G��nere i identitats en la construcci�� d'una comunitat colonial a Emp��ries (segles VI-V a.C.)

El projecte de recerca ha analitzat la complexitat ��tnica, social i de g��nere de l���assentament colonial d���Emp��ries a partir d���un exhaustiu estudi contextual dels materials cer��mics d�����s quotidi�� provinents de diferents sectors excavats als anys vuitanta a la Ne��polis empuritana (N-7000, N-5000 i N-1000). Aquests sectors datats els segles V i IV a.C., corresponen a un moment en el qual s���est�� construint una identitat colonial diferenciada en l���espai emporit��. La comparaci�� dels aixovars dom��stics usats quotidianament pels habitants d���aquest tres sectors situats en punts distants de la Ne��polis mostra que estem davant d���un assentament colonial molt heterogeni, on conflueixen materialitats, tradicions tecnol��giques i pr��ctiques quotidianes iberes, gregues i h��brides. Els estudis de materials confirmen que no va existir una segregaci�� espacial entre poblacions d���origen grec i iber en aquest assentament i suggereixen la cohabitaci�� de gent ���tant d���homes com de dones- d���origen grec i iber a les diferents ��rees estudiades d���aquest assentament portuari. En el registre material cer��mic de totes les zones estudiades s���observa un predomini dels productes cer��mics de tradici�� grega (colonials o ��tics) en els serveis de taula, per�� no aix�� en els estris utilitzats a la cuina, que s��n majorit��riament de tradici�� ibera. Tamb�� els materials cer��mics relacionats amb l���emmagatzematge dom��stic i amb el transport i el comer�� (��mfores) s��n predominantment ibers. Aquest patr�� suggereix que els ibers que van cohabitar amb els grecs al port emporit�� no van assumir en tots els casos posicions subalternes, sin�� que tingueren un rol rellevant en la gesti�� econ��mica i comercial d���aquest espai portuari.

Sox genes in C. elegans: sox-2 role in postembryonic development

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Columbia University, United States, from 2010 to 2012. Expression of SoxB genes correlates with the commitment of cells to a neural fate; however, the relevance of SoxB proteins in early vertebrate neurogenesis has been difficult to prove genetically due to embryonic lethality and presumed redundant functions. The nematode C. Elegants has only 5 sox genes: sox-2 and sox-3 form the SoxB group while sem-2, sox-4 and egl-13 belong to other Sox groups. Our results show that sox-2 and sem-2 are the sox genes expressed earliest and in a broader manner during embryogenesis, being expressed in several neuronal progenitors. sox-3, sox-4 and egl-13 are expressed in few cells during late embryogenesis, when most neurons are already born. Both sox-2 and sem-2 null mutants are early larval lethal but do not show neuronal specification defects during embryonic development as indicated by quantification of a panneuronal reporter. Potential redundancy or compensatory mechanisms between different sox genes have been ruled out, strongly suggesting that sox genes are not required for specification of embryonically-derived neurons. However, at the first larval stage there are still several blast cells that will give rise to different postembryonic lineages, which generate several neurons amongst other cell types. nterestingly, sox-2 is expressed in many of these progenitor cells. Using mosaic analysis we have so far identified neurons derived from two different postembryonic lineages which fail to be generated in C. elegans sox-2 mutants. These results support the idea that postembryonic progenitor competence is compromised in the absence of sox-2.

Influence of preoperative leg pain and radiculopathy on outcomes in mono-segmental lumbar total disc replacement: results from a nationwide registry.

