Social dynamics for sustainable food systems : Actors' orientations towards sustainability in primary production and public consumption

The modern food system and sustainable development form a conceptual combination that suggests sustainability deficits in environmental impacts and nutritional status of western populations. This study explores actors orientations towards sustainability by probing into social dynamics for sustainability within primary production and public consumption. If actors within these two worlds were to express converging orientations for sustainability, the system dynamics of the market would enable more sustainable growth in terms of production dictated by consumption. The study is based on a constructivist research approach with qualitative text analyses. The findings were validated by internal and external food system actors and are suggested to represent current social dynamics within Finnish food system. The key findings included primary producers social skilfulness, which enabled networking with other actors in very different paths of life, learning in order to promote one s trade, and trusting reflectively in partners in order to expand business. These activities extended the supply chain in a spiral fashion by horizontal and vertical forward integration, until large retailers were met for negotiations on a more equal basis. This mode of chain level coordination, typically building around the core of social and partnership relations, was coined as a socially overlaid network, and seen as sustainable coordination mode for endogenous growth. The caterers exhibited more or less committed professional identity for sustainability within their reach. The facilitating approaches for professional identities dealt successfully with local and organic food in addition to domestic food, and also imported food. The co-operation with supply chains created innovative solutions and savings for the business parties to be shared. There were also more complicated identities as juggling, critical and delimited approaches for sustainability, with less productive efforts due to restrictions such as absence of organisational sustainability strategy, weak presence of local and organic suppliers, limited understanding about sustainability and no organisational resources for informed choices for sustainability. The convergence between producers and caterers existed to an extent allowing suggestion that increased clarity about sustainable consumption and production by actors could be constructed using advanced tools. The study looks for introduction of more profound environmental and socio-economic knowledge through participatory research with supply chain actors. Learning in the workplace about food system reality in terms of supply chain co-operation may prove to be a change engine that leads to advanced network operations and a more sustainable food system.

Social dynamics for sustainable food systems. Actors’ orientations towards sustainability in primary production and public consumption

Abstract The modern food system and sustainable development form a conceptual combination that suggests sustainability deficits in the ways we deal with food consumption and production - in terms of economic relations, environmental impacts and nutritional status of western population. This study explores actors’ orientations towards sustainability by taking into account actors’ embedded positions within structures of the food system, actors’ economic relations and views about sustainability as well as their possibilities for progressive activities. The study looks particularly at social dynamics for sustainability within primary production and public consumption. If actors within these two worlds were to express converging orientations for sustainability, the system dynamics of the market would enable more sustainable growth in terms of production dictated by consumption. The study is based on a constructivist research approach with qualitative text analyses. The data consisted of three text corpora, the ‘local food corpus’, the ‘catering corpus’ and the ‘mixed corpus’. The local food actors were interviewed about their economic exchange relations. The caterers’ interviews dealt with their professional identity for sustainability. Finally, the mixed corpus assembled a dialogue as a participatory research approach, which was applied in order to enable researcher and caterer learning about the use of organic milk in public catering. The data were analysed for theoretically conceptualised relations, expressing behavioural patterns in actors’ everyday work as interpreted by the researcher. The findings were corroborated by the internal and external communities of food system actors. The interpretations have some validity, although they only present abstractions of everyday life and its rich, even opaque, fabric of meanings and aims. The key findings included primary producers’ social skilfulness, which enabled networking with other actors in very different paths of life, learning in order to promote one’s trade, and trusting reflectively in partners in order to extend business. These activities expanded the supply chain in a spiral fashion by horizontal and vertical forward integration, until large retailers were met for negotiations on a more equal or ‘other regarding’ basis. This kind of chain level coordination, typically building around the core of social and partnership relations, was coined as a socially overlaid network. It supported market access of local farmers, rooted in their farms, who were able to draw on local capital and labour in promotion of competitive business; the growth was endogenous. These kinds of chains – one conventional and one organic – were different from the strategic chain, which was more profit based and while highly competitive, presented exogenous growth as it depended on imported capital and local employees. However, the strategic chain offered learning opportunities and support for the local economy. The caterers exhibited more or less committed professional identity for sustainability within their reach. The facilitating and balanced approaches for professional identities dealt successfully with local and organic food in addition to domestic food, and also imported food. The co-operation with supply chains created innovative solutions and savings for the business parties to be shared. The rule-abiding approach for sustainability only made choices among organic supply chains without extending into co-operation with actors. There were also more complicated and troubled identities as juggling, critical and delimited approaches for sustainability, with less productive efforts due to restrictions such as absence of organisational sustainability strategy, weak presence of local and organic suppliers, limited understanding about sustainability and no organisational resources to develop changes towards a sustainable food system. Learning in the workplace about food system reality in terms of supply chain co-operation may prove to be a change engine that leads to advanced network operations and a more sustainable food system. The convergence between primary producers and caterers existed to an extent allowing suggestion that increased clarity about sustainable consumption and production by actors could be approached using advanced tools. The study looks for introduction of more profound environmental and socio-economic knowledge through participatory research with supply chain actors in order to promote more sustainable food systems. Summary of original publications and the authors’ contribution I Mikkola, M. & Seppänen, L. 2006. Farmers’ new participation in food chains: making horizontal and vertical progress by networking. In: Langeveld, H. & Röling N. (Eds.). Changing European farming systems for a better future. New visions for rural areas. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers: 267–271. II Mikkola, M. 2008. Coordinative structures and development of food supply chains. British Food Journal 110 (2): 189–205. III Mikkola, M. 2009. Shaping professional identity for sustainability. Evidence in Finnish public catering. Appetite 53 (1): 56–65. IV Mikkola, M. 2009. Catering for sustainability: building a dialogue on organic milk. Agronomy Research 7 (Special issue 2): 668–676. Minna Mikkola has been responsible for developing the generic research frame, particular research questions, the planning and collection of the data, their qualitative analysis and writing the articles I, II, III and IV. Dr Laura Seppänen has contributed to the development of the generic research frame and article I by introducing the author to the basic concepts of economic sociology and by supporting the writing of article II with her critical comments. Articles are printed with permission from the publishers.

