Resonantly loaded apertures for high-resolution near field surface imaging

A novel type of microwave probes based on the loaded aperture geometry has been proposed and experimentally evaluated for dielectrics characterisation and high-resolution near-field imaging. Experimental results demonstrate the possibility of very accurate microwave spectroscopic characterisation of thin lossy dielectric samples and biological materials containing water. High-resolution images of the subwavelength lossy dielectric strips and wet and dry leaves have been obtained with amplitude contrast around 10-20 dB and spatial resolution better than one-tenth of a wavelength in the near-field zone. A microwave imaging scenario for the early-stage skin cancer identification based on the artificial dielectric model has also been explored. This model study shows that the typical resolution of an artificial malignant tumour with a characteristic size of one-tenth of a wavelength can be discriminated with at least 6 dB amplitude and 50° phase contrast from the artificial healthy skin and with more than 3 dB contrast from a benign lesion of the same size. It has also been demonstrated that the proposed device can efficiently deliver microwave energy to very small, subwavelength, focal areas which is highly sought in the microwave hyperthermia applications.

Laser Surface Treatment of Polyamide and NiTi Alloy and the Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play important roles in development, post-natal growth, repair, and regeneration of mesenchymal tissues. What is more, surface treatments are widely reported to affect the biomimetic nature of materials. This paper will detail, discuss and compare laser surface treatment of polyamide (Polyamide 6,6), using a 60 W CO2 laser, and NiTi alloy, using a 100 W fiber laser, and the effects of these treatments on mesenchymal stem cell response. The surface morphology and composition of the polyamide and NiTi alloy were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. MSC cell morphology cell counting and viability measurements were done by employing a haemocytometer and MTT colorimetric assay. The success of enhanced adhesion and spreading of the MSCs on each of the laser surface treated samples, when compared to as-received samples, is evidenced in this work. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Fibre laser joining of highly dissimilar materials: Commercially pure Ti and PET hybrid joint for medical device applications

Laser transmission joining (LTJ) is growing in importance, and has the potential to become a niche technique for the fabrication of hybrid plastic-metal joints for medical device applications. The possibility of directly joining plastics to metals by LTJ has been demonstrated by a number of recent studies. However, a reliable and quantitative method for defining the contact area between the plastic and metal, facilitating calculation of the mechanical shear stress of the hybrid joints, is still lacking. A new method, based on image analysis using ImageJ, is proposed here to quantify the contact area at the joint interface. The effect of discolouration on the mechanical performance of the hybrid joints is also reported for the first time. Biocompatible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and commercially pure titanium (Ti) were selected as materials for laser joining using a 200 W CW fibre laser system. The effect of laser power, scanning speed and stand-off distance between the nozzle tip and top surface of the plastic were studied and analysed by Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and ANOVA respectively. The surface morphology, structure and elemental composition on the PET and Ti surfaces after shearing/peeling apart were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD and XPS.

A comparison of gold nanoparticle surface co-functionalization approaches using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and the effect on stability, non-specific protein adsorption and internalization

To create clinically useful gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based cancer therapeutics it is necessary to co-functionalize the AuNP surface with a range of moieties; e.g. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), peptides and drugs. AuNPs can be functionalized by creating either a mixed monolayer by attaching all the moieties directly to the surface using thiol chemistry, or by binding groups to the surface by means of a bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. The linker methodology has the potential to enhance bioavailability and the amount of functional agent that can be attached. While there is a large body of published work using both surface arrangements independently, the impact of attachment methodology on stability, non-specific protein adsorption and cellular uptake is not well understood, with no published studies directly comparing the two most frequently employed approaches. This paper compares the two methodologies by synthesizing and characterizing PEG and Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) peptide co-functionalized AuNPs prepared using both the mixed monolayer and linker approaches. Successful attachment of both PEG and RME peptide using the two methods was confirmed using Dynamic Light Scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis. It was observed that while the 'as synthesized' citrate capped AuNPs agglomerated under physiological salt conditions, all the mixed monolayer and PEG linker capped samples remained stable at 1M NaCl, and were stable in PBS over extended periods. While it was noted that both functionalization methods inhibited non-specific protein attachment, the mixed monolayer samples did show some changes in gel electrophoresis migration profile after incubation with fetal calf serum. PEG renders the AuNP stable in-vivo however, studies with MDA-MB-231 and MCF 10A cell lines indicated that functionalization with PEG, blocks cellular uptake. It was observed that co-functionalization with RME peptide using both the mixed monolayer and PEG linker methods greatly enhanced cellular internalization compared to PEG capped AuNPs.

