Percepción de residentes de medicina de urgencias en Colombia del ambiente educativo en los servicios de urgencias

Introducción: La atención de calidad en urgencias sólo es posible si los médicos han recibido una enseñanza de alta calidad. La escala PHEEM (Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure) es un instrumento válido y fiable, utilizado internacionalmente para medir el entorno educativo, en la formación médica de posgrado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal que utilizó la escala PHEEM versión en español para conocer el entorno educativo de los programas de urgencias. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach se calculó para determinar la consistencia interna. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva a nivel global, por categorías e ítems de la escala PHEEM y se compararon resultados por sexo, año de residencia y programa. Resultados: 94 (94%) residentes llenaron el cuestionario. La puntuación media de la escala PHEEM fue 93,91 ± 23,71 (58,1% de la puntuación máxima) que se considera un ambiente educativo más positivo que negativo, pero con margen de mejora. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la percepción del ambiente educativo entre los programas de residencia (p =0,01). El instrumento es altamente confiable (alfa de Cronbach = 0,952). La barrera más frecuente en la enseñanza fue el hacinamiento y la evaluación fue percibida con el propósito de cumplir normas. Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio aportaron evidencia sobre la validez interna de la escala PHEEM en el contexto colombiano. Este estudio demostró cómo la medición del ambiente educativo en una especialidad médico-quirúrgica, con el uso de una herramienta cuantitativa, puede proporcionar información en relación a las fortalezas y debilidades de los programas.

El cinema com a recurs i matèria d'estudi: l'experiència de Drac Màgic

La tesi titulada "El cinema com a recurs i matèria d'estudi: l'experiència de Drac Màgic", consta de quatre parts clarament diferenciades, però complementàries entre si, que responen a la voluntat d'orientar la introducció del cinema en l'àmbit de l'educació. L'objectiu fonamental de la primera part de la tesi és el de crear un marc teòric en el que conflueixin les recerques i les opinions de diversos autors, provinents del camp de la comunicació o bé especialistes en l'àmbit de l'educació, que s'han interrogat, des de la seva particular parcel·la d'estudi, sobre aspectes relacionats amb la presència dels mitjans de comunicació, en general, o bé sobre la incidència del cinema, en particular, en la nostra societat i en les persones. Les qüestions més bàsiques que constitueixen, segons el meu parer, els principals dubtes que ha de dissipar un educador que està interessat en la possibilitat d'introduir el cinema en la seva pràctica educativa i que són les següents: què és el cinema, per què introduir el cinema, quin cinema introduir i com introduir el cinema. La segona part de la tesi està dedicada íntegrament a l'estudi de l'experiència d'una cooperativa de Barcelona, anomenada Drac Màgic, que des de fa vint-i-cinc anys treballa en l'aplicació del cinema en l'àmbit de l'educació formal i en la formació permanent del professorat. L'anàlisi d'aquesta proposta, ens permet concretar amb un exemple pràctic, que és molt proper a la nostra realitat immediata, es aspectes teòrics que hem presentat en la primera part de la tesi. Per altra banda, l'estudi d'aquesta experiència pretén ser un punt de referència a l'hora de realitzar la proposta pràctica d'integració del cinema en els plantejaments educatius, que realitzem a la quarta part de la tesi. En la tercera part de la tesi, hem investigat en el marc legal que configura les possibilitat i els límits que se'ls hi plantegen als professors que estan interessats en introduir els mitjans de comunicació, en general, i el cinema, en particular, en les seves pràctiques educatives. Així, doncs, per conèixer el nivell de compromís que les institucions públiques adopten per potenciar la introducció dels mitjans de comunicació en general, i del cinema, en particular, a les escoles, hem investigat en el marc legal que regula actualment el funcionament dels centres escolars i que es coneix amb el nom de Reforma educativa i també hem volgut conèixer els principals objectius i les activitats que desenvolupen dues iniciatives institucionals El Programa de Noves Tecnologies de la Informació i de la Comunicació del Ministeri d'Educació i Ciència espanyol i el Programa de Mitjans Audiovisuals del Departament d'Ensenyament de la Generalitat de Catalunya. En la quarta part de la tesi, hem dissenyat una proposta pràctica per introduir el cinema a les escoles del nostres país, que s'ha concretat en l'elaboració d'un crèdit variable sobre cinema destinat als alumnes que cursen l'Educació Secundària Obligatòria.

