms, such as ‘culture’, ‘environment’, ‘nature’ and ‘landscape’, are far from being neutral scientific objects. They are academic constructions which need to be understood in their emergence across their historic contexts. Morality is a cultural expression determined by social domination and historical context, which gives it a sectary character. We need a moral theory that can be universal, timeless and that is able to guide the individual conduct, science and political ideologies, without considering the man the zenith of Life. Life, with its biodiversity, is only the tip of a complex Cosmos evolution, but we don’t know if our species, born on planet Earth, are the final link in the Cosmos evolution. To answer all these questions, a new ethical perspective was born, a theory built upon the principles of meta-ethics and applicable to all human activities. Environmental ethics are supported by two principles – the critique against anthropocentrism and the critique against ethnocentrism, giving a universal answer to the macro moral problems of our era – environmental, social, economical and political crisis, war and weapons of mass destruction… And contributes towards rebuilding the human activities in all domains of individual and social life.
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Os grandes países científicos, em especial a partir da década de 1970, introduziram políticas estatais de incremento das novas biotecnologias, instigados pela ideia de declínio de um sistema tecnológico baseado em indústrias mecânicas e pela crise petrolífera. O presente artigo delineia uma panorâmica da implementação deste domínio científico- -tecnológico em Portugal nos finais do século xx. Da fundação da Sociedade Portuguesa de Biotecnologia (1981) até à adoção da Estratégia de Lisboa (2000), incluindo assim o momento de adesão portuguesa à então cee (1986), expõe-se a dinâmica das políticas científicas e tecnológicas, bem como a utilização de fundos europeus, orientados para o desenvolvimento das biotecnologias. Este é um processo que ilustra em Portugal tra- ços fundamentais do atual regime de produção e regulação do conhecimento.
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A dissertação é um estudo sobre a ordenação ao ministério feminino na Igreja Batista do Paraná. A missão da mulher é observada através das perspectivas bíblicas, bem como o seu desenvolvimento na história da Igreja. No Velho Testamento, a mulher, em alguns momentos, é discriminada pelo homem. O mundo patriarcal desvalorizou e até desprezou a mulher em alguns segmentos sociais e religiosos. No entanto, mesmo tendo estas barreiras, ela conseguiu vencer e realizar sua missão. A partir de Jesus a mulher começa a ser acolhida e valorizada. Sua missão foi resgatar o mundo marginalizado e discriminado. Na igreja primitiva, a mulher desenvolveu alguns ministérios, iniciando uma nova etapa para o universo feminino. Durante os períodos históricos da Igreja, a participação da mulher foi restrita. O seu espaço foi limitado pelo homem, tendo dificuldades para exercer a ação pastoral. Em razão da sua luta ela conseguiu, através da história, o reconhecimento e assim conquistou a ordenação ao ministério pastoral. Através de uma pesquisa, observa-se a abertura da ordenação ao ministério feminino nas igrejas batistas no Paraná. Existem restrições por parte de alguns líderes, contribuindo para uma discriminação do ministério feminino. A dissertação também apresenta considerações sobre o pastorado feminino, numa perspectiva do comprometimento das igrejas batistas com a práxis teológica, na implantação do reino de Deus.(AU)
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A presente dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa acerca de um cisma pentecostal na Convenção Batista Brasileira, na década de 1960. No foco do conflito encontra-se um Movimento de Renovação Espiritual, que defendia uma experiência de êxtase religioso, designada de batismo com o Espírito Santo, como confirmação da relação do crente com Deus. A progressiva adesão de comunidades batistas a tal proposta transformou-a numa rede alternativa de poder que causou instabilidade nas relações de poder no interior da denominação batista no Brasil. A pesquisa reconstrói os embates decisivos deste episódio e ofereceu uma interpretação a partir das teorias de Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, na medida em que tenta decifrar os mecanismos institucionais de controle em confronto com as táticas das redes de poder. No contexto histórico brasileiro de efervescência não só religiosa, os mecanismos de vigilância da Convenção Batista Brasileira mostraram-se insuficientes para a manutenção da unidade ameaçada, uma vez que puniu os grupos opositores com a exclusão.(AU)
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O presente trabalho analisou as relações e os conflitos de gênero e poder observados durante o debate sobre as origens do trabalho batista no Brasil, debate esse entre o Pastor José dos Reis Pereira, líder oficial da Convenção Batista Brasileira durante os anos 1960-1980 e a pesquisadora batista Betty Antunes de Oliveira. A análise do conflito foi realizada principalmente com a mediação de gênero como instrumento hermenêutico, conforme os pressupostos de Joan Wallach Scott. Desse modo, a pesquisa teve como propósito principal, a partir da análise do debate, dar visibilidade ao conflito de gênero nos lugares de poder da Convenção Batista Brasileira dos anos 1960-1980, conflito dissimulado pelos discursos batistas sobre direitos de liberdade e igualdade sociais. Esta pesquisa trabalhou basicamente com as seguintes hipóteses: a dinâmica do debate foi fortalecida pelo contexto sociopolítico daqueles anos, que favoreceu a emergência dos movimentos de mulheres e feminista no Brasil, cujas influências foram também sentidas em outras tradições de fé cristã; e o resultado final do debate dependeu mais das questões de gênero e poder do que das discussões técnicas e acadêmicas sobre o acerto histórico do marco inicial do trabalho batista no Brasil. O ineditismo desta pesquisa está em oferecer uma nova perspectiva do debate sobre as origens do trabalho batista no Brasil, a partir do uso da categoria de gênero como instrumento de análise, o que complementará, desse modo, a pesquisa acadêmica já publicada sobre o tema.
