Testing of Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Influenza Virusfor Optimal Performance in the Context of an Influenza Surveillance Network

Influenza surveillance networks must detect early the viruses that will cause the forthcoming annual epidemics and isolate the strains for further characterization. We obtained the highest sensitivity (95.4%) with a diagnostic tool that combined a shell-vial assay and reverse transcription-PCR on cell culture supernatants at 48 h, and indeed, recovered the strain

Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza.

INTRODUCTION Human host immune response following infection with the new variant of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (nvH1N1) is poorly understood. We utilize here systemic cytokine and antibody levels in evaluating differences in early immune response in both mild and severe patients infected with nvH1N1. METHODS We profiled 29 cytokines and chemokines and evaluated the haemagglutination inhibition activity as quantitative and qualitative measurements of host immune responses in serum obtained during the first five days after symptoms onset, in two cohorts of nvH1N1 infected patients. Severe patients required hospitalization (n = 20), due to respiratory insufficiency (10 of them were admitted to the intensive care unit), while mild patients had exclusively flu-like symptoms (n = 15). A group of healthy donors was included as control (n = 15). Differences in levels of mediators between groups were assessed by using the non parametric U-Mann Whitney test. Association between variables was determined by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. Viral load was performed in serum by using real-time PCR targeting the neuraminidase gene. RESULTS Increased levels of innate-immunity mediators (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1beta), and the absence of anti-nvH1N1 antibodies, characterized the early response to nvH1N1 infection in both hospitalized and mild patients. High systemic levels of type-II interferon (IFN-gamma) and also of a group of mediators involved in the development of T-helper 17 (IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, IL-6) and T-helper 1 (TNF-alpha, IL-15, IL-12p70) responses were exclusively found in hospitalized patients. IL-15, IL-12p70, IL-6 constituted a hallmark of critical illness in our study. A significant inverse association was found between IL-6, IL-8 and PaO2 in critical patients. CONCLUSIONS While infection with the nvH1N1 induces a typical innate response in both mild and severe patients, severe disease with respiratory involvement is characterized by early secretion of Th17 and Th1 cytokines usually associated with cell mediated immunity but also commonly linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. The exact role of Th1 and Th17 mediators in the evolution of nvH1N1 mild and severe disease merits further investigation as to the detrimental or beneficial role these cytokines play in severe illness.

Projecte constructiu d’una plataforma inclinable adaptada a la sala polivalent d’un hotel

Disseny constructiu d’una plataforma inclinable per ser automatitzada adaptada al terra de la sala polivalent d’un hotel, de manera que permeti convertir-la en un moment donat, en un saló de congressos tot facilitant la visió i audició als assistents. El projecte respon a la necessitat d’un establiment hoteler de crear una nova línia de negoci no estacional. El projecte queda emmarcat en un hotel que està en funcionament, el qual condiciona el projecte amb unes especificacions de partida molt restrictives i que condicionen el seu disseny i dimensionament pensant amb la posterior posada en obra de la instal•lació

Sociodemographic factors and clinical conditions associated to hospitalization in influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infected patients in Spain, 2009-2010.

The emergence and pandemic spread of a new strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus in 2009 resulted in a serious alarm in clinical and public health services all over the world. One distinguishing feature of this new influenza pandemic was the different profile of hospitalized patients compared to those from traditional seasonal influenza infections. Our goal was to analyze sociodemographic and clinical factors associated to hospitalization following infection by influenza A(H1N1) virus. We report the results of a Spanish nationwide study with laboratory confirmed infection by the new pandemic virus in a case-control design based on hospitalized patients. The main risk factors for hospitalization of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 were determined to be obesity (BMI≥40, with an odds-ratio [OR] 14.27), hematological neoplasia (OR 10.71), chronic heart disease, COPD (OR 5.16) and neurological disease, among the clinical conditions, whereas low education level and some ethnic backgrounds (Gypsies and Amerinds) were the sociodemographic variables found associated to hospitalization. The presence of any clinical condition of moderate risk almost triples the risk of hospitalization (OR 2.88) and high risk conditions raise this value markedly (OR 6.43). The risk of hospitalization increased proportionally when for two (OR 2.08) or for three or more (OR 4.86) risk factors were simultaneously present in the same patient. These findings should be considered when a new influenza virus appears in the human population.

