Identification of factors and groups at risk of infection with Schistosoma mansoni: a strategy for the implementation of control measures?

A fourteen year schistosomiasis control program in Peri-Peri (Capim Branco, MG) reduced prevalence from 43.5 to 4.4%; incidence from 19.0 to 2.9%, the geometric mean of the number of eggs from 281 to 87 and the level of the hepatoesplenic form cases from 5.9 to 0.0%. In 1991, three years after the interruption of the program, the prevalence had risen to 19.6%. The district consists of Barbosa (a rural area) and Peri-Peri itself (an urban area). In 1991, the prevalence in the two areas was 28.4% and 16.0% respectively. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for schistosomiasis indicated the domestic agricultural activity with population attributive risk (PAR) of 29.82%, the distance (< 10 m) from home to water source (PAR = 25.93%) and weekly fishing (PAR = 17.21%) as being responsible for infections in the rural area. The recommended control measures for this area are non-manual irrigation and removal of homes to more than ten meters from irrigation ditches. In the urban area, it was observed that swimming at weekly intervals (PAR = 20.71%), daily domestic agricultural activity (PAR = 4.07%) and the absence of drinking water in the home (PAR=4.29%) were responsible for infections. Thus, in the urban area the recommended control measures are the substitution of manual irrigation with an irrigation method that avoids contact with water, the creation of leisure options of the population and the provision of a domestic water supply. The authors call attention to the need for the efficacy of multivariate analysis of risk factors to be evaluated for schistosomiasis prior to its large scale use as a indicator of the control measures to be implemented.

Desenvolvimento de código pictográfico para identificação de medicamentos

Trabalho de Projeto

Gestão dos custos dos acidentes de trabalho em meio hospitalar

RESUMO - No contexto económico actual, os custos pelos acidentes devem ser tidos em conta por todos os gestores das organizações, com especial destaque ao sector da saúde. Assim a análise económica deste estudo visa alertar para o impacto económico dos acidentes de trabalho em contexto hospitalar e sensibilizar os gestores para a análise do custo-beneficio da prevenção. Existem custos facilmente constatáveis, tais como, o tempo perdido no dia do acidente, quer pelo sinistrado quer pelos colegas de trabalho que o assistem, as despesas de uma ida ao serviço de urgência, a paragem da produção, a formação de mão-de-obra alternativa, a substituição dos trabalhadores, o pagamento de horas extras, o restabelecimento dos trabalhadores, os salários pagos aos trabalhadores sinistrados, as despesas administrativas e o aumento do prémio do seguro, entre outros. Existem outros custos que não são tão evidentes e por conseguinte, dificilmente quantificáveis, como é o caso da deterioração da imagem da empresa e o impacto sentimental que estes provocam nos colegas de trabalho que se traduz em quebras de produtividade. A análise económica foi realizada tendo em conta a definição de várias variáveis, de várias rubricas de custos pertencentes ao mesmo domínio. Neste projecto pretende-se analisar o custo global da sinistralidade segundo três ópticas distintas. A óptica da variabilidade, da imputabilidade e da responsabilidade, de forma a ser possível obter o custo marginal devido à ocorrência de um novo acidente, o montante de custos assumidos pelas empresas e os custos unitários segundo a natureza e a localização da lesão. ---------- ABSTRACT - In the current economic context, the costs originated by labour accidents must be taken in account by all the managers of the organisations, in this case, especially by the health sector. Thus, the economic analysis of this study case aims, to alert for the economic impact of the industrial accidents and motivate the managers for the analysis of the cost-benefit for prevention. There are kinds of costs easily quantified such as, the lost time in the day of the accident, expenses in the urgencies service, production interruption, workforce formation, workers’ substitution, extra work payment, employers’ healing, wages paid to injured workers’, administrative expenses and a biggest insurers’’ prime, among other things. The economic analysis of the labour injuries, was developed taking in account the definition of some variables, of some cost categories which belong to same domain. In this project we pretend to analyse the global cost labour injuries according to three distinct optics: variability, imputability and responsibility. Thus, it became possible to get the cost due to an occurrence of a new accident, the unitary sum of costs assumed by the companies and costs according to nature and the localisation of the injury.

