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元素化学计量学指从化学计量学的角度出发,通过分析比较生命物质不同结构层次(分子、细胞、器官、机体、种群、群落等)或生态系统中元素的相对比值,来研究各层次相互之间以及生态学过程中元素之间的关系。生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次存元素水平上统一起来,足近年来新兴的一个生态学研究领域,广泛应用于生态学研究中。C,N,P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素,在生态系统中占有重要地位,许多环境问题都与它们有关,由此这三种元素的化学计量学受到生态学家们的普遍关注。C:N:P化学计量学在水生生态系统中研究较为深入,目前已发展到染色体水平,而在陆地生态系统中的研究较为匮乏近年来由于人类活动的强烈影响,这三种元素的循环在速度和规模上都发生了前所未有的改变,导致一系列环境问题的出现,因此C:N:P化学计量学在陆地生态系统中的研究就显得尤为重要。作为地球生命存在基础的绿色植物,在地球上已有数亿年的演化历史,研究陆地植物的元素化学计量学不仅有助于深入了解植物存在于地球上的内在机制,而且可以为许多环境问题的解决提供理论依据。本文首先建立中国不同地区植物氮磷含量数据库,通过数据分析找出一般规律,并进一步揭示植物不同进化阶段N:P化学计量比的变化规律。在此基础上,通过在内蒙古羊草草原设立不同施肥样地来模拟自然界不同氮磷环境,从试验水平上研究不同施肥处理及施肥梯度下生态系统中氮、磷、有机质的变化规律,并从化学计量学角度研究其内在机制。 利州新建成的中国维管植物数据库(包含1603种植物)研究了不同进化水平以及不同功能群(生活型)间植物N:P比的变化规律,并沿胡焕庸线(胡线)把中团分为为东西两部分,从总体水平上对比了东、西部间叫植物氮磷含量以及N:P的异同。结果表明:l)从演化水平来看,尽管氮磷含量表现出极大的差异,除豆科植物外,植物N:P基本保持稳定水平;2)木本植物与草本植物的N:P比差异.显著,木本植物之间(常绿乔木,常绿灌木,落叶乔木,落叶灌木)N:P不具有显著差异;3)中国东西部植物养分含量和N:P比表现出极显著差异,东部的养分含量低于西部,而N:P显著高于西部。 在内蒙古羊草草原两块永久实验样地(样地A:1980年围封样地和样地B:1999年田封样地)进行了为期两年的N素和P素添加试验。氮素添加梯度为0,5,15,30,50,80 g NHN03.m.2.yr-1。P素添加梯度为0,2,4,8,16,and 32 g P2Osm-2 yr-1(仪分析了羊草器官的结果)。分别从植物器官、物种、功能群水平研究了N素添加对N:P化学计量学的影响,此外还研究了土壤和凋落物C:N:P化学计量学对N素添加的响应。结合生物量的变化趋势,探讨了元素化学计量学对养分状况的指示作用。 1.羊草器官对施肥的响应结果表明,添加N素可以显著提高羊草器官中的含N量,p素可以显著提高器官中的含P量:除2001年样地A中的根茎外,根茎中的含P量基本不受N素添加的影响;茎中的含P量同样表现出不受N素添加影响的趋势(2000年B区茎除外):N素添加可以显著增大羊草叶片中的含P量(B区2000年叶片除外)。P素添加对羊草器官的含N量没有影响;羊草器官中的氮磷含量施肥处理下表现出显著的正相关关系(N素添加下B区叶片除外)。N素添加对羊草器官的N:P比没有显著影响(A区茎2000年和B区叶片2000年除外):P素添加显著降低了羊草器官中的N:P比。 2.四种优势植物(羊草、羽茅、针茅和苔草)地上生物量和N:P化学计量学对氮肥的响应研究发现,四个物种的氮磷含量均具有极显著相关关系;氮肥可以显著提高样地A中的羽茅生物量,降低苔草的生物量,而使样地B中的羊草生物量增大;两块样地中,四个物种的氮磷含量及N:P比均随N素水平的增高而增大(样地A中的羽茅N:P比除外)。 3.