PURPOSE: Currently, many pre-conditions are regarded as relative or absolute contraindications for lumbar total disc replacement (TDR). Radiculopathy is one among them. In Switzerland it is left to the surgeon's discretion when to operate if he adheres to a list of pre-defined indications. Contraindications, however, are less clearly specified. We hypothesized that, the extent of pre-operative radiculopathy results in different benefits for patients treated with mono-segmental lumbar TDR. We used patient perceived leg pain and its correlation with physician recorded radiculopathy for creating the patient groups to be compared. METHODS: The present study is based on the dataset of SWISSspine, a government mandated health technology assessment registry. Between March 2005 and April 2009, 577 patients underwent either mono- or bi-segmental lumbar TDR, which was documented in a prospective observational multicenter mode. A total of 416 cases with a mono-segmental procedure were included in the study. The data collection consisted of pre-operative and follow-up data (physician based) and clinical outcomes (NASS form, EQ-5D). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted with patients' self-indicated leg pain and the surgeon-based diagnosis "radiculopathy", as marked on the case report forms. As a result, patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of leg pain. The two groups were compared with regard to the pre-operative patient characteristics and pre- and post-operative pain on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and quality of life using general linear modeling. RESULTS: The optimal ROC model revealed a leg pain threshold of 40 &#8804; VAS > 40 for the absence or the presence of "radiculopathy". Demographics in the resulting two groups were well comparable. Applying this threshold, the mean pre-operative leg pain level was 16.5 points in group 1 and 68.1 points in group 2 (p < 0.001). Back pain levels differed less with 63.6 points in group 1 and 72.6 in group 2 (p < 0.001). Pre-operative quality of life showed considerable differences with an 0.44 EQ-5D score in group 1 and 0.29 in group 2 (p < 0.001, possible score range -0.6 to 1). At a mean follow-up time of 8 months, group 1 showed a mean leg pain improvement of 3.6 points and group 2 of 41.1 points (p < 0.001). Back pain relief was 35.6 and 39.1 points, respectively (p = 0.27). EQ-5D score improvement was 0.27 in group 1 and 0.41 in group 2 (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Patients labeled as having radiculopathy (group 2) do mostly have pre-operative leg pain levels &#8805; 40. Applying this threshold, the patients with pre-operative leg pain do also have more severe back pain and a considerably lower quality of life. Their net benefit from the lumbar TDR is higher and they do have similar post-operative back and leg pain levels as well as the quality of life as patients without pre-operative leg pain. Although randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings, they put leg pain and radiculopathy into perspective as absolute contraindications for TDR.

Evidence for classification of c.1852_1853AA>GC in MLH1 as a neutral variant for Lynch syndrome

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by early onset cancers of the colorectum, endometrium and other tumours. A significant proportion of DNA variants in LS patients are unclassified. Reports on the pathogenicity of the c.1852_1853AA>GC (p.Lys618Ala) variant of the MLH1 gene are conflicting. In this study, we provide new evidence indicating that this variant has no significant implications for LS.Methods: The following approach was used to assess the clinical significance of the p.Lys618Ala variant: frequency in a control population, case-control comparison, co-occurrence of the p.Lys618Ala variant with a pathogenic mutation, co-segregation with the disease and microsatellite instability in tumours from carriers of the variant. We genotyped p.Lys618Ala in 1034 individuals (373 sporadic colorectal cancer [CRC] patients, 250 index subjects from families suspected of having LS [revised Bethesda guidelines] and 411 controls). Three well-characterized LS families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II Criteria and consisted of members with the p.Lys618Ala variant were included to assess co-occurrence and co-segregation. A subset of colorectal tumour DNA samples from 17 patients carrying the p.Lys618Ala variant was screened for microsatellite instability using five mononucleotide markers.Results: Twenty-seven individuals were heterozygous for the p.Lys618Ala variant; nine had sporadic CRC (2.41%), seven were suspected of having hereditary CRC (2.8%) and 11 were controls (2.68%). There were no significant associations in the case-control and case-case studies. The p.Lys618Ala variant was co-existent with pathogenic mutations in two unrelated LS families. In one family, the allele distribution of the pathogenic and unclassified variant was in trans, in the other family the pathogenic variant was detected in the MSH6 gene and only the deleterious variant co-segregated with the disease in both families. Only two positive cases of microsatellite instability (2/17, 11.8%) were detected in tumours from p.Lys618Ala carriers, indicating that this variant does not play a role in functional inactivation of MLH1 in CRC patients.Conclusions: The p.Lys618Ala variant should be considered a neutral variant for LS. These findings have implications for the clinical management of CRC probands and their relatives.