A new concept for museum training in Germany

To talk about a new concept for museum training seems perhaps, to be a little bit exaggerated. For long time you have all been talking about concepts and contents for museum training and as I figured out the debate on the topic in Germany is as old as the appearance of national museums in the 19th century. Men like Theodor Mommsen, Rudolph Virchow, Alfred Lichtwark, all well known historians and supporters of the museum idea, spoke and wrote not only about the importance of museums as cultural and educational institutions but also supported the idea of professionalisation of museums work. Some of the ideas of our ancestors are still part of an ongoing discussion. The topic of my talk today will be what king of personnel a museum of our time needs to cope with the growing demand for internal and external organization. I shall present to you a new training program for museum workers in Germany which aims not to produce a new group of researchers but to prepare students for the practical work in the museum field.

A educação continuada para a enfermagem : motivações e dificuldades

Para a compreensão do fenômeno da educação continuada na docência na graduação de enfermagem, foi desenvolvido um estudo do tipo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa em que se buscou estudar as razões que motivam e as dificuldades dos docentes do Curso de Enfermagem da docência do ensino superior da Faculdade Aliança no desenvolvimento de sua educação continuada no município de Teresina-PI. Fizeram parte deste estudo: 24 docentes da citada instituição e com a mesma formação na graduação de enfermagem e tendo a faixa etária entre 25 a 53 anos e todos pertencentes ao curso de graduação de enfermagem, sendo que o instrumento utilizado para produção dos dados foi um questionário, em que 100% dos docentes responderam a este questionário. O mesmo foi construído e fundamentado tendo base no quadro teórico desta pesquisa, seguindo o roteiro previamente estabelecido. Os dados foram analisados e articulados ao referencial teórico a partir dos questionários aplicados nesse estudo. Constatou - se nesta pesquisa que os docentes, têm várias dificuldades na prática ao realizar sua educação continuada. Seja pela falta de tempo, liberação da instituição a qual está vinculada, pela questão financeira e por outros motivos. Portanto, ao concluir este estudo todos os objetivos foram alcançados, e que os docentes de enfermagem tenham subsídios científicos no desenvolvimento do cotidiano de sua vida profissional de modo a valorizar essas ações e reconhecer esse processo como diferencial, priorizando a aquisição de novos conhecimentos, sejam no desenvolvimento de sua educação continuada, permanente através de cursos on-line, pós-graduações (especializações), mestrado, doutorado e pós-doutorado e que possa contribuir para a melhoria de suas ações quando estiverem atuando na docência do ensino superior da graduação de enfermagem quando forem por em prática em suas aulas teóricas e práticas nos hospitais ou clínicas quando forem repassar seus conhecimentos aos seus discentes do curso de graduação de enfermagem.

A life less ordinary: The ritualization of the domestic sphere in later prehistoric Europe

This article, which is based on the fourteenth McDonald Lecture, considers two tensions in contemporary archaeology. one is between interpretations of specific structures, monuments and deposits as the result of either 'ritual' 'practical' activities in the past, and the other is between an archaeology that focuses on subsistence and adaptation and one that emphasizes cognition, meaning, and agency. It suggests that these tensions arise from an inadequate conception of ritual itself. Drawing on recent studies of ritualization, it suggests that it might be more helpful to consider how aspects of domestic life took on special qualities in later prehistoric Europe. The discussion is based mainly on Neolithic enclosures and other monuments, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement sites and the Viereckschanzen of central Europe. it may have implications for field archaeology as well as social archaeology, and also for those who study the formation of the archaeological record.

A review of growth for construction service companies in global markets

Throughout the developed world, professional services play an increasingly important part in an economy, with many countries showing a substantial positive trade balance for services. Yet, there has been relatively little research on construction services (CS) and, in particular, how well professional service companies (PSFs) perform in the international arena. The method for collecting services export information differs to the way in which goods and products exports data are gathered because of the intangible nature of services. Organisational growth of companies aims to share risks across different regions and sectors, however, the rapidly changing business environment challenges companies with the increasing foreign ownership and changes in procurement. The complexity of today’s international construction services organisations raises two questions: how the organisations can successfully manage growth and what are their motives for international trade. The research focuses on top UK consulting engineering companies to understand their organisational strategy, their export strategy, and drivers for overseas activities. The data will feed a model of professional services exports, which can help to inform the way services export data could be collected to better reflect the industry’s performance.