基于生活型划分的功能群(多年生根茎禾草,多年生丛生禾草,豆科植物,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木)对N素添加的响应研究表明:施N可以提高样地A中的多年生丛生禾草的生物量,而使样地B中的多年生根苇禾草增加;多年生杂类草的相对多度在两个样地中均随施氨水平的增加而显著 降低:在样地B中,施氮可以显著提高不同功能群的氮磷含量;在样地A中,功能群N、P含量对施肥的响应并没有一致的变化规律,添加N素可以显著提高不同功能群的含N量(豆科植物除外),多年生根茎禾草和多年生杂类草的P含量有显著增大的趋势(P < 0.005),而其它功能群(豆科植物、灌木和小半灌木、多年生杂类草和~二年生杂类草)的P含量基本恒定(P>0.05);在样地A中,多年生丛生禾草,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草和豆科植物的N:P比基本不变;在样地B中,多年生丛生禾草的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草、多年生杂类草和…二年生杂类草不受施氨水平的影响。 4.添加N素对根实验结果表明:两块样地中,上层根(0-10 cm)的生物量仅在施N后第一年显著增加,而下层根(10-20 cm)的地下生物量在两年的施N处理下均不受施肥梯度的影响i在样地A中,施肥后第一年对根的N、P含量影响不显著,施肥后第二年可以显著增大上层根的N、P含量;在样地B中,添加N素后第一年可以显著增大根的含P量; 在两个样地中,两年的N肥处理对根的N:P比没有显著影响:在施氨处理中,根的N、P含量及N:P比在施肥第一年的响应要高于第二年。 5.所有处理中,上层土壤(O-lO cm)养分含量(有机碳,全氮,全磷)均高于下层土壤(10-20 cm);在样地A中,氮素添加对r十壤有机碳没有显著性作用,在施肥第一年可以显著增加上层土壤的N、P含量,而在施肥后第二年对土壤N、P含量没有显著影响;在样地B中,添加N素对两年的土壤养分均没有显著影响:养分添加两个样地土壤中的元素比值(C:N比,C:P比,N:P比)没有显著影响;土壤养分对施N一年后的响应要高于第二年。 6.养分添加对凋落物化学特征及化学计量学特征的影响研究结果表明:凋落物现存量不受施肥的影响;2001年凋落物现存量与2000年和2001年的地上生物量相关关系不显著;添加N素可以显著提高凋落物的N含量,而对有机碳含量和P含量没有显著影响;凋落物C:N比随施肥梯度的增大而显著降低,N:P比显著增高,而C:P比没有明显变化。 以上研究结果表明,不同植物功能群的N:P比存在差异,人类活动强烈影响自然植被中的植物N:P比;但植物的N:P比不受植物进化的影响(豆科植物除外);由于植物已有数亿年的演化历史,同时N与P在植物的结构和功能上具有密切的联系,在生物地球化学循环中办存在耦合作用。因此植物N:P比值恒定可能是一普适性规律。 N素添加试验表明,在植物根、地上器官、物种和功能群水平上N与P均呈显著正相关关系,反映了植物体内的氮磷含量具有协同作用。共存种对N肥的响应不同,表明物种受不同元素的制约。因此除非把生态系统中所有物种对施肥的响应刻画清楚,笼统的认定生态系统缺乏某种元素是不适当的。 施肥试验表明,两种围封时间样地的主要限制性元素不同。极度退化(样地B)植物生长主要缺N,而在保护较好样地(样地A),P也逐步成为一种限制因素。反映了随着保护时间的增加,植物生长逐渐由N限制型向N、P共同限制型过渡。添加的养分要么被植物吸收,挥发到大气中,或以凋落物的形式返还到土壤表层。但是对养分的预算有待于进一步研究。土壤中的养分含量对N素添加有…个滞后效应,而植物响应较为迅速。功能群N:P比在施肥实验中不能保持恒定,可能是由于实验时间较短的缘故;化学计量学的研究表明羊草草原分解凋落物的微生物受P素的制约,可能是由于植物体内具有高的P素再转运机制。这一结论有待于进一步的验证。氮肥降低了凋落物的C:N比,因此凋落物的分解速率可能将要发生改变。这需要进一步开展C循环的研究。