Study of multiferroic materials

The present PhD work aims the research and development of materials that exhibit multiferroic properties, in particular having a significant interaction between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity; either directly within an intrinsic single phase or by combining extrinsic materials, achieving the coupling of properties through mechanic phenomena of the respective magnetostriction and piezoelectricity. These hybrid properties will allow the cross modification of magnetic and electric polarization states by the application of cross external magnetic and/or electric fields, giving way to a vast area for scientific investigation and potential technological applications in a new generation of electronic devices, such as computer memories, signal processing, transducers, sensors, etc. Initial experimental work consisted in chemical synthesis of nano powders oxides by urea pyrolysis method: A series of ceramic bulk composites with potential multiferroic properties comprised: of LuMnO3 with La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and BaTiO3 with La0.7Ba0.3MnO3; and a series based on the intrinsic multiferroic LuMn1-zO3 phase modified with of Manganese vacancies. The acquisition of a new magnetron RF sputtering deposition system, in the Physics Department of Aveiro University, contributed to the proposal of an analogous experimental study in multiferroic thin films and multilayer samples. Besides the operational debut of this equipment several technical upgrades were completed like: the design and construction of the heater electrical contacts; specific shutters and supports for the magnetrons and for the substrate holder and; the addition of mass flow controllers, which allowed the introduction of N2 or O2 active atmosphere in the chamber; and the addition of a second RF generator, enabling co-deposition of different targets. Base study of the deposition conditions and resulting thin films characteristics in different substrates was made from an extensive list of targets. Particular attention was given to thin film deposition of magnetic phases La1-xSrxMnO3, La1-xBaxMnO3 and Ni2+x-yMn1-xGa1+y alloy, from the respective targets: La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3; and NiGa with NiMn. Main structural characterization of samples was performed by conventional and high resolution X-Ray Diffraction (XRD); chemical composition was determined by Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS); magnetization measurements recur to a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) prototype; and surface probing (SPM) using Magnetic-Force (MFM) and Piezo-Response (PFM) Microscopy. Results clearly show that the composite bulk samples (LuM+LSM and BTO+LBM) feat the intended quality objectives in terms of phase composition and purity, having spurious contents below 0.5 %. SEM images confirm compact grain packaging and size distribution around the 50 nm scale. Electric conductivity, magnetization intensity and magneto impedance spreading response are coherent with the relative amount of magnetic phase in the sample. The existence of coupling between the functional phases is confirmed by the Magnetoelectric effect measurements of the sample “78%LuM+22%LSM” reaching 300% of electric response for 1 T at 100 kHz; while in the “78%BTO+22%LBM” sample the structural transitions of the magnetic phase at ~350 K result in a inversion of ME coefficient the behavior. A functional Magneto-Resistance measurement system was assembled from the concept stage until the, development and operational status; it enabled to test samples from 77 to 350 K, under an applied magnetic field up to 1 Tesla with 360º horizontal rotation; this system was also designed to measure Hall effect and has the potential to be further upgraded. Under collaboration protocols established with national and international institutions, complementary courses and sample characterization studies were performed using Magneto-Resistance (MR), Magneto-Impedance (MZ) and Magneto-Electric (ME) measurements; Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS); SQUID and VSM magnetization; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS); Scan Probe Microscopy (SPM) with Band Excitation Probe Spectroscopy (BEPS); Neutron Powder Diffraction (NPD) and Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC). Additional collaboration in research projects outside the scope of multiferroic materials provided further experience in sample preparation and characterization techniques, namely VSM and XPS measurements were performed in cubane molecular complex compounds and enable to identify the oxidation state of the integrating cluster of Ru ions; also, XRD and EDS/SEM analysis of the acquired targets and substrates implied the devolution of some items not in conformity with the specifications. Direct cooperation with parallel research projects regarding multiferroic materials, enable the assess to supplementary samples, namely a preliminary series of nanopowder Y1-x-yCaxØyMn1O3 and of Eu0.8Y0.2MnO3, a series of micropowder composites of LuMnO3 with La0.625Sr0.375MnO3 and of BaTiO3 with hexagonal ferrites; mono and polycrystalline samples of Pr1-xCaxMnO3, La1-xSrxMnO3 and La1-xCaxMnO3.