Behaviour of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in Andalusia, Spain, at the onset of the 2009-10 season.

In Andalusia, Spain, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v virus has spread throughout the community, being the dominant influenza strain in the season so far. The current objective of the Andalusia Health Service is focussed on the mitigation of the health and social impact by appropriate care of the patients at home or in health centres. The 2009-10 seasonal influenza epidemic started early compared with to previous seasons. This article analyses the influenza A(H1N1)v situation in Andalusia until the week 39/2009.

Especial primavera 09: la atención a las alergias al polen

Boletín semanal para profesionales sanitarios de la Secretaría General de Salud Pública y Participación Social de la Consejería de Salud

Pandemic 2009 A(H1N1) infection requiring hospitalization of elderly Spanish adults.

To describe the clinical presentation and prognosis of elderly adults hospitalized with pandemic 2009 A(H1N1) influenza infection and to compare these data with those of younger patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, multicenter study. SETTING: Thirteen hospitals in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Adults admitted to the hospital with confirmed pandemic 2009 A(H1N1) influenza infection. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and outcome variables. RESULTS: Between June 12 and November 10, 2009, 585 adults with confirmed 2009 A(H1N1) influenza were hospitalized, of whom 50 (8.5%) were aged 65 and older (median age 72, range 65-87). Older adults (≥ 65) were more likely to have associated comorbidities (88.0% vs 51.2%; P < .001), primarily chronic pulmonary diseases (46.0% vs 27.3%; P < .001). Lower respiratory tract symptoms and signs such as dyspnea (60.0% vs 45.6%) and wheezing (46.0% vs 27.8%; P = .007) were also more common in these elderly adults, although pulmonary infiltrates were present in just 14 (28.0%) of the older adults, compared with 221 (41.3%) of the younger adults (P = .06). Multilobar involvement was less frequent in elderly adults with pulmonary infiltrates than younger adults with pulmonary infiltrates (21.4% vs 60.0%; P = .05). Rhinorrhea (4.0% vs 21.9%; P = .003), myalgias (42.0% vs 59.1%; P = .01), and sore throat (14.0% vs 29.2%; P = .02) were more frequent in younger adults. Early antiviral therapy (<48 hours) was similar in the two groups (34.0% vs 37.9%; P = .58). Two older adults (4.0%) died during hospitalization, compared with 11 (2.1%) younger adults (P = .30). CONCLUSION: Elderly adults with 2009 A(H1N1) influenza had fewer viral-like upper respiratory symptoms than did younger adults. Pneumonia was more frequent in younger adults. No significant differences were observed in hospital mortality.