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氮素是大多数陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。由于人类的工业和农业生产活动不断加剧,导致全球性氮沉降增加,使大多数生态系统氮素的可获得性增强。从而降低或消除了氮素对生态系统的限制作用,加速了生态系统生物地球化学过程,对物种多样性和生态系统结构与功能产生了显著的影响。但由于成土母质、气候条件、地形地貌、植被组成等的差异,不同生态系统类型对氮素增加的响应也不尽相同。欧洲和北美一些发达国家地区对于草地生态系统对于全球性氮沉降增加响应进行了较全面的研究,对于分布广泛的欧亚大陆草原研究相对不足。 本文研究选择对于欧亚大陆草原较具代表性的成熟羊草草原群落及该群落的退化类型为研究对象,从1999年开始,在这两类群落中选取地形相对平缓均一,植被组成一致的地段设置了施肥小区并进行持续氮素添加实验。本文研究了成熟和退化羊草草原群落物种功能特性与土壤微生物量C、N、P对氮素添加响应。 羊草群落中6种主要植物的地上生物量、种群密度、比叶面积、叶氮和叶绿素含量对于氮素添加响应以及各指标之间相关关系的分析表明:比叶面积、基于质量的叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值等叶片水平上物种功能特性间的相互作用,共同影响和决定了种群密度和地上生物量对氮素添加的响应。羊草通过提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量、种群密度及个体生物量等多重调节功能对氮素添加做出响应。西伯利亚羽茅主要通过提高比叶面积、单位质量叶片的叶绿素含量和含氮量,以及株丛生物量,使其在群落占据优势。大针茅和冰草在提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量的调节能力相对较低,种群密度沿氮素添加梯度显著降低。黄囊苔草只能通过提高叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量对氮素添加做出响应,其叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值沿氮素添加梯度逐渐降低,种群密度和地上生物量也显著降低。糙隐子草的叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值沿氮素添加梯度显著降低,但由于糙隐子草具有较高的SLA,且对叶绿素、叶片含氮量的调节能力较强,氮素添加处理没有对其种群密度和地上生物量产生显著的影响。上述结果支持Tilman的光资源竞争假说和Knops等的物种替代假说。 成熟和退化羊草群落土壤微生物量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、pH以及凋落物碳、氮、磷含量的测定结果表明:(1)成熟羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随氮素添加量的增加而降低;退化羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量沿氮素梯度表现出先增加而后降低的趋势;相关分析的结果显示各群落土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷均与土壤pH呈显著的正相关。(2)微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随土层深度的增加而下将;而对照的微生物量碳、氮、磷含量则与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。(3)年度间降水量差异对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷具有较大影响。综合上述研究结果,我们认为成熟羊草群落土壤微生物生长不受氮素限制,但退化群落不同;氮素添加导致的土壤酸化作用可能是两类群落表层土壤微生物量下降的主要因素,且这种影响主要集中在0-10cm的表层土壤;表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷对氮素添加的响应可能还受到其它因子(如生长季降水量)的影响;深层土壤微生物量较低主要是由于土壤有机质含量较低的缘故。

