911 resultados para Transferências Tributárias - Brasil - Espírito Santo - Distribuição de ICMS aos Municípios - Federalismo Fiscal


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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o segmento editorial evangélico no Brasil, buscando identificar a práxis da sua produção, comercialização e marketing, comparando-a ao segmento editorial secular. Comparar o perfil do leitor evangélico com o perfil do leitor brasileiro em geral e, ainda, a produção e venda do segmento editorial evangélico com a produção e venda do segmento editorial secular também fazem parte dos objetivos da pesquisa. A metodologia incluiu pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e um estudo de casos múltiplos holísticos, envolvendo as editoras Mundo Cristão e Ediouro-Agir. Verificou-se que a práxis da produção do livro evangélico é semelhante ao do livro secular e que o mercado editorial evangélico cresce mais que o mercado secular. Outro resultado relevante desta pesquisa de dissertação foi a verificação de que o leitor evangélico lê mais que o brasileiro em geral, dados estes, obtidos utilizando-se da mesma metodologia e base de dados dos índices oficiais.(AU)

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The genus Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 has cosmopolite distribution, with three species occurring in Brazil, two of them native, H. brasilianus and H. agrius, and one exotic, H. mabouia. Considering the studies about ecology of lizards conducted in the Ecological Station of the Seridó, from 2001 to 2011, this study aimed (1) to re-evaluate the occurrence of the species of Hemidactylus in this ESEC; (2) to analyze ecological and biological aspects of the H. agrius population; and (3) to investigate the current and potential distribution of the native species of the genus in northeastern Brazil, analyzing the suitability of ESEC to this taxon. For the first two objectives, a sampling area consisting of five transects of 200 x 20 m, was inspected in alternating daily shifts for three consecutive days, from August 2012 to August 2013. For the latter objective, occurrence points of H. agrius and H. brasilianus from literature and from the database of Herpetological Collections of the UFRN and the UNICAMP were consulted to build predictive maps via the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). In ESEC Seridó, 62 H. agrius individuals were collected (25 females, 18 males and 19 juveniles), and two neonates were obtained from a communal nest incubated in the laboratory. No record was made for the other two species of the genus. Hemidactylus agrius demonstrated to be a nocturnal species specialized in habitats with rocky outcrops; but this species is generalist regarding microhabitat use. In the population studied, females had an average body length greater than males, and showed higher frequencies of caudal autotomy. Regarding diet, H. agrius is a moderately generalist species that consumes arthropods, especially insect larvae, Isoptera and Araneae; and vertebrates, with a case of cannibalism registered in the population. With respect to seasonal differences, only the number of food items ingested differed between seasons. The diet was similar between sexes, but ontogenetic differences were recorded for the total volume and maximum length of the food items. Significant relationships were found between lizard body/head size measurements and the maximum length of prey consumed. Cases of polydactyly and tail bifurcation were recorded in the population, with frequencies of 1.6% and 3.1%, respectively. In relation xv to the occurrence points of the native species, 27 were identified, 14 for H. agrius and 13 for H. brasilianus. The first species presented restricted distribution, while the second showed a wide distribution. In both models generated, the ESEC Seridó area showed medium to high suitability. The results of this study confirm the absence of H. brasilianus and H. mabouia this ESEC, and reveal H. agrius as a dietary opportunist and cannibal species. Further, the results confirm the distribution patterns shown by native species of Hemidactylus, and point ESEC Seridó as an area of probable occurrence for the species of the genus, the establishing of H. brasilianus and H. mabouia are probably limited by biotic factors, a fact yet little understood