CSR in forest industry – Case study of reporting and implementation of social responsibility in three international companies

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important topic in forest industries, and other global companies, in recent years. Globalisation, faster information delivery and demand for sustainable development have set new challenges for global companies in their business operations. Also the importance of stakeholder relations, and pressure to become more transparent has increased in the forest industries. Three dimensions of corporate responsibility economic, environmental and social, are often included in the concept of CSR. Global companies mostly claim that these dimensions are equally important. This study analyses CSR in forest industry and has focus on reporting and implementation of social responsibility in three international companies. These case-companies are Stora Enso, SCA and Sappi, and they have different geographical base, product portfolios and therefore present interesting differences about forest industry strategy and CSR. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has created the most known and used reporting framework in CSR reporting. GRI Guidelines have made CSR reporting a uniform function, which can also be measured between companies and different sectors. GRI Guidelines have also made it possible to record and control CSR data in the companies. In recent years the use of GRI Guidelines has increased substantially. Typically CSR reporting on economic and environmental responsibility have been systematic in the global companies and often driven by legistlation and other regulations. However the social responsibility has been less regulated and more difficult to compare. Therefore it has previously been often less focused in the CSR reporting of the global companies. The implementation and use of GRI Guidelines have also increased dialogue on social responsibility issues and stakeholder management in global companies. This study analyses the use of GRI´s framework in the forest industry companies´ CSR reporting. This is a qualitative study and the disclosure of data is empricially analysed using content analysis. Content analysis has been selected as a method for this study because it makes it possible to use different sources of information. The data of this study consists of existing academic literature of CSR, sustainability reports of thecase-companies during 2005-2009, and the semi-structured interviews with company representatives. Different sources provide the possibility to look at specific subject from more than one viewpoint. The results of the study show that all case-companies have relatively common themes in their CSR disclosure, and the differences rise mainly from their product-portfolios, and geographic base. Social impacts to local communities, in the CSR of the companies, were mainly dominated by issues concerning creating wealth to the society and impacting communities through creation of work. The comparability of the CSR reporting, and especially social indicators increased significally from 2007 onwards in all case-companies. Even though the companies claim that three dimensions of CSR economic, environmental and social are equally important economic issues and profit improvement still seem to drive most of the operations in the global companies. Many issues that are covered by laws and regulations are still essentially presented as social responsibility in CSR. However often the unwelcome issues in companies like closing operations are covered just briefly, and without adequate explanation. To make social responsibility equally important in the CSR it would demand more emphasis from all the case-companies. A lot of emphasis should be put especially on the detail and extensiveness of the social reponsibility content in the CSR.