Novel microporous silicates and mesoporous MCM materials derivatised with inorganic and organometallic complexes

Os materiais microporosos e mesoporosos são potenciais catalisadores heterogéneos. Os zeólitos e outros materiais microporosos do tipo zeolítico tradicionais, têm átomos tetracoordenados no esqueleto. Nos últimos anos, um vasto número de titanossilicatos contendo Ti(IV) hexacoordenado e Si(IV) tetracoordenado, com estruturas tridimensionais, têm sido alvo de grande interesse. Um dos objectivos desta tese foi preparar silicatos microporosos, contendo átomos metálicos com número de coordenação superior a quatro, e possuindo quer novas estruturas quer propriedades físicas e químicas interessantes. Neste contexto, foi preparado um novo ítriossilicato de sódio, AV-1, análogo do raro mineral montregianite, Na4K2Y2Si16O38·10H2O. Este material é o primeiro sólido microporoso que contem quantidades estequiométricas de sódio (e ítrio) no esqueleto. Foi, também, sintetizado um silicato de cério, AV-5, análogo estrutural do mineral montregianite com potencial aplicação em optoelectrónica. Nesta tese é, ainda, descrita a síntese e caracterização estrutural de um silicato de cálcio hidratado, AV-2, análogo do raro mineral rhodesite (K2Ca4Na2Si16O38.12H2O). Na continuação do trabalho desenvolvido em Aveiro na síntese de novos titanossilicatos surgiu o interesse de preparar novos zirconossilicatos microporosos por síntese hidrotérmica. Foram preparados dois novos materiais análogos dos minerais petarasite Na5Zr2Si3O18(Cl,OH)·2H2O (AV-3) e kostylevite, K2Si3O9·H2O (AV-8). Foram, também, obtidos análogos sintéticos dos minerais parakeldyshite e wadeite, por calcinação a alta temperatura de AV-3 e de umbite sintética. A heterogeneização de complexos organometálicos na superfície de materiais mesoporosos do tipo M41S permite associar a grande actividade catalítica e a presença de sítios activos localizados típicos dos complexos organometálicos, com a robustez e fácil separação, características dos materiais mesoporosos siliciosos. Nesta dissertação relata-se a derivatização dos materiais MCM-41 e MCM-48 através da reacção de [SiMe2{(h5-C5H4)2}]Fe e [SiMe2{(h5-C5H4)2}]TiCl2 com os grupos silanol das superfícies mesoporosas. Os materiais MCMs derivatizados com ansa-titanoceno foram testados na epoxidação de cicloocteno a 323 K na presença de hidrogenoperóxido de t-butilo. Estudou-se a heterogeneização dos sais de complexos com ligação metal-metal [Mo2(MeCN)10][BF4]4, [Mo2(m-O2CMe)2(MeCN)6][BF4]2 e [Mo2(m- O2CMe)2(dppa)2(MeCN)2][BF4]2 via imobilização nos canais do MCM-41. A imobilização dos catalisadores homogéneos na superfície do MCM-41 envolve a saída dos ligandos nitrilo lábeis, preferencialmente em posição axial, através da reacção com os grupos Si-OH da sílica. Verificou-se que a ligação Mo-Mo se mantém intacta nos produtos finais. É provável que estes materiais sejam eficientes catalisadores heterogéneos em reacções de polimerização. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas nesta tese foram a difracção de raios-X de pós, a microscopia electrónica de varrimento, a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear do estado sólido (núcleos 13C, 23Na e 29Si), as espectroscopias de Raman e infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier, as análises termogravimétricas e as análises de adsorção de água e azoto.

Study of oxidation and non-enzymatic glycosylation posttranslational modifications using a proteomic approach