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The mollusks present a great taxon variety and life habits in coral reefs being good environmental indicators. It is important to know the distribution pattern of the mollusks and the processes that influence it, so that disturbances in sea ecosystems could be monitored. The present study aims to accomplish the inventory and distribution of epibenthic mollusks in the Parracho of Maracajaú. 23 sites in different habitats of the Parracho were settled: 11 in the reef habitat, 3 in the sandy bottom and 9 in the seagrass bed. Qualitative and quantitative samplings have been done through snorkeling and scuba diving. Three band transects (10m²) were sampled in each site and the data were obtained to each m² of the transect, where the species were counted and the environmental variables (rugosity and recovery of the substratum) were valued. The data were submitted to multivariate analyses in order to find possible distribution patterns that could be associated to the substratum variables. The diversity indexes were calculated for each reef sites and compared with each other. A number of 46 species were registered. The reef habit at should to be the richnest area while the sandy bottom was poorest one. In the reef habitat, the mollusks were associated to rugosity and recovering of frondose algae and zoanthids, while for the seagrass bed, the animals exhibited a richness variation associated to the muddy and sandy sediment. There were found 3 species economically explored, what requires an appropriate management for the maintenance and conservation of the area resources in a sustainable way

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Guaraíras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guaraíras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guaraíras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guaraíras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guaraíras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

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O artigo problematiza o índice de Gini como instrumento de mensuração das desigualdades no Brasil, expondo dimensões fundamentais das desigualdades socioeconômicas quando a renda do trabalho; mercado de trabalho; distribuição funcional da renda; e desigualdades tributárias. A conclusão é que há poucas alterações nas desigualdades socioeconômicas do Brasil quando essa dimensões são consideradas. O mercado de trabalho não se alterou substancialmente em relação à desestruturação vivenciada nas últimas decadas do século XX, agravando as desigualdades socieconômicas intraclasses. A participação dos lucros na fatia da renda nacional aumentou e a desigualdade marcante se revela no financiamento tributário, pois o peso da carga de impostos está sobre os trabalhadores assalariados e os mais pobres, ao mesmo tempo que os recursos públicos são canalizados para os mais ricos por meio do pagamento de juros e amortização da dívida pública. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

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The mollusks present a great taxon variety and life habits in coral reefs being good environmental indicators. It is important to know the distribution pattern of the mollusks and the processes that influence it, so that disturbances in sea ecosystems could be monitored. The present study aims to accomplish the inventory and distribution of epibenthic mollusks in the Parracho of Maracajaú. 23 sites in different habitats of the Parracho were settled: 11 in the reef habitat, 3 in the sandy bottom and 9 in the seagrass bed. Qualitative and quantitative samplings have been done through snorkeling and scuba diving. Three band transects (10m²) were sampled in each site and the data were obtained to each m² of the transect, where the species were counted and the environmental variables (rugosity and recovery of the substratum) were valued. The data were submitted to multivariate analyses in order to find possible distribution patterns that could be associated to the substratum variables. The diversity indexes were calculated for each reef sites and compared with each other. A number of 46 species were registered. The reef habit at should to be the richnest area while the sandy bottom was poorest one. In the reef habitat, the mollusks were associated to rugosity and recovering of frondose algae and zoanthids, while for the seagrass bed, the animals exhibited a richness variation associated to the muddy and sandy sediment. There were found 3 species economically explored, what requires an appropriate management for the maintenance and conservation of the area resources in a sustainable way

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Guaraíras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guaraíras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guaraíras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guaraíras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guaraíras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

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Histórico e distribuição da resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas no Brasil. Impacto econômico da resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas no Brasil. Manejo e prevenção da resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas no Brasil. Manejo e controle de azevém com resistência múltipla. Manejo e controle de buva com resistência múltipla. Manejo e controle de capim-amargoso resistente ao glifosato.

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A mudança climática é um processo decorrente do efeito acumulativo contínuo das emissões excessivas de gases de efeito estufa e de aerossóis provenientes da intensificação de algumas atividades antrópicas, produzindo mudanças no clima do planeta. Tais mudanças podem alterar a incidência de doenças nas plantas. O conhecimento de técnicas de geoprocessamento pode ser de grande importância para aplicações no setor agrícola, auxiliando na elaboração de estratégias para minimizar prejuízos futuros causados pelos impactos climáticos globais. A ferrugem tropical do milho, causada por Physopella zeae, é responsável por grandes danos na produção nacional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica dessa doença com o uso de ferramentas SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas). Foram obtidos mapas de favorabilidade climática para o desenvolvimento da doença na cultura do milho, utilizando condições climáticas propícias definidas por Casela et al. (2006), entre os meses de janeiro a junho, para a normal climatológica (1961-1990) e para o clima futuro de 2080, do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas). Os resultados indicam que haverá um deslocamento da ncidência da doença das regiões Norte, Nordeste para as regiões Sudeste e Sul no futuro, permanecendo também na região Centro-Oeste.