CB1 knockout mice display impaired functionality of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/C receptors

Interaction between brain endocannabinoid (EC) and serotonin (5-HT) systems was investigated by examining 5-HT-dependent behavioural and biochemical responses in CB1 receptor knockout mice. CB1 knockout animals exhibited a significant reduction in the induction of head twitches and paw tremor by the 5-HT2A receptor selective agonist (���)DOI, as well as a reduced hypothermic response following administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (��)-8-OH-DPAT. Additionally, exposure to the tail suspension test induced enhanced despair responses in CB1 knockout mice. However, the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and the 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine induced similar decreases in the time of immobility in the tail suspension test in CB1 receptor knockout and wild-type mice. No differences were found between both genotypes with regard to 5-HT2A receptor and 5-HT1A receptors levels, measured by autoradiography in different brain areas. However, a significant decrease in the ability of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (��)-8-OH-DPAT to stimulate ���35S���GTP���S binding was detected in the hippocampal CA1 area of CB1 receptor knockout mice. This study provides evidence that CB1 receptors are involved in the regulation of serotonergic responses mediated by 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, and suggests that a reduced coupling of 5-HT1A receptors to Gi/o proteins in the hippocampus might be involved in these effects.

Bradykinin, but not muscarinic, inhibition of M-current in rat sympathetic ganglion neurons involves phospholipase C-��4

Rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons express low-threshold noninactivating M-type potassium channels (I-K(M)), which can be inhibited by activation of M-1 muscarinic receptors (M-1 mAChR) and bradykinin (BK) B-2 receptors. Inhibition by the M1 mAChR agonist oxotremorine methiodide (Oxo-M) is mediated, at least in part, by the pertussis toxin-insensitive G-protein G alpha (q) (Caulfield et al., 1994; Haley et al., 1998a), whereas BK inhibition involves G alpha (q) and/or G alpha (11) (Jones et al., 1995). G alpha (q) and G alpha (11) can stimulate phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta), raising the possibility that PLC is involved in I-K(M) inhibition by Oxo-M and BK. RT-PCR and antibody staining confirmed the presence of PLC-beta1, - beta2, - beta3, and - beta4 in rat SCG. We have tested the role of two PLC isoforms (PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta4) using antisense-expression constructs. Antisense constructs, consisting of the cytomegalovirus promoter driving antisense cRNA corresponding to the 3'-untranslated regions of PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta4, were injected into the nucleus of dissociated SCG neurons. Injected cells showed reduced antibody staining for the relevant PLC-beta isoform when compared to uninjected cells 48 hr later. BK inhibition of I-K(M) was significantly reduced 48 hr after injection of the PLC-beta4, but not the PLC-beta1, antisense-encoding plasmid. Neither PLC-beta antisense altered M-1 mAChR inhibition by Oxo-M. These data support the conclusion of Cruzblanca et al. (1998) that BK, but not M-1 mAChR, inhibition of I-K(M) involves PLC and extends this finding by indicating that PLC-beta4 is involved.

Genetic and genomic analysis modeling of germline c-MYC overexpression and cancer susceptibility

Background: Germline genetic variation is associated with the differential expression of many human genes. The phenotypic effects of this type of variation may be important when considering susceptibility to common genetic diseases. Three regions at 8q24 have recently been identified to independently confer risk of prostate cancer. Variation at 8q24 has also recently been associated with risk of breast and colorectal cancer. However, none of the risk variants map at or relatively close to known genes, with c-MYC mapping a few hundred kilobases distally. Results: This study identifies cis-regulators of germline c-MYC expression in immortalized lymphocytes of HapMap individuals. Quantitative analysis of c-MYC expression in normal prostate tissues suggests an association between overexpression and variants in Region 1 of prostate cancer risk. Somatic c-MYC overexpression correlates with prostate cancer progression and more aggressive tumor forms, which was also a pathological variable associated with Region 1. Expression profiling analysis and modeling of transcriptional regulatory networks predicts a functional association between MYC and the prostate tumor suppressor KLF6. Analysis of MYC/Myc-driven cell transformation and tumorigenesis substantiates a model in which MYC overexpression promotes transformation by down-regulating KLF6. In this model, a feedback loop through E-cadherin down-regulation causes further transactivation of c-MYC.Conclusion: This study proposes that variation at putative 8q24 cis-regulator(s) of transcription can significantly alter germline c-MYC expression levels and, thus, contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility by down-regulating the prostate tumor suppressor KLF6 gene.