Factors affecting perceptions of corporate social responsibility implementation: an emphasis on values

This dissertation is a broad study of factors affecting perceptions of CSR issues in multiple stakeholder realms, the main purpose being to determine the effects of the values of individuals on their perceptions regarding CSR. It examines perceptions of CSR both at the emic (observing individuals and stakeholders) and etic levels (conducting cross-cultural comparison) through a descriptive-empirical research strategy. The dissertation is based on quantitative interview data among Chinese, Finnish and US stakeholder groups of industry companies (with an emphasis on the forest industries) and consists of four published articles and two submitted manuscripts. Theoretically, this dissertation provides a valuable and unique philosophical and intellectual perspective on the contemporary study of CSR `The Harmony Approach to CSR'. Empirically, this dissertation does values assessment and CSR evaluation of a wide variety of business activities covering CSR reporting, business ethics, and three dimensions of CSR performance. From the multi-stakeholder perspective, this dissertation use survey methods to examine the perceptions and stakeholder salience in the context of CSR by describing, comparing the differences between demographic factors as well as hypothetical drivers behind perceptions. The results of study suggest that the CSR objective of a corporation's top management should be to manage the divergent and conflicting interests of multiple stakeholders, taking others than key stakeholders into account as well. The importance of values as a driver of ethical behaviour and decision-making has been generally recognized. This dissertation provides more empirical proof of this theory by highlighting the effects of values on CSR perceptions. It suggests that since the way to encourage responsible behaviour and develop CSR is to develop individual values and cultivate their virtues, it is time to invoke the critical role of moral (ethics) education. The specific studies of China and comparison between Finland and the US contribute to a common understanding of the emerging CSR issues, problems and opportunities for the future of sustainability. The similarities among these countries can enhance international cooperation, while the differences will open up opportunities and diversified solutions for CSR in local conditions.

Ley natural, diálogo social y convicciones creyentes

Resumen: El artículo plantea una lectura transversal del Documento de la Comisión Teológica Internacional, titulado “En busca de una ética universal: una nueva mirada sobre la ley natural” de tal manera que, a partir del reconocimiento de una ley natural que subyace a toda norma, se procura mostrar cómo esa convicción no impide la participación de los cristianos en el diálogo social. El autor señala las paradojas a las que conduce la ética de la discusión y el lugar de la discusión pública como estímulo para alcanzar la verdad. Enfatiza la importancia del amor a la verdad como condición necesaria para que una sociedad sea noble y respetable. Considera el lugar del diálogo y el consenso y la existencia de una verdad última que la inteligencia puede captar en el marco de un sano pluralismo. También aborda la relación entre este pluralismo y las religiones y su contribución al debate público.

Delimitación del Marketing con Causa o Marketing Social Corporativo mediante el análisis de empresas que realizan acciones de responsabilidad social

Extracto del trabajo de investigación presentado en el programa de doctorado, que además está incluido en el formato de artículo en los anales (proceedings) de las II Jornadas Internacionales de Marketing Público y No Lucrativo (Zaragoza, abril de 2003).

Una iniciativa social en la recuperación textil que genera empleo: Berohi S. Coop.

[ES] El incremento del consumo de ropa provoca que año a año aumente el volumen de ropa desechada, y con éste, la conciencia sobre la necesidad de reutilizar dicho recurso. Berohi S. Coop. es una de las empresas dedicadas a la recuperación y reciclaje del textil usado, con origen en Bizkaia. La concepción inicial y desarrollo del proyecto empresarial Berohi S. Coop. constituyen el eje central del caso.

Combined useage statistics as a basis for Research intelligence

Knowledge Exchange hosted a workshop in March 2010 with the aim to bring together technical experts working in partner projects collecting usage statistics including PIRUS2, OAstatistik and SURFsure projects. Experts from other related projects (RePec and NeeO) were also involved. The workshop produced a briefing paper on combined usage statistics as a basis for research intelligence. In this paper, the experts make a cause for collecting and exchanging usage statistics as this can provide valuable insight in how research is being used, not only by the research community, but also by business and society in general. This would provide a basis for 'Research Intelligence', an intelligent use of reliable numerical data which can be used as a basis for decision making in higher education and research. Usage statistics are a clear example of data which can offer a valuable contribution to the information required to make informed decisions. To allow for the meaningful collection, exchange and analysis of usage statistics, a number of challenges and opportunities need to be addressed and further steps need to be taken.

Faborez: App social de petición de favores instantáneos

Este Proyecto Fin de Carrera ha realizado el diseño y la implementación de la aplicación social Faborez, para la petición de favores instantáneos. El desarrollo se ha realizado en un marco de integración y colaboración directa de los usuarios en el proyecto, partiendo de un Minimum Viable Product inicial e integrando su feedback en la progresiva ampliación de las características del servicio. En implementación se han utilizado tecnologías emergentes, todas de código abierto: MongoDB y Redis para el almacenamiento de datos, Sails.js como plataforma base para el backend y desarrollando como clientes una aplicación web y otra Android nativa.