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The coastal area of the city of Natal due to its location and natural potentialities has been an area where we have experienced big changes in its environment, at the expense of several forms of use and human occupation. On the coast of Via Costeira beach the process of use and land occupation was structured at the end of 1970s and early 1980s, as a result of the government policy which has developmental essence, based on the settlement of plenty big enterprises by the Parque das Dunas/Via Costeira Project. This project was created to install in Natal, capital of the state, infrastructure equipment on this stretch of coastline consisted of dune fields and many parts of ecosystems which have high natural relevance and fragility that used to present a semi-isolation in the urban city, for the development of tourist activities, which is considered as a viable economic solution capable of setting right serious socioeconomic problems that had persisted there. According to what was said so far, this study aimed to analyze the forms of use and land occupation besides the change of the landscape along the Via Costeira coast in the city of Natal/RN. These changes often take place without considering the complexity and fragility of natural ecosystems involved. The geoenvironmental study was based on the geosystemic theory, thus It was possible to analyze the human interventions in the superficial aspects of landscapes holistically. The practical procedures were contemplated with literature searches, followed by field work where were fulfilled the recognition and general characterization of the area in order to investigate and analyze the main types of land occupation and its use that have taken place there since big buildings began to come out, being supported by the legislation whose laws are about protection and conservation of coastal natural resources. The research also includes the identification and evaluation of the main types of negative impacts caused due to different forms of use that induce environmental and social conflicts nearby this shore. Thus, It was carried out a spatial and multitemporal analysis from orthophotos, aerial photographs and others taken during the field work besides satellite images too. The information which is taken out from these instruments was used to draw maps related to land occupation, spatial impacts and other thematic maps. We worked on a hypothesis that the implementation of mega enterprises on Via Costeira and many different forms of intensified use by human actions, has not considered the natural aspects and restrictions of use in this area, these ones would be the main factors that brought on the suppression and degradation in this environment and consequently the transformation of the natural landscape.
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The Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Norte (RN) is included in Pernambuco biogeographic sub-region and it is composed by Semi-deciduous Forest, deciduous Forest, Mangrove and Restinga. We assessed the conservation status of Atlantic Forest in the RN through remnants mapping using high resolution satellite images and landscape ecology approaches. We evaluated if there is difference between the north and south coastal regions considering their natural a historical land use differences. We also assessed the influence of the small remnants on landscape cover and configuration. The proportion of the original biome area with remnants larger than 3 hectares is 15.60% for the official governmental limit and is 16.60% for the alternative limit (SNE, 2002). This remnants proportion varies between 0.56 and 46.52% in the hydrographic basins. 89.70% of the remnants are smaller than 50 hectares. Only 6.00% of the remnants are greater than 100 hectares, and these remnants are responsible by 65% of remaining area. The patches with smaller area influence all calculated metrics. The south coastal hydrographic basins have higher percentage of coverage of remnants, larger patch densities and fragments with larger areas than north coastal hydrographic basins. The diffuse drainage basins of the southern coastal have the highest percentage of coverage with remnants. 18.28% and 10% of the biome area are protected by reserves, according to the official governmental and alternative limits respectively. The reserves are mainly of sustainable use (IUCN V-VI). Therefore, the Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Norte is in critical situation, with low proportion of remaining area and high fragmentation level. It’s indispensable to biome conservation keep all the remaining area, especially the large remnants, and restore areas to increase remnants proportion and to increase landscape connectivity
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É através da política externa que os atores das relações internacionais procuram concretizar os seus objetivos além das suas fronteiras. O Ártico é atualmente uma região alvo da política externa de atores das relações internacionais, entre eles Estados,organizações internacionais, multinacionais, entre outros. Sendo um território quase inexplorado, sabe-se que é extremamente rico em recursos naturais e energéticose que,com as alterações climáticas, estes recursos podem ser explorados. Com o derretimento da camada de gelo, o Oceano Ártico torna-se também uma rota de navegação rápida, o que intensificará o comércio internacional. No entanto, não são apenas oportunidades de crescimento económico que surgem do degelo do Ártico, mas também sérios riscos económicos, ambientais e securitários, aos quais a União Europeia não está alheia. Neste