An analysis of visual adaptation and contrast perception for tone mapping

Tone Mapping is the problem of compressing the range of a High-Dynamic Range image so that it can be displayed in a Low-Dynamic Range screen, without losing or introducing novel details: The final image should produce in the observer a sensation as close as possible to the perception produced by the real-world scene. We propose a tone mapping operator with two stages. The first stage is a global method that implements visual adaptation, based on experiments on human perception, in particular we point out the importance of cone saturation. The second stage performs local contrast enhancement, based on a variational model inspired by color vision phenomenology. We evaluate this method with a metric validated by psychophysical experiments and, in terms of this metric, our method compares very well with the state of the art.

The neuronal basis of attention: rate versus synchronization modulation

Extensive theoretical and experimental work on the neuronal correlates of visual attention raises two hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms. The first hypothesis, named biased competition, originates from experimental single-cell recordings that have shown that attention upmodulates the firing rates of the neurons encoding the attended features and downregulates the firing rates of the neurons encoding the unattended features. Furthermore, attentional modulation of firing rates increases along the visual pathway. The other, newer hypothesis assigns synchronization a crucial role in the attentional process. It stems from experiments that have shown that attention modulates gamma-frequency synchronization. In this paper, we study the coexistence of the two phenomena using a theoretical framework. We find that the two effects can vary independently of each other and across layers. Therefore, the two phenomena are not concomitant. However, we show that there is an advantage in the processing of information if rate modulation is accompanied by gamma modulation, namely that reaction times are shorter, implying behavioral relevance for gamma synchronization.

La alegor��a de Ezequiel y el espejo: po��tica de la visibilidad del Mirouer des simples ames de Marguerite Porete

Esta ponencia se enmarca dentro de la tesis doctoral que estamos escribiendo y que intenta recuperar el legado gr��fico del Mirouer des simples ames (c. 1290) de Marguerite Porete. Tanto ella como su tratado fueron sometidos a una persecuci��n inquisitorial que concluy�� con el encarcelamiento de la escritora, la prohibici��n de su tratado y la quema de ambos. A pesar de ello, la obra sobrevivi�� sustentada por varios c��dices que la recogen como texto meramente escrito. Nosotros sostenemos que este texto posee un trasfondo visual (que no visionario) que se puede recuperar en forma de iconograf��a. Las razones para plantear esta hip��tesis son muchas, aunque la fundamental reside en su justificaci��n did��ctica: estamos ante un tratado que se autodefine como speculum, como miroir, y que, efectivamente, se ha escrito para ense��ar a otros el camino hacia la divinidad. Tal camino es complejo y se desarrolla a trav��s de los parajes de un lenguaje teol��gico violentamente abstracto, que se difund��a en ambientes de predicaci��n no necesariamente clericales y letrados: aqu�� es donde la visualidad se constituye como andamio del discurso, que permite hablar, ense��ar, un camino experiencial complejo mediante im��genes comprensibles, incluso memorizables. Para mostrar el c��mo de esta recuperaci��n de manera pr��ctica y presentar algunos resultados, analizaremos en este texto uno de los esquemas gr��ficos que subyacen en el texto poreteano: la alegor��a de Ezequiel. Examinaremos primero el pasaje donde se presenta utilizando instrumentos de la filolog��a para dilucidar un hipot��tico esquema gr��fico subyacente, que, en un segundo estadio, vinculamos con otros textos cercanos al Mirouer que, por una raz��n u otra, s�� tienen una iconograf��a asignada. Comprobaremos qu�� relaci��n visual sostiene la obra poreteana con temas iconogr��ficos como el Jard��n de las virtudes (en, esencialmente, Le somme le roi) o el ��rbol de Jes�� (��dem Speculum Virginum) y observaremos a qu�� conclusiones hist��rico-doctrinales nos lleva este estudio comparativo. En suma, intentamos con esta ponencia devolver parte del aspecto hist��rico-visual al Mirouer des simples ames, con la finalidad de que ello nos permita realizar una lectura hermen��utica m��s amplia, m��s justa, del texto.