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The productivity level of a brackishwater fish culture farm consisting of 25 ponds, with a water spread area of 2.5 ha, was studied. Gross community photosynthesis of the farm was found to be 46.32 Kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the release of 13.23 of O2/m2/day, or the fixing of 4.10 gC/m2/day. Respiratory demand of the farm was estimated to be 44.66 kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the uptake of 12.76 g O2/m2/day or the utilization of 3.95 gC/m2/day. Photosynthetic efficiency of the farm was high at 2.26%. The P/R ratio was 1.04, showing eutrophic nature.

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The study deals with a series of experiments to investigate feeding and excretion in three species of bivalves: Perna viridis (Linné), Marcia cor (Sowerby) and Cassostrea gryphoides (Gould) from Manora Channel, Karachi. Bivalves were fed with suspensions of Ankistrodesmes labelled with P³². These animals showed a considerable variation in the average filtration rates depending upon species and the body lenght. Exceptionally high content of the P³² introduced with Akistrodesmes, got excreted as pseudofaeces and faeces within first three days following its absorption as a meal. The assimilated P³² is partly released as faecal material and its major proportion is directly transferred to the solution. As expexted the gonad and kidney are the main organs found responsible for excretion as comared to other body parts. Although, the assimilated P³² is mostly concentrated in the digestive glands, the results also show a significant presence of P³² in the gonads. Accumulation of P³² was the least in the foot.

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C、N、P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素,其可利用性和各元素之间的平衡关系将生态系统的物质循环有机统一为一个整体。化学计量生态学为研究这几种基本元素间的平衡提供了一个有力的理论框架。许多研究表明,过度放牧会改变生态系统的结构和功能,而放牧如何影响植物的C:N:P化学计量关系的却少见报道。本研究以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的草甸、草甸草原、典型草原和沙地四种植被类型中的灰脉苔草(Carex appendiculata)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigid)、克氏针茅(S. krylovii)和榆树(Ulmus Pumila)疏林沙地8个草地群落为研究对象,对长期禁牧样地和自由放牧样地中273种植物,其中禁牧与放牧样地中的共有植物种为144个,测定了植物叶片C: N: P化学计量特征以及植株高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株(丛)生物量、茎叶比等功能性状,系统地研究了放牧对植物C:N:P化学计量特征和资源分配的影响。取得了如下主要研究结果和结论: 1. 放牧降低了植物叶片的C:N比,但增加了N:P比和C:P比。C:N:P 化学计量比的变化主要受叶片N和P含量变化的影响; 2. 植物C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应同时受水分条件的制约。沿水分梯度分布的不同植被类型中,植物叶片C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应不同。草甸群落中,植物叶片C含量显著降低,N和P含量显著增加;在草甸草原群落中,植物叶片C、P含量减少,N含量显著增加;而在典型草原群落中,植物叶片C、N和P含量均显著降低; 3. 在物种水平上,C、N、P含量对放牧的响应分为:显著增加、显著降低和没有显著变化三种类型。放牧影响下,植物叶片N含量和N:P比在显著升高的物种多于显著降低的,而叶片C含量、C:N和C:P显著降低的物种占的比例很小,表明植物对放牧适应策略与物种本身的生物学特性有着密切的关系。 4. 过度放牧使植物的植株高度、丛幅大小、株丛数、茎叶比和单株生物量均显著降低,即植物整体呈现小型化现象,进而导致群落初级生产力、茎和叶生物量下降。轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响,单株(丛)生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均呈增加趋势,这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。 5. 过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略,使生物量向叶的分配比例增加,向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是草地植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策。

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A novel pair of the E- and Z-isomeric 1R,4R-2-(4-heptyloxyphenyl)-benzylidene-p-menthan-3-ones has been prepared and the influence of distinctions in their molecular geometry on macroscopic properties of liquid crystal systems with the induced supra-molecular helical structure has been studied. The significantly lower helical twisting power of the chiral Z-isomer in comparison with that of E- one has been confirmed in the case of induced cholesteric systems based on 4-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl. The phase behavior and ferroelectric characteristics have been investigated for smectic-C* compositions based on the eutectic mixture of the homological 4-hexyloxyphenyl-4'-hexyloxy- and 4-hexyloxyphenyl-4'-octyloxybenzoates containing the novel isomeric chiral dopants. The spontaneous polarisation of the opposite signs induced by the isomeric chiral components has been revealed for the compositions studied. Distinctions in phase states, absolute values of the spontaneous polarization, smectic tilt angle and rotation viscosity of the systems obtained are discussed.

