The life and letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, 1745-1826, daughter of Charles, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and successively the wife of Sir Thomas Charles Bunbury, Bart., and of the Hon. George Napier; also a short political sketch of the years 1760 to 1763,

Mode of access: Internet.

[Review of] Eigler, Friederike, and Jens Kugele, eds. Heimat. At the Intersection of Memory and Space. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012. 268 pp. $126.00 hardcover

Book review: Eigler, Friederike, and Jens Kugele, eds. Heimat. At the Intersection of Memory and Space. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012. 268 pp. $126.00 hardcover.

Defences of the Niagara Frontier (1764-1870) : An Historical Survey of Fort George, Fort Erie & Fort Mississauga

The intention of the Niagara Parks Commission to undertake restorations of Fort George, Fort Mississauga and Fort Erie has inspired this survey. The aim has not been to create an historical narrative - so many already exist - but rather to present an accurate description of the original appearance, structure and design of each of the Niagara Forts. This it is hoped may be of some practical assistance to those in charge of the actual work of restoration. In the case of Fort Mississauga which was maintained as a military post until 1857, vary complete information has been available. Fort George and Fort Erie were abandoned for military purposes after the War of 1812 and fewer plans and contemporary accounts have survived. While the work of research, involving the collection of every possible plan of the works and every drawing of their appearance as well as the piecing together of material, has been more difficult in the case of the latter forts, it is felt that the essential information has been secured. The use of a number of military terms in the description of the fortifications has been unavoidable and a glossary of these is included on page 66. The list of plans and illustrations is as complete as possible.

Alex Aßmann / Jens Oliver Krüger (Hrsg.): Ironie in der Pädagogik. Theoretische und empirische Studien zur pädagogischen Bedeutsamkeit der Ironie. Weinheim: Juventa 2011 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Alex Aßmann / Jens Oliver Krüger (Hrsg.): Ironie in der Pädagogik. Theoretische und empirische Studien zur pädagogischen Bedeutsamkeit der Ironie. Weinheim: Juventa 2011 (224 S.; ISBN 978-3-7799-2242-1)

Jens Oliver Krüger: Pädagogische Ironie – Ironische Pädagogik, Diskursanalytische Untersuchungen. Paderborn: Schöningh 2011 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Jens Oliver Krüger: Pädagogische Ironie – Ironische Pädagogik, Diskursanalytische Untersuchungen, Paderborn: Schöningh 2011 (227 S.; ISBN 978-3-506-77062-2)

The Scots in Ireland: culture, colonialism and memory, 1315-1826

This thesis examines three key moments in the intersecting histories of Scotland, Ireland and England, and their impact on literature. Chapter one Robert Bruce and the Last King of Ireland: Writing the Irish Invasion, 1315- 1826‘, is split into two parts. Part one, Barbour‘s (other) Bruce‘ focuses on John Barbour‘s The Bruce (1375) and its depiction of the Bruce‘s Irish campaign (1315-1318). It first examines the invasion material from the perspective of the existing Irish and Scottish relationship and their opposition to English authority. It highlights possible political and ideological motivations behind Barbour‘s negative portrait of Edward Bruce - whom Barbour presents as the catalyst for the invasion and the source of its carnage and ultimate failure - and his partisan comparison between Edward and his brother Robert I. It also probes the socio-polticial and ideological background to the Bruce and its depiction of the Irish campaign, in addition to Edward and Robert. It peers behind some of the Bruce‘s most lauded themes such as chivalry, heroism, loyalty, and patriotism, and exposes its militaristic feudal ideology, its propaganda rich rhetoric, and its illusions of freedom‘. Part one concludes with an examination of two of the Irish section‘s most marginalised figures, the Irish and a laundry woman. Part two, Cultural Memories of the Bruce Invasion of Ireland, 1375-1826‘, examines the cultural memory of the Bruce invasion in three literary works from the Medieval, Early Modern and Romantic periods. The first, and by far the most significant memorialisation of the invasion is Barbour‘s Bruce, which is positioned for the first time within the tradition of ars memoriae (art of memory) and present-day cultural memory theories. The Bruce is evaluated as a site of memory and Barbour‘s methods are compared with Icelandic literature of the same period. The recall of the invasion in late sixteenth century Anglo-Irish literature is then considered, specifically Edmund Spenser‘s A View of the State of Ireland, which is viewed in the context of contemporary Ulster politics. The final text to be considered is William Hamilton Drummond‘s Bruce’s Invasion of Ireland (1826). It is argued that Drummond‘s poem offers an alternative Irish version of the invasion; a counter-memory that responds to nineteenth-century British politics, in addition to the controversy surrounding the publication of the Ossian fragments. Chapter two, The Scots in Ulster: Policies, Proposals and Projects, 1551-1575‘, examines the struggle between Irish and Scottish Gaels and the English for dominance in north Ulster, and its impact on England‘s wider colonial ideology, strategy, literature and life writing. Part one entitled Noisy neighbours, 1551-1567‘ covers the deputyships of Sir James Croft, Sir Thomas Radcliffe, and Sir Henry Sidney, and examines English colonial writing during a crucial period when the Scots provoked an increase in militarisation in the region. Part two Devices, Advices, and Descriptions, 1567-1575‘, deals with the relationship between the Scots and Turlough O‘Neill, the influence of the 5th Earl of Argyll, and the rise of Sorley Boy MacDonnell. It proposes that a renewed Gaelic alliance hindered England‘s conquest of Ireland and generated numerous plantation proposals and projects for Ulster. Many of which exhibit a blurring‘ between the documentary and the literary; while all attest to the considerable impact of the Gaelic Scots in both motivating and frustrating various projects for that province, the most prominent of which were undertaken by Sir Thomas Smith in 1571 and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex in 1573.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo I [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo III [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo IV [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo II [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Cymo andreossyi (Audouin, 1826)