C. El segle de les grans barb��ries

Cont��: Un d��a cualquiera de agosto; Hace diez a��os, la URSS���; Termina una verg��enza de Europa; Del nacional arabismo al islamismo; El Imperio vuelve a tener enemigo; La ca��da del tirano; La Normand��a a Iraq; Derrota y rehabilitaci��n de Europa; La gran met��fora de la plaza Roja; Los derechos humanos y la realidad; El siglo de la guerra total (1); El siglo de la guerra total (y 2); Memoria del muro de Berl��n

Cost del tractament del SIDA i d'Hepatitis C per a l'Estat : Comparaci�� de la despesa d'una persona en llibertat vs. un pres

Un dels principals motius que ens va impulsar en l���elecci�� del tema ��s que es tracta d���untema que pot despertar curiositat entre la poblaci��.Un altre motiu, es que varem trobar que est�� ��ntimament relacionat amb els estudis queestem cursant, donat que afecta als pressupostos de l���estat i a la seva restricci��pressupost��ria, i per tant, est�� directament relacionat amb la macroeconomia. En el nostrecas, reduirem l�����mbit d���estudi al territori catal��, de manera que estudiarem aquestes duesmalalties dins la despesa en sanitat p��blica catalana. A dem��s, estan finan��ades amb elsnostres impostos, i per tant la seva despesa afecta a la restricci�� pressupost��ria delsciutadans.L���elecci�� d���aquestes malalties no ha estat feta a l���atzar. Inicialment, varem pensar enestudiar els costos dels interns penitenciaris que patien aquestes malalties. Com que laSIDA i d���hepatitis C s��n les malalties m��s freq��ents dins la pres��, i les que tenen unscostos m��s caracter��stics donada la complexitat dels seus tractaments, varem pensar queserien prou representatives.No obstant, a mesura que ens an��vem endinsant en el tema, ens varem adonar que tamb��seria molt interessant comparar el cost de les malalties amb el de les persones no recluses, iesbrinar si hi havia algun tipus de cost diferencial. ��s per aix�� que varem decidir analitzaraquestes dues malalties tant dins com fora.Un altre factor que ens ha impulsat en l���elecci�� del tema ��s el fet que el nombre d���interns ales presons t�� un ritme de creixement constant que s���ha accelerat en els ��ltims anys,sobretot degut a l���augment de la immigraci��. Aix�� implica un augment progressiu de ladespesa, que es tradueix en una necessitat d���ingressos majors per tal de poder equilibrar larestricci�� de la qual parl��vem abans.Tamb�� varem voler anar una mica m��s lluny i analitzar el pes d���aquestes malalties dins dela despesa que la generalitat ha establert per a la sanitat p��blica. Com les dues son MDO (malalties de declaraci�� obligat��ria ) estan finan��ades completament pel sector p��blic.L���objectiu era veure si representaven un cost tant elevat com pens��vem.OBJECTIUS DEL TREBALL:�� Demostrar l���elevat cost que suposen certes malalties per l���estat.�� Manifestar els canvis en el cost de les malalties amb l���evoluci�� delstractaments.�� Analitzar els costos sanitaris extres que es produeixen a les presons.�� Destacar l���augment accelerat del nombre d���interns i l���augment del cost sanitarique aix�� suposa. METODOLOGIA: Per tal de poder realitzar l���estudi comparatiu, hem hagut de calcular manualment els costosde les malalties, tot informant-nos del preu dels medicament, les dosis, el cost de lesconsultes externes,etc. A m��s, per a calcular el cost del tractament dins la pres��, ens hemhagut d���informar dels aspectes m��s generals que envolten a un pres, per poder veure sirealment existeix un cost diferencial respecte la malaltia a l���exterior. Per obtenir aquestesdiverses informacions, ens hem hagut de posar en contacte amb el personal que treballa ala pres�� que hem pres com a model d���estudi.Aix��, podem dividir les nostres fonts d���informaci�� en 3 categories:��� Obtenci�� d���informaci�� directament amb el personal de la pres��:��� Entrevista amb la directora d���infermeria de la Secretaria de ServeisPenitenciaris, Rehabilitaci�� i Just��cia Juvenil��� Entrevista amb la Cap d���infermeria del Centre Quatre Camins.��� Informaci�� a partir de mostres facilitades pels propis funcionaris de la pres����� Informaci�� a partir d���estudis sobre el tema i de dades oficials, concretament lesdades oficials sobre els Pressupostos de la Generalitat.