Breaking the 400 ppm barrier: Physical and Social implications of the recent CO2 rise

6 p.

Gestão de saúde, segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social em micro e pequenas empresas recicladoras de plásticos PEBD e PET no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A presente dissertação tem como tema a gestão de saúde, segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social em micro e pequenas empresas recicladoras de plásticos PEBD e PET no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A reciclagem de plástico contribui para minimizar os resíduos sólidos gerados pelos processos industriais. O objetivo geral deste estudo é verificar como as atividades de reciclagem impactam na saúde e na segurança do trabalhador e levantar algumas questões relacionadas com a responsabilidade sócio-ambiental, com destaque para o atendimento às normas regulamentadoras, legislação de saúde, segurança e meio ambiente aplicável e sistemas de gestão. Para atingir tal objetivo, a metodologia do presente estudo foi dividida em: pesquisa bibliográfica, elaborada através de consultas a livros, a artigos, a legislação e a bancos de dados de reconhecida credibilidade; elaboração de um questionário direcionado; visitas técnicas, e entrevistas com os encarregados ou donos das empresas, a fim de obter dados para avaliar as condições de trabalho relativas à saúde e segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social. Durante esta etapa foram visitadas quatro recicladoras de plástico, todas situadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sendo três do segmento de PEBD e uma de PET. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, numa avaliação global, apenas 24% dos itens avaliados foram atendidos na sua íntegra, o que demonstra um baixo índice de atendimento às questões relativas à saúde, segurança e meio ambiente e responsabilidade social. Nas avaliações individuais destes mesmos itens constatou-se que o atendimento foi de 38%, 10% e 54%, respectivamente. Enfim, o presente estudo mostra que há necessidade de maior atenção aos requisitos relativos à saúde e segurança do trabalhador, ao meio ambiente e às questões sociais, em função dos riscos do processo de produção do plástico reciclado

Identificação de indicadores globais para as áreas de sustentabilidade ambiental e responsabilidade social: estudo de caso em uma indústria de fornecimento de insumos para o refino de petróleo

A integração da sustentabilidade ambiental junto à responsabilidade social tem sido cada vez mais o foco de inúmeras discussões de âmbito mundial. Assim com a expansão deste conceito, a valorização do colaborador e a preservação do meio ambiente ganham importância como instrumento de gestão, não apenas para aderir à legislação, mas também para aprimorar a qualidade, a competitividade e as reivindicações da comunidade. Deste modo, os indicadores, como ferramenta de apoio, buscam atender as observâncias através de informações que mensuram e apontam à postura socioambiental a expectativas empresariais. Neste contexto, este estudo aponta a necessidade da proposição de indicadores globais que integrados e sistêmicos auxiliem no gerenciamento empresarial cujos resultados primem pelo desenvolvimento de maneira convergente à sustentabilidade nas diversas áreas que compõem a indústria de fornecimento de insumos para o refino de petróleo. Com a utilização de questionário sobre relevância e disponibilidade dos dados sobre os indicadores e através da metodologia da Soma ponderada foi organizada uma priorização entre os indicadores levantados na empresa, contíguo à proposição de indicadores de responsabilidade social. Em seguida, foram elaborados os respectivos indicadores globais: sustentabilidade ambiental e desempenho ambiental. Destarte, são recomendadas maiores pesquisas para o desenvolvimento contínuo dos indicadores globais, além da implantação de indicadores de responsabilidade social, a fim de contribuir ao posicionamento teórico e avaliação das atuações práticas

Evaluation of a programme to improve emotional intelligence during adolescence

348 p.

Influencia del vehículo eléctrico en la red eléctrica, en función del comportamiento social.

[ES]En la actualidad, el modelo de transporte apenas ha avanzado en el intento de frenar el Cambio Climático o en el cuidado del medio ambiente. Además, el gran negocio que existe detrás del petróleo hace que este tipo de transporte sea poco sostenible. Es por eso que se está desarrollando, a nivel nacional e internacional, una solución a dicho problema que es el uso del vehiculó eléctrico (VE). La introducción masiva del VE permitirá el uso extensivo de fuentes de energía no contaminantes e intermitentes, como son las energías renovables. Sin embargo, los VEs están lejos de ser una tecnología probada. Existen aún muchos problemas en torno a él que deben ser resueltos, entre ellos se encuentra el desarrollo de las baterías, su modelo de negocio y coste o la influencia de la conexión del VE sobre la red eléctrica. Este último problema, estará muy influenciado por el comportamiento social del futuro conductor, lo cual es el eje central del proyecto.