Sistema de monitorização da qualidade e consumo de energia elétrica

A racionalização do consumo de energia elétrica é um tema que assume uma importância crescente nos dias de hoje. O elevado consumo de energia, principalmente a nível comercial/industrial, tem motivado o aparecimento de questões políticas, económico-sociais e ambientais que visam a sensibilização dos consumidores para a gestão eficiente dos seus recursos. Neste sentido, as empresas e instituições têm demonstrado interesse em encontrar soluções de gestão nas suas instalações elétricas que permitam a monitorização de indicadores e a previsão de falhas cuja ocorrência acarreta elevados custos de reparação/substituição, de paragem de produção, entre outros. O estudo aqui apresentado surge no âmbito de um projeto académico, cuja finalidade se prende com a implementação de um sistema de monitorização da qualidade e consumo de energia elétrica no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP). Baseado numa rede de dispositivos analisadores de parâmetros de energia elétrica, estes equipamentos de medição dispõem de software próprio, o GridVis, que permite o acesso remoto, através de uma rede Ethernet, aos parâmetros de energia (grandezas físicas elétricas). O sistema desenvolvido é capaz de identificar parâmetros de consumo de energia anómalos e emitir alertas, pré-programados em linguagem C++ e diagrama de blocos. Permite, por exemplo, detetar um consumo instantâneo excessivo de energia e alertar a sua ocorrência. As páginas de acesso aos parâmetros medidos por cada dispositivo são acessíveis através de uma interface gráfica desenvolvida em Adobe Flash que inclui, de uma forma simples e organizada, a informação relativa à distribuição dos dispositivos de medição. Num contexto de expansão deste projeto para outros edifícios do ISEP, a solução desenvolvida encontra-se preparada para ser adaptada em qualquer local, desde que reúna certos requisitos.

Aquisição das propriedades morfológicas e semânticas do pretérito perfeito e imperfeito do português por falantes nativos de crioulo de Cabo Verde

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Linguagem

Rapid Evolution of the Sequences and Gene Repertoires

Proteins secreted to the extracellular environment or to the periphery of the cell envelope, the secretome, play essential roles in foraging, antagonistic and mutualistic interactions. We hypothesize that arms races, genetic conflicts and varying selective pressures should lead to the rapid change of sequences and gene repertoires of the secretome. The analysis of 42 bacterial pan-genomes shows that secreted, and especially extracellular proteins, are predominantly encoded in the accessory genome, i.e. among genes not ubiquitous within the clade. Genes encoding outer membrane proteins might engage more frequently in intra-chromosomal gene conversion because they are more often in multi-genic families. The gene sequences encoding the secretome evolve faster than the rest of the genome and in particular at non-synonymous positions. Cell wall proteins in Firmicutes evolve particularly fast when compared with outer membrane proteins of Proteobacteria. Virulence factors are over-represented in the secretome, notably in outer membrane proteins, but cell localization explains more of the variance in substitution rates and gene repertoires than sequence homology to known virulence factors. Accordingly, the repertoires and sequences of the genes encoding the secretome change fast in the clades of obligatory and facultative pathogens and also in the clades of mutualists and free-living bacteria. Our study shows that cell localization shapes genome evolution. In agreement with our hypothesis, the repertoires and the sequences of genes encoding secreted proteins evolve fast. The particularly rapid change of extracellular proteins suggests that these public goods are key players in bacterial adaptation.

Calheta e Funchal: estudo dialetal e sociolinguístico de alguns regionalismos madeirenses (comparação da sua vitalidade nos dois concelhos)

Este estudo enquadra-se na área da Dialetologia e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, centrando-se na análise de alguns regionalismos madeirenses recolhidos no concelho da Calheta. Estes foram testados através de um questionário semânticolexical aplicado no mesmo concelho e no concelho do Funchal com uma amostra de cento e oito informantes, seis por freguesia, estratificados por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Para o tratamento dos dados usámos a metodologia quantitativa, recorrendo ao programa Microsoft Office Access, que nos dá conta do número de respostas e percentagens registadas, no que respeita ao conhecimento dos cinquenta e dois vocábulos estudados, tendo em conta os fatores de variação social (género, idade e escolaridade) e o fator geográfico (rural vs. urbano). Na análise qualitativa, elaborámos um glossário que sistematiza os significados indicados pelos informantes, registando as diferentes aceções e exemplos de uso dos vocábulos. Alguns destes podem ser classificados como arcaísmos, neologismos regionais e regionalismos usuais ou correntes, sendo que não confirmámos a existência de nenhum populismo, o que nos permite aferir a vitalidade dos regionalismos testados no Português falado nos concelhos da Calheta e do Funchal. Concluímos que a idade e a escolaridade influenciam o maior conhecimento dos vocábulos, ou seja, os falantes mais idosos com baixo grau de escolaridade, independentemente do concelho, mostram-se mais conservadores do que os adultos e do que os jovens. No entanto, o fator geográfico também se revelou pertinente, dado que os adultos e os jovens com ensino secundário e superior, respetivamente, do concelho da Calheta revelaram conhecer mais vocábulos do que os do concelho do Funchal. Apesar da crescente valorização do património lexical madeirense, verificamos que muitos regionalismos virão a desaparecer porque estarão a cair em desuso com as novas gerações.

