Does a peer model’s task proficiency influence children’s solution choice and innovation?

The current study investigated whether 4- to 6-year-old children’s task solution choice was influenced by the past proficiency of familiar peer models and the children’s personal prior task experience. Peer past proficiency was established through behavioral assessments of interactions with novel tasks alongside peer and teacher predictions of each child’s proficiency. Based on these assessments, one peer model with high past proficiency and one age-, sex-, dominance-, and popularity-matched peer model with lower past proficiency were trained to remove a capsule using alternative solutions from a three-solution artificial fruit task. Video demonstrations of the models were shown to children after they had either a personal successful interaction or no interaction with the task. In general, there was not a strong bias toward the high past-proficiency model, perhaps due to a motivation to acquire multiple methods and the salience of other transmission biases. However, there was some evidence of a model-based past-proficiency bias; when the high past-proficiency peer matched the participants’ original solution, there was increased use of that solution, whereas if the high past-proficiency peer demonstrated an alternative solution, there was increased use of the alternative social solution and novel solutions. Thus, model proficiency influenced innovation.

The Development of an On-line Submission and Peer Review System

Online submission and peer review is emerging as the next step forward for many journal publishers in an ever increasing drive to take advantage of technological improvements in transferring data electronically over the internet. The Electronic Submission and PEer REview (ESPERE) project was initiated in 1996 as an electronic Libraries (eLib) initiative of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). Subsequently the project continued as a self-funding group composed of a consortium of learned society and commercial journal publishers intent on utilising the changes in technology to improve the services they provide to their authors as well as cutting their costs and increasing efficiencies.

Individual Differences in Reactions to Peer Victimization: The Moderating Role of Temperament and Sex

This study examined whether temperamental traits and sex moderate the effects of peer victimization on children’s adjustment over a year to identify factors that put victimized children at heightened risk for adjustment difficulties. Children (N = 282; M age = 7.94 years, SD = 0.32) and teachers reported on exposure to peer victimization. Parents provided ratings of children’s temperament (i.e., inhibitory control and negative emotionality) and depressive symptoms, and teachers provided ratings of children’s aggression. Results revealed that overt victimization predicted aggression in girls with low levels of inhibitory control. Results also revealed that total victimization predicted depressive symptoms in girls with high levels of negative emotionality and in boys with low levels of negative emotionality. This research identifies temperament and sex as contributors to individual differences in children’s reactions to peer victimization. The findings are discussed in the context of temperament x environment and diathesis-stress frameworks.

Peer-training model in basic life support in high education health students

Background: Disseminate Basic Life Support (BLS) skills, through a peer-training programme, to high education health students (ESTeSL) and determine its effectiveness.

Reliability assessment of a peer evaluation instrument in a team-based learning course

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of a peer evaluation instrument in a longitudinal team-based learning setting. Methods: Student pharmacists were instructed to evaluate the contributions of their peers. Evaluations were analyzed for the variance of the scores by identifying low, medium, and high scores. Agreement between performance ratings within each group of students was assessed via intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: We found little variation in the standard deviation (SD) based on the score means among the high, medium, and low scores within each group. The lack of variation in SD of results between groups suggests that the peer evaluation instrument produces precise results. The ICC showed strong concordance among raters. Conclusions: Findings suggest that our student peer evaluation instrument provides a reliable method for peer assessment in team-based learning settings.

CREATING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENS: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION OF SUPERVSIOR- AND PEER-BASED INTERVENTIONS

Research suggests that supervisors and peers can help employees make sense of what is important or expected from them at work and, thereby, shape their behaviors. In this dissertation, I examine how employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), such as helping and voice, are differentially affected by these two sources of influence over time. In particular, I compare the relative and joint effectiveness of two field interventions to enhance OCB: (a) a role clarification intervention in which supervisors are trained to set expectations for OCB for their employees and encourage them to engage in OCB and (b) a norm establishment intervention in which peers are trained to set expectations for each other and encourage each other to perform OCB. I utilize a mixed methods approach involving a quasi-field experiment to test for changes in OCB and qualitative data to explore the theoretical mechanisms over the course of three months in a large food processing plant. I find that role clarification interventions alone have immediate positive effects on OCB, whereas norm establishment interventions alone take a longer period of time to increase OCB. In addition, in the condition where both interventions were combined, norm establishment interventions weaken the effects of role clarification earlier on; however, at later stages in time, this pattern reverses as norm establishment enhances the effects of role clarification on OCB. Through these findings, I highlight how (a) organizations seeking quick increases in citizenship might be better off focusing on supervisors as sources of influence; (b) organizations need to persist with peer-focused interventions to see positive gains; and (c) despite initial hurdles with peer-focused interventions, over time, they can lead to the highest increases in OCB when combined with supervisor-focused interventions.

Leader Based Cyclic Pursuit

In this work a system of autonomous agents engaged in cyclic pursuit (under constant bearing (CB) strategy) is considered, for which one informed agent (the leader) also senses and responds to a stationary beacon. Building on the framework proposed in a previous work on beacon-referenced cyclic pursuit, necessary and suffi- cient conditions for the existence of circling equilibria in a system with one informed agent are derived, with discussion of stability and performance. In a physical testbed, the leader (robot) is equipped with a sound sensing apparatus composed of a real time embedded system, estimating direction of arrival of sound by an Interaural Level and Phase Difference Algorithm, using empirically determined phase and level signatures, and breaking front-back ambiguity with appropriate sensor placement. Furthermore a simple framework for implementing and evaluating the performance of control laws with the Robot Operating System (ROS) is proposed, demonstrated, and discussed.