Liquid matrix deposition on conductive hydrophobic surfaces for tuning and quantitation in UV-MALDI mass spectrometry

With its highly fluctuating ion production matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) poses many practical challenges for its application in mass spectrometry. Instrument tuning and quantitative ion abundance measurements using ion signal alone depend on a stable ion beam. Liquid MALDI matrices have been shown to be a promising alternative to the commonly used solid matrices. Their application in areas where a stable ion current is essential has been discussed but only limited data have been provided to demonstrate their practical use and advantages in the formation of stable MALDI ion beams. In this article we present experimental data showing high MALDI ion beam stability over more than two orders of magnitude at high analytical sensitivity (low femtomole amount prepared) for quantitative peptide abundance measurements and instrument tuning in a MALDI Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Samples were deposited on an inexpensive conductive hydrophobic surface and shrunk to droplets <10 nL in size. By using a sample droplet <10 nL it was possible to acquire data from a single irradiated spot for roughly 10,000 shots with little variation in ion signal intensity at a laser repetition rate of 5-20 Hz.

Mechanisms for the formation of organic acids in the gas-phase ozonolysis of 3-carene

This paper describes experimental studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms for the formation of low-volatility organic acids in the gas-phase ozonolysis of 3-carene. Experiments were carried out in a static chamber under 'OH-free' conditions. A range of multifunctional acids-which are analogous to those observed from alpha-pinene ozonolysis-were identified in the condensed phase using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry after derivation. Product yields were determined as a function of different OH radical scavengers and relative humidities to give mechanistic information about their routes of formation. Furthermore, an enone and an enal derived from 3-carene were ozonised in order to probe the early mechanistic steps in the reaction and, in particular, which of the two initially formed Criegee intermediates gives rise to which products. Branching ratios for the formation of the two Criegee Intermediates are determined. Similarities and differences in product formation from 3-carene and alpha-pinene ozonolysis are discussed and possible mechanisms-supported by experimental evidence-are developed for all acids investigated.

Nanozipper formation in the solid state from a self-assembling tripeptide with a single tryptophan residue

The self-assembly of a terminally protected tripeptide Boc-gamma-Abu(1)-Ala(2)-Trp(3)-OMe (gamma-Abu = gamma-aminobutyric acid) I results in the formation of a nanostructured supramolecular zipper through various non-covalent interactions in the crystal in which the indole side-chain of the Trp(3) residue plays a key role via N-H...pi interactions. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Forum theorizing in the context of professional practice: The case for middle-range theories

This commentary seeks to complement the contribution of the Building Research & Information special issue on 'Developing Theories for the Built Environment' (2008) by highlighting the important role of middle-range theories within the context of professional practice. Middle-range theories provide a form of theorizing that lies between abstract grand theorizing and atheoretical local descriptions. They are also characterized by the way in which they directly engage with the concerns of practitioners. In the context of professional practice, any commitment to theorizing should habitually be combined with an equivalent commitment to empirical research; rarely is it appropriate to neglect one in favour of the other. Any understanding of the role that theory plays in professional practice must further be informed by Schon's seminal ideas on reflective practice. Practitioners are seen to utilize theories as inputs to a process of continuous reflection, thereby guarding against complacency and routinization. The authors would challenge any assumption that academics alone are responsible for generating theories, thereby limiting the role of practitioners to their application. Such a dichotomized view is contrary to established ideas on Mode 2 knowledge production and current trends towards co-production research in the context of the built environment.