Sol-gel-based biosensing applied to medicinal science

Biosensors have opened new horizons in biomedical analysis, by ensuring increased assay speed and flexibility, and allowing point-of-care applications, multi-target analyses, automation and reduced costs of testing. This has been a result of many studies merging nanotechnology with biochemistry over the years, thereby enabling the creation of more suitable environments to biological receptors and their substitution by synthetic analogue materials. Sol-gel chemistry, among other materials, is deeply involved in this process. Sol-gel processing allows the immobilization of organic molecules, biomacromolecules and cells maintaining their properties and activities, permitting their integration into different transduction devices, of electrochemical or optical nature, for single or multiple analyses. Sol-gel also allows to the production of synthetic materials mimicking the activity of natural receptors, while bringing advantages, mostly in terms of cost and stability. Moreover, the biocompatibility of sol-gel materials structures of biological nature allowed the use of these materials in emerging in vivo applications. In this chapter, biosensors for biomedical applications based on sol-gel derived composites are presented, compared and described, along with current emerging applications in vivo, concerning drug delivery or biomaterials. Sol-gel materials are shown as a promising tool for current, emerging and future medical applications. - See more at: http://www.eurekaselect.com/127191/article#sthash.iPqqyhox.dpuf

Evolution of genotypes of Group A streptococci from colonization and infection

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia

Tradição e mudança nas literaturas africanas de língua portuguesa

pp. 345-352

Human vaccinia-like virus outbreaks in São Paulo and Goiás States, Brazil: virus detection, isolation and identification

Since October 2001, the Adolfo Lutz Institute has been receiving vesicular fluids and scab specimens of patients from Paraíba Valley region in the São Paulo and Minas Gerais States and from São Patricio Valley, in the Goiás State. Epidemiological data suggested that the outbreaks were caused by Cowpox virus or Vaccinia virus. Most of the patients are dairy milkers that had vesiculo-pustular lesions on the hands, arms, forearms, and some of them, on the face. Virus particles with orthopoxvirus morphology were detected by direct electron microscopy (DEM) in samples of 49 (66.21%) patients of a total of 74 analyzed. Viruses were isolated in Vero cell culture and on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs. Among 21 samples submitted to PCR using primers for hemagglutinin (HA) gene, 19 were positive. Restriction digestion with TaqI resulted in four characteristic Vaccinia virus fragments. HA nucleotide sequences showed 99.9% similarity with Cantagalo virus, described as a strain of Vaccinia virus. The only difference observed was the substitution of one nucleotide in the position 616 leading to change in one amino acid of the protein in the position 206. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates clustered together with Cantagalo virus, other Vaccinia strains and Rabbitpox virus.

Residual effect of two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products assayed against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and outdoors at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resistance of the dengue vector to temephos stimulated its substitution for Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) since 2001 in Brazil. The persistence of the two Bti formulations employed at that time by the Health Ministry, Vectobac G and Aquabac G, was assayed under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Both formulations were tested at 0.2 g/10 liters of water, the same concentration applied in the field for vector control. The tests were done against Ae. aegypti third instar larvae (Rockefeller strain). In the laboratory, Vectobac G and Aquabac G caused at least 95% mortality until 101 and 45 days after treatment, respectively. In the outdoor assays, test containers of different materials were treated with either formulation and placed in a shaded area. Larvae were introduced each 3-6 days and mortality was recorded 24 and 48 hours later. In the first set of assays, performed in June 2001, mortality levels of 70% or more were attained for 2-5 weeks for both formulations in all containers. The exception was for the iron one that rusted, resulting in low mortality after seven days. In the second set of assays (August 2001), 70% mortality was attained for just 1-2 weeks for all the containers and both formulations.