A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of XG-102 (formerly D-JNKI1), a TAT-coupled dextrogyre peptide that selectively inhibits the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, in the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). METHODS: EIU was induced in Lewis rats by LPS injection. XG-102 was administered at the time of LPS challenge. The ocular biodistribution of XG-102 was evaluated using immunodetection at 24 hours after either 20 microg/kg IV (IV) or 0.2 microg/injection intravitreous (IVT) administrations in healthy or uveitic eyes. The effect of XG-102 on EIU was evaluated using clinical scoring, infiltration cell quantification, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and immunohistochemistry, and cytokines and chemokines kinetics at 6, 24, and 48 hours using multiplex analysis on ocular media. Control EIU eyes received vehicle injection IV or IVT. The effect of XG-102 on c-Jun phosphorylation in EIU was evaluated by Western blot in eye tissues. RESULTS: After IVT injection, XG-102 was internalized in epithelial cells from iris/ciliary body and retina and in glial and microglial cells in both healthy and uveitic eyes. After IV injection, XG-102 was concentrated primarily in inflammatory cells of uveitic eyes. Using both routes of administration, XG-102 significantly inhibited clinical signs of EIU, intraocular cell infiltration, and iNOS expression together with reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun. The anti-inflammatory effect of XG-102 was mediated by iNOS, IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence that interfering with the JNK pathway can reduce intraocular inflammation. Local administration of XG-102, a clinically evaluated peptide, may have potential for treating uveitis.

Ensimm��iset ����net : yhteissoittomateriaali klarinetinsoiton vasta-alkajille

Ty�� on kaksiosainen. Raporttiosassa esittelen tekem��ni yhteissoittomateriaalin ja sen tekemisen vaiheita ja haasteita. Klarinetin rakennetta ja alkeisoppijaksoja koskeva alkuselvitykseni tekee ty��n ymm��rrett��v��ksi my��s niille, jotka eiv��t ole tekemisiss�� klarinetinsoiton kanssa. Ty��n toinen osa on erillinen vihko, joka sis��lt���� sovituksia tutuista kappaleista sek�� omia s��vellyksi��ni klarinettiryhmille. Kappaleista on sek�� partituurit ett�� erilliset stemmat soittajille. Kappaleissa on 3-4 b-klarinettia ja basso, lis��ksi mahdolliselle c-klarinetille on oma stemmansa. Kappaleissa on erityisesti otettu huomioon vasta-alkajat ja heid��n taitonsa. Omissa s��vellyksiss�� on kantavana ajatuksena oleellisesti klarinetinsoittoon liittyvi�� asioita kuten yksitt��inen sormitusyhdistelm�� tai intervalli, jonka ymp��rille kappale on rakennettu. Ty��ni on tarpeen, koska klarinetinsoiton alkeisoppilaille on vaikea l��yt���� yhteissoittomateriaalia, varsinkin jos ryhm��ss�� on hyvin eritasoisia oppilaita. Aivan vasta-alkajille mielek��st�� materiaalia ei juuri ole saatavilla. Opinn��ytety��n tekemisen tuloksena on avautunut uusia n��k��kulmia sek�� opetukseen ett�� yhteismusiikkiin. Olen sovituksia tehdess��ni joutunut miettim����n esimerkiksi kaikki helpot ja vaikeat sormitusyhdistelm��t ja ����nen tuottamisen kannalta vaikeat hypyt. T��llaisten asioiden tunteminen auttaa itse��ni ja muita klarinettipedagogeja paitsi itse tekem����n yhteissoittomateriaalia my��s valitsemaan muiden tekem��st�� materiaalista omiin tarkoituksiin sopivimmat kappaleet.