Automatització d’una fàbrica de pinso

Les produccions ramaderes en el seu conjunt no es podrien atendre en el món actual sensela participació de la indústria del pinso compost. L’alternativa de treballar en base a pinsosimple o senzillament amb cereals o altres primeres matèries individuals, faria inviablel’abastiment en qualitat i quantitat del que es consumeix.La realització de pinso compost és el resultat de la barreja de variades substànciesalimentàries, sals minerals i fàrmacs per a la nutrició del bestiar.Les fàbriques de pinso aglutinen diverses explotacions agràries, garantint diàriament un treballcontinu sense grans fluctuacions, una dosificació exacta depenent de la recepta que hagiprogramat el veterinari i flexibilitat davant els canvis.Aquestes fàbriques requereixen de maquinària més precisa per fer front a les molt variades receptesnutricionals depenent del tipus de bestiar i de l’època estacional.La dimensió de les fàbriques també serà més gran, per poder atendre la major demanda decomandes i assegurar una producció de qualitat.Moltes fàbriques de pinso són velles o provenen d’antigues explotacions ramaderesreconvertides, les quals d’acord amb l’actual necessitat de control de qualitat, efectivitat irapidesa s’han modernitzat o s’estan reciclant, car el propi mercat i competència els estàprecipitant a fer-ho.Una fàbrica moderna de pinso és una planta de processos que incorpora tecnologies defabricació i control, iguals que qualsevol indústria.S’ha de dissenyar per produir pinso compost de forma competitiva i tindre en tot momentcapacitat per controlar els seus processos, així com assegurar la qualitat del producte final,tant a nivell nutricional com el sanitari.Això s’ha de realitzar amb el màxim nivell de seguretat pels operaris, alhora que s’elimininels efectes de contaminació ambiental, com la pols i el soroll.Amb l’automatització de la fàbrica ja no es repetiran les errades per l’accionament demotors, malmetent una dosificació i perdent un temps molt valuós

O uso da fitoterapia no cuidado de crianças com até cinco anos em área central e periférica da cidade de São Paulo

Esta pesquisa verifica a utilização da fitoterapia em crianças que freqüentam um centro de saúde da área central e um centro de saúde da periferia da cidade de São Paulo. É um estudo exploratório descritivo, com 120 mães que freqüentam os dois centros de saúde (sendo 60 na região central e 60 na região periférica) durante o mês de dezembro de 2001. Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, as mães foram questionadas individualmente e verificamos que 79 (66%) delas utilizam com maior freqüência a camomila, a erva-doce e a hortelã para cólicas intestinais, sintomas de gripe e tranqüilizar seus filhos. As informações sobre como e o que utilizar vieram, segundo as mães, principalmente de pais e avós 45 (57%) e, concluindo, não encontramos grandes diferenças entre o uso nas duas regiões de São Paulo.

REGULAMENTO SANITÁRIO INTERNACIONAL

1. Pela Resolução WHA58.3, a 58ª Assembleia Mundial da Saúde aprovou o Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (2005) a 23 de Maio de 2005. Nos termos do disposto no artigo 59º, o RSI (2005) deveria entrar em vigor a 15 de Junho de 2007. Convém salientar que os Estados- Membros da Região Africana participaram em pleno nas diferentes negociações sobre o Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (RSI) favorecendo, deste modo, para a obtenção de consenso sobre os problemas de saúde pública e sobre os acontecimentos de dimensão internacional. 2. No entanto, com o surgimento do vírus tipo A (H5N1) da gripe das aves, de elevada patogenicidade, em diversos países da Ásia, Europa, África e Médio Oriente e, tendo em conta o risco do aparecimento de um vírus pandémico, a 59ª Assembleia Mundial da Saúde aprovou, a 26 de Maio de 2006, a Resolução WHA59.2, que apoiava a aplicação do RSI (2005). Esta resolução exorta os Estados-Membros a aplicar de imediato, e de forma voluntária, as disposições do RSI (2005) consideradas pertinentes face ao risco apresentado pela gripe das aves e a possível pandemia de gripe. 3. Para os Estados-Membros da Região Africana, a aplicação imediata e voluntária do RSI (2005) comporta um certo número de implicações, entre as quais: - a utilização sistemática de um instrumento de decisão que permita avaliar e notificar a OMS relativamente às ocorrências que constituam uma emergência de saúde pública de dimensão internacional; - a aquisição, o reforço e a manutenção da capacidade para detectar, avaliar, notificar e declarar ocorrências através da aplicação do RSI (2005). 4. Na Região Africana, a implementação do RSI (2005) far-se-á no quadro da Estratégia de Vigilância e Resposta Integrada às Doenças (IDSR), aprovada pelo Comité Regional Africano em 1998, pela Resolução AFR/RC48/R2. 5. Solicita-se ao Comité Regional que analise e aprove a agenda para acção contida neste documento.