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Some 1R,4R-2-(4-phenylbenzylidene)-p-menthane-3-one derivatives containing the ether or ester linking group between benzene rings of the arylidene fragment have been studied as chiral dopants in ferroelectric liquid crystal systems based on the eutectic mixture (1:1) of two phenylbenzoate derivatives CmH2m+1OC6H4COOC6 H4OCnH2n+1 (n = 6; m = 8, 10). The ferroelectric properties of these compositions (spontaneous polarization, rotation viscosity, smectic tilt angle as well as quantitative characteristics of their concentration dependences) were compared with those for systems including chiral dopants containing no linking group. Ferroelectric parameters of the induced ferroelectric compositions studied have been shown to depend essentially on the presence of the linking group between benzene rings and its nature as well as on the number of the benzene rings in the rigid molecular core of the chiral dopants used. For all ferroelectric liquid crystal systems studied, the influence of the chiral dopants on the thermal stability of N*, SmA and SmC* mesophases has been quantified. The influence of the linking group nature in the dopant molecules on the characteristics of the systems studied is discussed taking into account results of the conformational analysis carried out by the semi-empirical AM1 and PM3 methods.

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The author gives a financial and economic valuation of the operation of vessels in the 38 foot GRP class. He discusses particularly the materials and methods of fishing they use, species composition of their catches, their rate of return, break-even analysis, financial and social analysis.

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(1R,4R)-2-(4-Hydroxybenzylidene)- and (1R,4R)-2-(4′-hydroxybiphenyl- 4-yl)methylene-p-menthan-3-ones were synthesized by condensation of (-)-menthone with O-tetrahydropyran-2-yl derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4′-hydroxy-4-formylbiphenyl, respectively, in a DMSO - base medium followed by the removal of the protective group. The reactions of these hydroxy derivatives with 4-alkylbenzoic, 4-alkyloxybenzoic, trans-4-alkylcyclohexane-4- carboxylic, and 4′-alkylbiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids afforded three series of new chiral esters. Compounds containing the arylidene moiety with three benzene rings were found to exhibit liquid-crystalline properties. The characteristic features of these compounds are discussed based on the results of studies by polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle X-ray scattering. It was found that the mesomorphic compounds under study can form a smectic A mesophase, twist grain boundary mesophases (TGBA), and blue phases in a wide temperature range. Upon dissolution of certain of chiral compounds in 4′-cyano-4-pentylbiphenyl, a rather high twisting power and the thermal stabilizing effect on mesophases were observed.

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New 2-arylidene-p-menthane-3-ones containing the ether bridging group in the arylidene fragment have been synthesized and studied as chiral dopants in ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures. The ferroelectric properties of these compositions were compared with those for compositions including chiral dopants that do not contain any bridging group. The influence of bridging group and terminal alkyl substituent length in the dopant molecule on the ferroelectric parameters of systems studied is discussed. © 2001 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Gordon and Breach Science Publishers imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group,.

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This study document effects of short-term (96h) sublethal levels of copper, cadmium and their mixture on the amino acid composition of postlarvae of the penaeid shrimp, P.monodon and P.penicillatus . All experimental conditions were kept constant, temperature between 25-27•C and salinity 21-22 ppt. The estimated LD50 for Cu was 200 ug/L, for Cd 177.5 ug/L and for Cu.Cd mixture 250ug/L. In P. penicillatus at the same concentration of each metal, there was significant reduction in amino acid content, which was 8.01% higher than the control. Almost similar reduction in some amino acids was observed in P.monodon. At the maximum concentration of 400 ug/L, cadmium caused higher reduction in amino acid composition than did copper. Thus, amino acid composition may be regarded as a sensitive biochemical indicator of Cu and Cd toxicity because of the effect of these metals on protein synthesis, a signal of physiological stress in marine organisms subjected to heavy metal pollution.