Mechanisms of alkylpyrazine formation in a potato model system containing added glycine

The use of glycine to limit acrylamide formation during the heating of a potato model system was also found to alter the relative proportions of alkylpyrazines. The addition of glycine increased the quantities of several alkylpyrazines, and labeling studies using [2-C-13]glycine showed that those alkylpyrazines which increased in the presence of glycine had at least one C-13-labeled methyl substituent derived from glycine. The distribution of C-13 within the pyrazines suggested two pathways by which glycine, and other amino acids, participate in alkylpyrazine formation, and showed the relative contribution of each pathway. Alkylpyrazines that involve glycine in both formation pathways displayed the largest relative increases with glycine addition. The study provided an insight into the sensitivity of alkylpyrazine formation to the amino acid composition in a heated food and demonstrated the importance of those amino acids that are able to contribute an alkyl substituent. This may aid in estimating the impact of amino acid addition on pyrazine formation, when amino acids are added to foods for acrylamide mitigation.

Acrylamide and pyrazine formation in model systems containing asparagine

The effect of different sugars and glyoxal on the formation of acrylamide in low-moisture starch-based model systems was studied, and kinetic data were obtained. Glucose was more effective than fructose, tagatose, or maltose in acrylamide formation, whereas the importance of glyoxal as a key sugar fragmentation intermediate was confirmed. Glyoxal formation was greater in model systems containing asparagine and glucose rather than fructose. A solid phase microextraction GC-MS method was employed to determine quantitatively the formation of pyrazines in model reaction systems. Substituted pyrazine formation was more evident in model systems containing fructose; however, the unsubstituted homologue, which was the only pyrazine identified in the headspace of glyoxal-asparagine systems, was formed at higher yields when aldoses were used as the reducing sugar. Highly significant correlations were obtained for the relationship between pyrazine and acrylamide formation. The importance of the tautomerization of the asparagine-carbonyl decarboxylated Schiff base in the relative yields of pyrazines and acrylamide is discussed.

Changes in free amino acids and sugars in potatoes due to sulfate fertilization and the effect on acrylamide formation

To examine how sulfur deprivation may affect acrylamide formation in cooked potatoes, three varieties of potato were grown under conditions of either severe sulfur deprivation or an adequate supply of sulfur. In all three varieties sulfur deprivation led to a decrease in acrylamide formation, even though the levels of sugars, which are acrylamide precursors, were higher in tubers of the sulfur-deprived plants. In one variety the concentration of free asparagine, the other precursor for acrylamide, was also higher. There was a very close correlation between the concentration of asparagine in the tubers expressed as a proportion of the total free amino acid pool and the formation of acrylamide upon cooking, whereas sugars were poorly correlated with acrylamide. In potatoes, where concentrations of sugars are usually limiting, competition between asparagine and other amino acids participating in the Maillard reaction may be a key determinant of the amount of acrylamide that is formed during processing.

Exact error estimates and optimal randomized algorithms for integration

Exact error estimates for evaluating multi-dimensional integrals are considered. An estimate is called exact if the rates of convergence for the low- and upper-bound estimate coincide. The algorithm with such an exact rate is called optimal. Such an algorithm has an unimprovable rate of convergence. The problem of existing exact estimates and optimal algorithms is discussed for some functional spaces that define the regularity of the integrand. Important for practical computations data classes are considered: classes of functions with bounded derivatives and Holder type conditions. The aim of the paper is to analyze the performance of two optimal classes of algorithms: deterministic and randomized for computing multidimensional integrals. It is also shown how the smoothness of the integrand can be exploited to construct better randomized algorithms.

Ocean data dissemination: new challenges for data integration

In the decade since OceanObs `99, great advances have been made in the field of ocean data dissemination. The use of Internet technologies has transformed the landscape: users can now find, evaluate and access data rapidly and securely using only a web browser. This paper describes the current state of the art in dissemination methods for ocean data, focussing particularly on ocean observations from in situ and remote sensing platforms. We discuss current efforts being made to improve the consistency of delivered data and to increase the potential for automated integration of diverse datasets. An important recent development is the adoption of open standards from the Geographic Information Systems community; we discuss the current impact of these new technologies and their future potential. We conclude that new approaches will indeed be necessary to exchange data more effectively and forge links between communities, but these approaches must be evaluated critically through practical tests, and existing ocean data exchange technologies must be used to their best advantage. Investment in key technology components, cross-community pilot projects and the enhancement of end-user software tools will be required in order to assess and demonstrate the value of any new technology.