Cymo andreossyi is found both in the live and dead branching corals of coral Pacillopora, Acropora and Montipora. Compared to the occurrence its compatriot C. melanodactylus, this species found in large numbers. The relationship is mutualistic, with the species occupying a niche similar to that occupied by the more colorful Trapezia species.

Invención e innovación tecnológica en el ciclismo en España a través de la documentación de patentes : 1826-1929

El objetivo general de esta investigación consiste en sacar a la luz un conjunto de documentos, los documentos de patentes presentadas en España, sobre un tema concreto, la bicicleta y el ciclismo, y durante un periodo determinado, 1826-1929, presentes en la Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas (OEPM), organizando esta documentación para su posterior utilización por la comunidad científica. Para ello se han identificado y sistematizado las patentes referidas a la bicicleta, presentadas entre 1826 y 1929, realizando tablas de frecuencia que permitan extraer datos de su incidencia en la invención en el periodo considerado. Ello ha permitido conocer una serie de datos de los inventores, que, en definitiva son los creadores del desarrollo tecnológico en este campo, extrayendo, ordenando y categorizando la información sobre lugar de origen, tipo de inventor (empresa o particular), sexo, práctica de colaboración y profesión. Finalmente se ha estudiado el tipo de inventos, mostrando los sectores en los que se producen las invenciones, identificando si se han puesto en práctica, y determinando aspectos tales como su carácter de invención incremental, su posible consideración como invento raro y curioso, y su coexistencia con una marca registrada. El trabajo se inicia con la introducción seguida de un apartado en el que se presenta el marco teórico en el que se desarrolla la investigación, en una doble vía: en primer lugar el contexto de los documentos de patente, su relación con la innovación y su utilidad como fuentes de información, y en segundo lugar el marco de la invención en el ciclismo, presentando las fases esenciales de la evolución de la bicicleta (capítulo 2). En el marco metodológico (capítulo 3) se explican fuentes y metodología, presentando a continuación el diseño de la investigación, que se resume como sigue: 1- Determinación del universo de datos, 2- Consulta en el Archivo Histórico de la OEPM, 3- Diseño y creación de la base de datos propia, 4- Consulta de los expedientes y toma de imágenes, 5- Tratamiento y análisis de los datos, 6- Búsqueda de información en fuentes para patentes extranjeras, y 7- Consulta a la base de datos de Marcas de la OEPM. El capítulo 4 está dedicado a la investigación propiamente dicha, estructurado en tres grandes bloques. El primero recoge las cuantificaciones tabuladas del total de patentes y el análisis de determinados aspectos generales como la cronología de la invención y diversas comparaciones con resultados obtenidos en otros trabajos. El segundo bloque está centrado en los estudios de solicitantes de patentes, protagonistas de las invenciones. De ellos se contemplan una serie de datos extraídos de los expedientes, y posteriormente tabulados y cuantificados: su procedencia geográfica, su adscripción como empresas o solicitantes particulares, y sus datos de colaboración, finalizando el bloque con un apartado que dedicamos a la innovación femenina, que consideramos una línea de investigación interés. El tercer bloque, el más amplio de todos, está dedicado a la descripción y análisis de los datos referidos a los propios inventos, puesto que es la aplicación de los inventos lo que marca el desarrollo tecnológico de la máquina bicicleta, y su consiguiente evolución histórica y social. Se estructura asimismo en varias secciones. La primera es la más amplia, donde se muestran y explican los datos que tienen que ver con la adscripción de los inventos a sectores temáticos, es decir, que desarrolla las funciones o componentes de la bicicleta que han sido objeto de invención. Los apartados siguientes muestran datos y consideraciones sobre las patentes puestas en práctica, las invenciones incrementales, los inventos curiosos, y las patentes con posible marca registrada de su nombre. Finalmente, las conclusiones del estudio, el establecimiento de posibles líneas abiertas de investigación, la relación de fuentes consultadas y los anexos cerrarán la exposición de esta tesis. ABSTRACT The main goal of this research thesis is to shed light on a specific documentary record: patents presented in Spain, regarding a specific theme: bicycles and cycling, within a given period: 1826-1929. This record is organized for the ulterior use by the scientific community. In order to carry out this goal, the mentioned patents have been identified and systematized, and analyzed for frequency in order to infer the incidence of its invention in the period under consideration. This has brought to light some information on the inventors which are, after all, the creators in the technological development of that field. Their bibliographical information: origin, type of inventor (company or individual), gender, collaboration behavior and profession. Finally, the type of inventions has been studied, showing the sectors in which inventions are produced, whether these were transferred to practice, and other key information like the incremental nature of their invention, their possible consideration as ‘rare or curious invention’, and their coexistence with a registered trademark. This thesis is organized with an initial introduction, after which a section outlines the theoretical framework for the research along two axes: first the context of the patent documents, their relation with innovation and their usefulness as information sources; second, the invention of cycling and the development phases of bicycles. In the methodological section the sources and methodology are explained and reasoned, followed by the research design: 1-determination of the data universe, 2-consultation at the historical archive of the OEPM (National Patent Office), 3-design and creation of a database, 3-analysis of the files and image catchment, 5-treatment and analysis of data, 6-browsing of source information for foreign patents, and 7-consultation of the trademark information at the OEPM. Chapter 4 is dedicated to research itself, in three main sections. The first one has the quantification of the patent total in tables and the analysis of specific overall chronological aspects of the invention, and some comparisons with the results obtained in other research. The second section is centered on the studies of patent requests and inventors. Some data extracted from the files has been systematized: geographical origin, adscriptions as companies or individuals, and their collaboration data, ending with a sub-section on women’s invention, which we consider an interesting research line. The third section, the biggest one of them all, is dedicated to the description and analysis of the data referred to the inventions themselves, because it is the application of the inventions which constitutes the technological development of the bicycle, and therefore its historical and social evolution. It is also structured in various sub-sections. The first one is the longest one, with information regarding the thematic typology of the inventions: functions and bicycle components which are innovated. The other ensuing subsections study patents which were actually incorporated and used, incremental inventions, curious inventions and patents with possible associated trademarks. Finally, the study conclusions, the establishment of lines of potential further research, the references used, and the annexes which culminate the thesis exposition.