Variation of the Chlorophyll a Related to Sea Surface Temperature, Wind and Geostrophic Currents in the Cape Verde Region Using Satellite Data

We present a comparative analysis of satellite derived climatologies in the Cape Verde region (CV). In order to establish chlorophyll a variability, in relation to other oceanographic phenomena, a set of, relatively long (from five to eight years), time series of chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature, wind and geostrophic currents, were ensembled for the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA). We studied seasonal and inter-annual variability of phytoplankton concentration, in relation to the rest of the variables, with a special focus in CV. We compared the situation within the archipelago with those of the surrounding marine environments, such as the North West African Upwelling (NWAU), North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASTG), North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) and Guinea Dome (GD). At the seasonal scale, CV region behaves partly as the surrounding areas, nevertheless, some autochthonous features were also found. The maximum peak of the pigment having a positive correlation with temperature is found at the end of the year for all the points in the archipelago; a less remarkable rise with negative correlation is also detected in February for points CV2 and CV4. This is behavior that none of the surrounding environments have shown. This enrichment was found to be preceded by a drastic drop in wind intensity (SW Monsoon) during summer months. The inter-annual analysis shows a tendency for decreasing of the chlorophyll a concentration.

Estudio sobre la variación del contenido de grasa en la anchoveta peruana (engraulis ringens J.)

Estudio de la variación estacional del contenido graso en las muestras de anchoveta analizadas en Chimbote, Callao e Ilo, observándose dos máximos: uno de otoño y otro en primavera; pero más marcadamente en otoño, en tanto, que el bajo contenido graso se presenta en verano y más intensamente en invierno.

Manuales de evaluación de peces Nº 1 Área barrida

Manual para diseñar los reconocimientos de pesca de forma que coincida con determinadas condiciones de distribución o abundancia para que los estimados representen el patrón de variación estacional del recurso o para que los resultados finales no resulten sesgado por las variaciones.

Aspectos metodológicos de la evaluación directa de la merluza (meluccius gayi peruanus) con el método del área barrida (Cr.BIC SNP-1, 9505-06)

Revisión de los principales problemas que se han presentado en la aplicación del método de área barrida para evaluar el stock de merluza en el Perú. Se indica que, entre otros, el desconocimiento de los factores que regulan el comportamiento migratorio de la merluza (tanto nictemeral como estacional) es una permanente fuente de sesgo en los estimados de biomasa. Asimismo, se describen algunos de los pasos que se dieron durante la ejecución del crucero de evaluación de merluza en 1995 que intentan mejorar la aplicación de esta metodología.

Características de la estructura especiológica del subsistema demersal durante el invierno de 1996

La fauna acompañante en la pesca de arrastre de la merluza, varía en su composición especiológica, distribución batimétrica, latitudinal y estacional de acuerdo a las condiciones de medio marino. Para el invierno de 1996, se analiza la ocurrencia de la fauna marina de aguas tropicales y templadas, entre Punta Capones y el Puerto de Chimbote durante el Crucero de Evaluación de la Merluza BIC SNP-1 9607-08, empleando una red de fondo tipo Granton 400/127. Se capturaron 69 especies: 56 peces, 4 crustáceos, 5 moluscos, un equinodermo, un cnidario y un cordado. La mayor riqueza íctica se encontró al norte del paralelo 6°S. La captura total en el área estudiada fue de 20.021,43 kg de peces (99%) y 211,24 kg (1%) de invertebrados. La merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus, destaca por su abundancia y frecuencia, se capturaron 18.501,52 kg (91,4% del volumen total). Entre los elasmobranquios, destaca la "raya águila" Myliobatis chilensis y dentro de los teleósteos (peces óseos), los Pisciformes con 19 spp., siendo la familia Sciaenidae la mejor representada con 7 especies.