sentido, a organização europeia tem vindo a aplicar os seus esforços de política externa para desenvolver uma política que vá ao encontro dos seus objetivos na região, salvaguardando assim a sua segurança e também os seus interesses. Numa análise teórica, este trabalho procura previamente entender o que é a política externa, qual o papel da União Europeianesse âmbitoe quais as motivações para uma política externa europeia para o Ártico. Também se pretende mostrar a crescente importância da região do Ártico, e como este crescimento está fortemente ligado ao fenómeno das alterações climáticas. Sob a análise empírica, procura-se evidenciar a forma como a União Europeia está a desenvolver a sua política orientada para a região, para que no final do trabalho, cruzando a teoria com a parte empírica, fazer uma leitura da política europeia de acordo com as teorias das relações internacionais. Para dar forma ao trabalho, a metodologia utilizada foi a consulta de fontes académicas, a partir de centros de investigação ligados ao Ártico,como o Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center, o International Arctic Research Center eo Arctic Centre da Universidade da Lapónia, além de fontes documentais de diferentes organizações internacionais e documentos oficiais da União Europeia. Pode concluir-se que a União Europeia tem desenvolvido uma estratégia tendencialmente realista, pois procura sobretudo obter a sua segurança em relação às consequências do degelo do Árticoe limitar as oportunidades de crescimento dos restantes atores da região, apesar de o fazer utilizando políticas e estratégias de caráter pluralista.
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Studies on the urban landscape and on the changes of the urban space are relevant, since they reveal the economic dynamics and the way of life in the cities. Research on small towns, in particular, can display particular aspects and by so doing broaden the comprehension of this theme. The purpose of this research is to analyze the changes in the urban landscape and in the way of life of the inhabitants of the town of Tenente Ananias-RN that have been taking place since the 1990s up to the present (2013) and which result mainly from the commercial activity of crediário. The study is, therefore, a reflection on the impact of crediário economy on the urban landscape and on the way of life of a small town located in the hinterland of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. For this reason, it was necessary to study the landscape and the way of life found in Tenente Ananias in two moments: a) before the rise of the crediário, a period of time ranging from the town‟s initial emergence until the beginning of the 1990s; b) during the progress of crediário activity, from the beginning of the 1990s, when it starts, up to the present (2013). For this research, primary data (interviews, local survey visits) and secondary data (books, articles, reports, census data) were used. As a result of this study, it was possible to conclude that crediário plays a fundamental role for the explanation of the changes taking place in Tenente Ananias-RN, especially in the urban landscape and in the way of life of people. We have attempted, through this research, to contribute to the studies of a historical, social and economic process related to the urban landscape and space of a small town in the State of Rio Grande do Norte
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The so-called "residential tourism" came to intensify the previous occupation of the coastal zones, characterized by traditional beach houses, and brought significant consequences for their spatial configuration, and especially for its scenic value of the landscape. Although there is the intention to regulate the activities of enterprising groups by some legal instruments to control the use and occupation of land, and to contain some negative effects, the actions of government are still inefficient in trying to follow the implications on the landscape from the accelerated growth of the real estate and touristic sectors. Supported in the speech of economic development and income generation, public managers prioritize areas to attract tourists to the detriment of preserving important physical attributes of the natural environment that contribute significantly to the quality of life. The result can be noticed in the use of natural elements as one of the major components in the land valorization, and in the immediate attraction of investors and enterprising. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the debate on the landscape preservation a little detailed thematic in view of their relevance in the current context - by indicating subsidies to the creation of a methodology for the evaluation and protection of coastal zones that may assist the government in creating new instruments, and better prepare it in control of the occupation of these areas. For such, was followed two ways to analysis: the indirect method and the direct method. The first is grounded in the evaluation of landscape attributes, which is based on the work of Raquel Tardin (2008) and Eduardo Cuesta, Encarnación Algarra and Isabel Pastor (2001). The second, based on the research of Leticia and Carlos Hardt (2010) and on the concepts of phenomenology - expressed by Antonio Christofoletti (1985) and Yi-Fu Tuan (1983) - considers the population perspective on the quality of the natural scenery. Developed through cartographic materials, photographic collections and quantitative tables, this dissertation utilized as a case study the beaches of Barra de Tabatinga and Camurupim, located in the city of Nísia Floresta/RN. Despite already