Utilização de minhocas (Eisenia fetida Savigny, 1826) na alimentação de achigãs (Micropterus salmoides, Lacépède, 1802) - resultados preliminares

A minhoca (Eisenia fetida Savigny, 1826) é uma boa fonte de proteína. O elevado teor em humidade (82,80% ±2,128) e cinzas (10,70% ±2,345), principalmente terra, poderão ser um fator limitante à sua utilização como alimento para peixes. Com o objetivo de avaliar o interesse da utilização de E. fetida na alimentação de peixes, em 23 setembro 2014 foram capturados 22 juvenis de achigã (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802) (0+ anos) numa pequena barragem de rega Os achigãs foram colocados em três aquários para habituação a um alimentos compostos comercial. Três semanas depois 86,4% já ingeriam o alimento. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 100%. Em 13 outubro 2014 foram escolhidos aleatoriamente 16 achigãs e colocados em dois aquários (8 peixes/aquário; 0,048 m3 de água). Os valores médios iniciais de peso, comprimento, fator K e densidade foram semelhantes nosdois aquários. No aquário G1 (minhocas) e aquário G2 (alimento composto) o peso, o comprimento, o fator K e a densidade iniciais foram, respetivamente, 13,62 g (±3,171) e 13,40 g (±3,002) (P>0,05); 10,49 cm (±0,757) e 10,39 cm (±0,649) (P>0,05); 1,160 (±0,043) e 1,179 (±0,082) (P>0,05); 2,27 kg/m3 e 2,23 kg/m3. No nosso estudo laboratorial a temperatura média da água variou entre 19,9ºC e 16,8ºC. Como em Portugal não se produzem alimentos específicos para achigãs foi utilizado um alimento composto comercial formulado para douradas (Sparus aurata L., 1758) e robalos (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) (proteína 49,74%MS; gordura 18,07%MS; cinzas 11,57%MS; fibra bruta 0,84%MS; humidade 6,55%). No dia 88 do estudo (09 janeiro 2015) os valores médios de peso, comprimento, fator K e densidade nos aquários G1 e G2 foram, respetivamente, 17,57 g (±4,071) e 19,19 g (±4.811) (P<0,05); 10,88 cm (±0,875) e 11,29 cm (±0,871) (P<0,05); 1,346 (±0,051) e 1,311 (±0,061) (P>0,05); 2,93 kg/m3 e 3,20 kg/m3). Os resultados obtidos até agora parecem indicar que a E. fetida pode ser utilizada na alimentação de achigãs.