Can open access repositories and peer-reviewed journals coexist?

It is often assumed that open access repositories and peer-reviewed journals are in competition with each other and therefore will in the long term be unable to coexist. This paper takes a critical look at that assumption. It draws on the available evidence of actual practice which indicates that coexistence is possible at least in the medium term. It discusses possible future models of publication and dissemination which include open access, repositories, peer review and journals. The paper suggests that repositories and journals may coexist in the long term but that both may have to undergo significant changes. Important areas where changes need to occur include: widespread deployment of repository infrastructure, development of version identification standards, development of value-added features, new business models, new approaches to quality control and adoption of digital preservation as a repository function.

Mobilizing for the Lilongwe Diabetes Peer Support Programme in Malawi

Diabetes has become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi but there are shortages of drug supply and healthcare providers to support quality care and treatment. Diabetes self-management support is necessary to improve patient outcomes, and peer support has gained acceptance as a solution for improving diabetes self-management. In this programme summary, we describe the components and facilitators essential to implementing a diabetes peer support programme in Lilongwe, Central Malawi. Peer support has the potential to play a key role for the Ministry of Health in the development of the 2011-2026 health sector strategic plan, which addresses diabetes and non-communicable diseases.

Co-evolution of friendships and antipathies: A longitudinal study of preschool peer groups

Material suplementar está disponível em: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg. 2016.01509

La presupuestación como herramienta de planificación y control de los recursos financieros y su aplicación estratégica en Almacenes Leader S.A. de C.V.distribuidora de electrodómesticos de San Salvador.

La elaboración del presente trabajo de investigación consiste en hacer uso de la presupuestación como herramienta de planificación y control de los recursos financieros de una empresa distribuidora de electrodomésticos de San Salvador, denominada Almacenes Leader S.A. de C.V. ya que en la actualidad esta herramienta brinda beneficios de carácter económicos, tales como aumentar la utilidad y disminuir los excesos de asignación de recursos financieros en áreas improductivas contribuyendo con la administración de la misma, además brindan apoyo para el cumplimiento de las diferentes operaciones permitiendo con esto que se logren los objetivos planteados. Así mismo los presupuestos contribuyen a mantener una liquidez financiera estable, por lo que se realizó un diagnóstico en la empresa con el objeto de conocer la forma de administrar los recursos financieros, dicho diagnóstico se llevó a cabo utilizando el método científico ya que éste, por ser un proceso sistemático, permite abordar el problema, recopilando, analizando y aplicando dicha información. A la vez se hace uso de la observación directa, la entrevista realizada a los propietarios de la empresa y la encuesta dirigida al personal del área contable y los jefes de tienda, en donde se encontró que dicha empresa no utiliza la presupuestación como herramienta de planificación y control de los recursos financieros, para lo cual se ha elaborado una propuesta de la aplicación e implementación de algunos de los presupuesto que sean apropiados al tipo de empresa. Para elaborar de dichos presupuestos se tomó en cuenta los datos históricos, la información obtenida de la entrevista y de la encuesta, también se hizo uso de algunos supuestos que permitieron elaborar los presupuesto, ya que no se tuvo acceso a toda la información necesaria por parte del Contador General. Se propone de igual manera un plan de implementación y control que permita conocer cómo se van a desarrollar los presupuestos, determinando si se está cumpliendo lo proyecto en comparación a los datos reales que se irán obteniendo. Por otro lado, se realizó un análisis financiero de dos años anteriores al actual, utilizando algunas de las razones financieras que brindan información sobre la situación financiera, aportando datos sobre la liquidez, rentabilidad, administración de activos y el nivel de deuda de la empresa, que contribuyan a tomar decisiones financieras y adaptarlas a los presupuestos para obtener mejores resultados. Es por ello que se concluye que: Almacenes Leader, no utilizan la presupuestación como herramienta de planificación y control de los recursos financieros, debido a que la determinación de sus operaciones se elaboran con base a la experiencia de los propietarios y el comportamiento del mercado, así mismo no hace uso de las razones financieras, lo que impide que se conozcan aspectos financieros importantes y por ende tomar buenas decisiones, que determinen el rumbo a seguir.

Programas de desarrollo rural en la Unión Europea: La iniciativa comunitaria LEADER

Introducción La puesta en marcha de una política de desarrollo rural por parte de la Unión Europea fue, en buena medida, la consecuencia de la coincidencia,  a finales de la década de los ochenta, de dos factores. Por un lado, la crisis de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) “clásica” y la necesidad de reorientar las medidas y recursos financieros de la misma, lo que llevó a prestar una creciente atención al “mundo rural”, en detrimento de la “modernización agraria” y, por lo tanto, a “ruralizar” una parte del PAC. De otro lado, la creciente atención ´prestada a la llamada “cohecion económica y social” en un momento en que la Unión se había ampliado (España y Portugal entraron en 1986), la integración se estaba reforzando (el “mercado único”para 1992) y se estaba en vísperas de la unificación monetaria. En este contexto, los territorios rurales debían ser objeto de atención, pues muchos de ellos continuaban perdiendo población y presentaban estructuras productivas poco diversificadas.