Chronic Allograft Dysfunction - Is There a Treatment?

BACKGROUND: The major causes of renal transplant loss are death and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of CAD in our population and the relation between allograft survival and immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: We studied retrospectively 473 patients who received deceased donor kidney transplants with at least 1 allograft biopsy between January 1990 and May 2007. Clinical data included age, gender, biopsy data, and immunosuppression before and after kidney biopsy. Mean age was 45.4 +/- 12.7 years including 65% males with a mean follow-up of 6.7 +/- 4.5 years. CAD was observed in 177 of 473 biopsies: 48 patients showed interstitial fibrosis (IF); 101 chronic rejection (CR); 16 transplant glomerulopathy (TG); and 12, CR and TG. Mean follow-up since the discovery of the histologic feature was 60.5 +/- 50.5 months for IF; 38.3 +/- 40.8 for CR, and 18.2 +/- 19.2 for TG. RESULTS: CAD, which was more common in younger patients (P = .03), correlated upon univariate and multivariate analysis with CKD stage 5d development (P < .001). Deposition of C4d in peritubular capillaries was more frequent among CAD patients (P = .004), an association with particular relevance to recipients with CR (P = .02) and TG (P < .001). When we analyzed CAD subpopulation, we observed a positive correlation between allograft survival and immunosuppression modification after biopsy. Substitution of sirolimus (40/177) was shown in univariate, multivariate and Cox regression analyses to be a renal protector (P < .002). Allograft survival was also correlated with initial mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine, (62/177) immunosuppression (P < .001). CONCLUSION: CAD, a frequent histologic feature, may benefit from sirolimus conversion.

Acellular and "low" pertussis vaccines: adverse events and the role of mutations

Objective: to discuss the current PAHO recommendation that does not support the substitution of traditional cellular DTP vaccine by acellular DTP, and the role of mutations, in humans, as the main cause of rare adverse events, such as epileptic-like convulsions, triggered by pertussis vaccine. Data review: the main components related to toxic effects of cellular pertussis vaccines are the lipopolysaccharide of bacterial cell wall and pertussis toxin. The removal of part of lipopolysaccharide layer has allowed the creation of a safer cellular pertussis vaccine, with costs comparable to the traditional cellular vaccine, and which may be a substitute for the acellular vaccine. Conclusion: The new methodology introduced by Instituto Butantan allows for the development of a new safer pertussis vaccine with low LPS content (Plow), and the use of the lipopolysaccharide obtained in the process in the production of monophosphoryl lipid A. This component has shown potent adjuvant effect when administered together with influenza inactivated vaccine, making possible to reduce the antigen dose, enhancing the production capacity and lowering costs.

Ter paz e fazer a guerra. Aspectos sincrónicos e diacrónicos de predicados complexos

Nos trabalhos em lingüística encontram-se recorrentemente análises que incidem sobre formas verbais que, conjuntamente com o Sintagma Nominal e ou com o Sintagma Preposicional, constituem entidades que se caracterizam por mostrarem algumas formas de solidariedade, nomeadamente ao nível da variação das marcas gramaticais que as constituem. Um caso paradigmático destas ocorrências é o das expressões fixas (ou frases feitas) em que é constmída uma unidade complexa sob o ponto de vista da sua estrutura e do sentido, constituindo, até, uma unidade lexical (isto é, constitui uma entrada de dicionário). São exemplos destes casos expressões como dar fé, tomar conhecimento, fazer de conta.... Ao tomarmos como referência nesta comunicação o par ter paz /fazer guerra pretendemos encontrar resposta às seguintes questões: a) existe uma estrutura subjacente a estas seqüências que permita entendê-las como predicados complexos? b) a estabilidade dessas formas, hoje comummente aceite como predicados complexos, encontra eco em textos de português medieval? c) a variação possível na relação que as diferentes formas gramaticais estabelecem na construção destas predicações (variação de tempo/aspecto no verbo e variação de determinação no nome, por exemplo) alteram a predicação, desfazendo o predicado complexo e passando o verbo a ser um verbo pleno (isto é: fazer guerra terá ou não o mesmo valor (\ue fazer uma guerra, fazer a guerra, fazer guerras)!