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O potencial turístico de um lugar deve-se, sobretudo, aos seus aspectos paisagísticos, sendo viável a prática do ecoturismo sustentável. O Estado do Maranhão apresenta diversos ecossistemas dentre os quais se encontram: áreas de floresta com característica amazônica, cerrado, campos inundáveis, manguezais, praias e sistema de dunas. A área de estudo é o município de Santo Amaro do Maranhão que se situa na Mesorregião Norte Maranhense e Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses, compreendendo a área do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os elementos naturais que proporcionam a condição de pólo turístico regional para a cidade. A zona dos Lençóis Maranhenses é composta por superfícies formadas de depósitos eólicos e aluviões marinhas, de idade Quaternária. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi pautado nos métodos dedutivo, que subsidiou as pesquisas de gabinete, e o método indutivo, utilizado como base na observação da paisagem e dos fenômenos locais, auxiliado pelo método fenomenológico e em na realização do trabalho foram adotados como procedimentos metodológicos: levantamento e análise da bibliografia, atividades de campo envolvendo reconhecimento, registro fotográfico, mensuração de dados e realização de entrevistas com os moradores. Os resultados indicam que o turismo acarreta impactos ambientais negativos, representados pelo uso indevido do rio Alegre, dos lagos e dos campos de dunas. Na sede do município, o crescimento das construções civis em locais impróprios atrelados a especulação imobiliária, torna essencial a intervenção do poder público com políticas de desenvolvimento do turismo sustentável como instrumento de melhoria das condições de vida da população sem prejudicar, de forma significante, o meio natural.

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A implementação de políticas públicas por parte dos municípios ocorre através de instrumentos próprios que permitem com que estes cumpram as competências expressas na constituição. Tais competências, por sua vez, estimulam o desenvolvimento, de instrumentos de política urbana, que objetivam a promoção do ordenamento territorial. Os referidos instrumentos de política urbana (leis), surgidas em um contexto de fortalecimento da autonomia municipal, representam normatizações que definem os limites de ação tanto dos indivíduos como dos governos em relação ao local. Analisaremos a distribuição regional dos instrumentos de política urbana, e apontaremos como possível justificativa para a distribuição regional diferenciada, as práticas institucionais que organizam a possibilidade de exercício da cidadania.

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A bacia hidrográfica do rio Jaguaribe está situada em sua grande parte a sudoeste do Estado do Ceará, com uma pequena parcela a noroeste do Estado de Pernambuco. As nascentes do rio que nomeiam esta bacia localizam-se na Serra da Joaninha, município de Tauá, possuindo um padrão dendrítico do tipo exorréica, onde deságua no Oceano Atlântico, na cidade de Fortim, com uma extensão aproximada de 610 km. O açude Orós está inserido no médio curso da bacia hidrográfica Jaguaribana, onde o mesmo foi construído para suprir o déficit hídrico estadual. O objetivo do estudo é analisar a distribuição hídrica do açude Orós na região Jaguaribana, tomando enfoque nas necessidades de cada município assistido. A metodologia consiste em análise bibliográfica, cartográfica e pesquisa de campo. Pode-se constatar a importância do Comitê de Bacias Hidrográficas na administração dos recursos hídricos na área pesquisada, interferindo nos aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos da região.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a distribuição populacional de isolados do fungo C. lindemuthianum provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil, além de identificar se a variação genética existente é intra ou inter-racial, utilizando cultivares diferenciadoras e marcadores RAPD.