being sighted spaces of advanced stage of landscape degradation in these locations, areas of remarkable scenic value can still be found, what reinforce the urgency in adopting preservationists actions. The absence of laws focused on the management and protection of the landscape singularities associated with the inefficiency of the government to invigilate the land occupation in coastal zones, encourage the excessive action of the real estate-tourism, and consequently make the government the main responsible for the environmental and landscape impacts in these areas - by its omission or by their connivance. Therefore, the legislation permeates this entire process and constitutes itself as the most effective way to guarantee the right to the landscape to present and future generations. Are also pointed some important considerations to build a methodology, especially concerning possibilities of improvements and adaptations of its applicability in each case
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Brazil is home to one of the richest avifaunas the world, which is subject to high levels of environmental degradation, in particular forest fragmentation. The Atlantic Forest biome depicts this history of devastation and today remains as small isolated fragments on highly degraded landscapes. This project aimed to evaluate the effects of forest fragmentation in an area with Atlantic Forest remnants in northern Paraná (Brazil) on the distribution and the organization of assemblage of forest birds and tested the hypothesis that the structure of the assembly in the fragments is different than expected by chance. We did four qualitative samplings of birds in three sets of forest fragments in the landscape, each with three fragments: large, medium and small. The method applied in the sampling was point counts along transects, traveled randomly for four hours in each fragment. Samples were taken in two periods: from September to November / 2013, and between March and May / 2014. The structure of the meeting was assessed by rates of co-occurring species (Checkerboard and CScore) and α diversity patterns (wealth) and β (turnover of species), while the landscape structure was analyzed from the parameters: area, distance between fragments, fractal dimension, edge density, fragment shape index and nuclear area index. The null hypothesis of no structure in the assembly of birds in the landscape was tested with null models from the co-occurrence indexes. The effects of landscape structure on the assembly of the structure were analyzed by the Mantel test and principal component analysis (PCA). The assembly of the structure in the landscape showed a pattern of spatiotemporal organization significantly different from that expected by chance, revealing a structure most influenced by segregation of the species. The fragments showed significant differences in richness, unlike sets of fragments, indicating relative homogeneity in the landscape structure. The differences between the size and the distance between the fragments significantly influenced the patterns of organization of the meeting of forest birds in the landscape and patterns of α and β diversity, indicating that the higher the fragment and smaller distances between them, more the standard of species cooccurrence is different than expected by chance. Thus, the fragmented landscape of remnants of the northern Paraná Atlantic Forest still has availability of environmental resources and physical characteristics that allow a persistent organizational structure of the assembly of forest birds in space over time.
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Recent studies concerning the landscape have investigated the most important activities that contribute for its modification and have tried to better understand the society through the marks left by its quotidian. It is understood that singular landscapes constitute the cultural patrimonies of the cities, once they are part of the daily life of the citizens and are present in their social representations. Some contemporary authors defend the preservation of the natural and urban landscape trying, specially, to keep its importance for the local population. Natal is a city where the ambient qualities are well defined and known by the beauty of the area where it is located. Situated just between a river and the sea, the city grew following its geographic characteristics. The Potengi River, the Atlantic Ocean and the vast dunes ecosystem represented natural limits to the urban expansion; at the same time they have favored the development of a landscape pattern marked by the dialectic between the natural elements and the human interventions. However, this relationship changed after the intensification of the high rising development process that took place since the 1960s. The urban legislation tried to preserve the features of the local landscape delimiting Areas for Controlling Building High , destined to protect the scenic value of some parts of the city. On the other hand, the civil construction sector has made constant pressure in sense to abolish or to modify this legal instrument, aiming profits that have increased, in the 1990s, because of the consumption and the qualification of the urban space for tourist activities. It is necessary the raising of new elements to stimulate the quarrel about the landscape preservation, the process of the urban space production and the best way for the legislation implementation. This work tries to raise elements about the subject at local level, in sense to use Natal City experience to contribute for the formulation of indicators to raise the question about the lack of measure for subjective values, for example the cultural and affective value of the landscape. The natural elements inserted in the urban profile, represent strong visual references and supply identity to the town; they are part of the collective imaginary and are detached in the social context of the city. Then, why the preservation of the landscape, that estimates the improvement in the quality of life, is not enough to justify the controlling building high already previewed as part of Natal City Legislation? These questions send us to the approach of the landscape, as a community patrimony, alerting that some of its significant esthetics attributes must be preserved as a legacy for the future generations
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Mestrado em Contabilidade
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Na União Europeia a harmonização da tributação direta não tem acompanhado a harmonização da tributação indireta, sobretudo quando a análise se centra no Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado, o qual se encontra harmonizado. Esta situação fica a dever-se, essencialmente, à exigência da regra da unanimidade, por um lado, e ao receio dos Estados Membros da perda de soberania fiscal, por outro. No sentido de atenuar esta dicotomia, a Comissão Europeia, após a análise de diversas soluções para a tributação direta unitária das sociedades, aprovou, em 2011, uma Proposta de Diretiva relativa a uma matéria coletável comum consolidada do imposto sobre as sociedades (MCCCIS). Este modelo assenta na utilização de uma fórmula de repartição da matéria coletável, aplicada às sociedades e grupos de sociedades, que resulta da conjugação de diversos fatores: vendas, trabalho e ativos. À quota-parte da matéria coletável que cabe a cada Estado Membro, é aplicável a taxa interna (ou nacional) de imposto sobre as sociedades. Verifica-se que ainda existem algumas imprecisões e aspetos menos consensuais que necessitam de ser aperfeiçoados. Estuda-se a Proposta de Diretiva em pormenor comparativamente com normativo português, chegando-se à conclusão que, em termos substanciais, são maiores as convergências do que as divergências. Apresenta-se um exemplo prático que serve para fundamentar as tomadas de posição dos Estados Membros relativamente à adoção da MCCCIS e, recorrendo a cenários, chega-se à conclusão que os ganhos e as perdas estão diretamente relacionadas com a quota-parte da MCCCIS que corresponde a cada Estado Membro. Apesar de todas as virtudes e tendo em consideração todas as condicionantes deste regime, conclui-se que não se afigura uma realidade imediata e linear a adoção, por parte dos Estados Membros, da MCCCIS.
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As paisagens rurais portuguesas construídas e mantidas ao longo dos tempos por sistemas agrícolas tradicionais, estão hoje ameaçadas por motivos tão diversos como o envelhecimento da população, o abandono rural, a intensificação, a homogeneização dos sistemas de produção e a perda de competitividade. Mas apesar destes problemas, estas paisagens agrícolas, suportam ainda várias funções não produtivas, nomeadamente, constituem, um importante suporte de biodiversidade, pelo que a sua manutenção é importante para a conservação destes habitats e espécies. Eventualmente novas formas de gestão destas paisagens devem ser criadas, nomeadamente com base na combinação de várias funções numa perspectiva de multifuncionalidade, através de uma adaptação e integração de políticas públicas. Estando actualmente em discussão o novo programa de Desenvolvimento Rural e a definição das futuras Medidas Agro-Ambientais, e a gestão e o financiamento da Rede Natura 2000, estamos portanto num momento crítico para decisões futuras, que terão forçosamente que interligar, a agricultura, o ambiente e desenvolvimento das zonas rurais portuguesas. Com o intuito de melhor compreender estas problemáticas, em particular, as transformações em curso na paisagem rural, o papel das Medidas Agro-Ambientais e apresentar possíveis soluções, foi efectuado este estudo de caso no concelho de Marvão, concelho típico das áreas marginais agrícolas do interior sul de Portugal. ABSTRACT; The Portuguese rural landscapes built up and kept throughout the times by traditional agricultural systems, are today threatened by so diverse reasons as the ageing of the population, the agricultural abandonment, the intensification, the homogenization of the production systems and the loss of competitiveness. But despite these problems. These agricultural landscapes still support a multitude of non-commodity functions, and particularly they still constitute an important support of biodiversity and thus their maintenance is important for the conservation of these habitats and species. Probably new management forms must be created based on the combination of various functions and the adaptation and integration of public policies. Being currently in discussion the new program of Rural Development and the definition of the future Agri-Environmental Measures, and the management and the financing of the Natura 2000 Network, we are therefore at a critical moment for future decisions that will forcibly have to establish connections, between the agriculture, the environment and the development of the portuguese agricultural areas. With the intention of better understanding these problems and questions, , the transformations taking place in Portuguese peripheric rural areas, and in particular role of the Agri-Environmental Measures, and also for presenting possible solutions, a case study was analyzed in municipality of Marvão, characteristic of the agricultural marginal areas of the interior Southern Portugal.