A glicosilação não-enzimática e o stress oxidativo representam dois processos importantes visto desempenharem um papel importante no que respeita às complicações de vários processos patofisiológicos. No presente, a associação entre a glicosilação não-enzimática e a oxidação de proteínas é reconhecida como sendo um dos principais responsáveis pela acumulação de proteínas não-funcionais que, por sua vez, promove uma contínua sensibilização para um aumento do stress oxidativo ao nível celular. Embora esteja disponível bastante informação no que respeita aos dois processos e suas consequências ao nível estrutural e funcional, permanecem questões por esclarecer acerca do que se desenvolve ao nível molecular. Com o objectivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da relação entre a glicosilação não-enzimática e a oxidação, proteínas modelo (albumina, insulina e histonas H2B e H1) foram submetidas a sistemas in vitro de glicosilação não-enzimática e oxidação em condições controladas e durante um período de tempo específico. A identificação dos locais de glicosilação e oxidação foi realizada através de uma abordagem proteómica, na qual após digestão enzimática se procedeu à análise por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa tandem (MALDI-TOF/TOF). Esta abordagem permitiu a obtenção de elevadas taxas de cobertura das sequências proteicas, permitindo a identificação dos locais preferenciais de glicosilação e oxidação nas diferentes proteínas estudadas. Como esperado, os resíduos de lisina foram os preferencialmente glicosilados. No que respeita à oxidação, além das modificações envolvendo hidroxilações e adições de oxigénio, foram identificadas deamidações, carbamilações e conversões oxidativas específicas de vários aminoácidos. No geral, os resíduos mais afectados pela oxidação foram os resíduos de cisteína, metionina, triptofano, tirosina, prolina, lisina e fenilalanina. Ao longo do período de tempo estudado, os resultados indicaram que a oxidação teve início em zonas expostas da proteína e/ou localizadas na vizinhança de resíduos de cisteína e metionina, ao invés de exibir um comportamente aleatório, ocorrendo de uma forma nãolinear por sua vez dependente da estabilidade conformacional da proteína. O estudo ao longo do tempo mostrou igualmente que, no caso das proteínas préglicosiladas, a oxidação das mesmas ocorreu de forma mais rápida e acentuada, sugerindo que as alterações estruturais induzidas pela glicosilação promovem um estado pro-oxidativo. No caso das proteínas pré-glicosiladas e oxidadas, foi identificado um maior número de modificações oxidativas assim como de resíduos modificados na vizinhança de resíduos glicosilados. Com esta abordagem é realizada uma importante contribuição na investigação das consequências do dano ‘glico-oxidativo’ em proteínas ao nível molecular através da combinação da espectrometria de massa e da bioinformática.

Preparation of new materials by heterogeneous modification of cellulose

O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo estudar a modificação química heterogénea controlada de fibras de celulose com diferentes reagentes de modo a alterar as suas propriedades de superfície, em especial em termos da criação de um carácter hidrofóbico e lipofóbico, preservando, sempre que possível, as suas propriedades mecânicas e, consequentemente, abrindo novas perspectivas de aplicação. O desenvolvimento do trabalho envolveu três abordagens principais, envolvendo, em cada caso, o estudo de diferentes condições reaccionais. Na primeira abordagem foram utilizados como reagentes de modificação compostos perfluorados, nomeadamente o anidrido trifluoroacético (TFAA), o cloreto de 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoílo (PFBz) e o cloreto de 3,3,3- trifluoropropanoílo (TFP), para promover a acilação heterogénea da superfície das fibras. A segunda estratégia usada consistiu na preparação de híbridos de celulose do tipo orgânico-inorgânico classe-II, através da modificação das fibras de celulose com o (3-isocianatopropil)trietoxissilano (ICPTEOS), um reagente organossilano bifuncional. A ligação às fibras de celulose foi efectuada através das funções isocianato e, posteriormente, os grupos etoxissilano foram sujeitos a tratamentos de hidrólise ácida, como tal ou na presença de outros siloxanos, nomeadamente o tetraetoxissilano (TEOS) e o 1H,1H,2H,2Hperfluorodeciltrietoxissilano (PFDTEOS). Finalmente, a última abordagem foi baseada na modificação das fibras com triclorometilssilano (TCMS), através de uma reacção gás-sólido, que dispensou assim o uso de solventes orgânicos. A ocorrência de modificação química foi em cada caso confirmada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier e Reflectância Total Atenuada (FTIR-ATR), Análise Elementar (EA) e determinação de ângulos de contacto. Adicionalmente, e dependendo de cada caso específico, diversas outras técnicas foram empregues na caracterização aprofundada dos materiais preparados, nomeadamente Ressonância Magnética Nuclear CPMAS no Estado Sólido (RMN), Espectroscopia de Difracção de Raios-X (XRD), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Espectrometria de Massa de Iões Secundários com Análise de Tempo de Vôo (ToF-SIMS), Espectroscopia Fotoelectrónica de Raios-X (XPS) e Microscopia Electrónica de Varrimento (SEM). Relativamente à acilação das fibras de celulose com reagentes perfluorados, o sucesso da reacção foi comprovado por FTIR-ATR, EA, XPS e ToF-SIMS. Neste contexto, obtiveram-se fibras modificadas possuindo graus de substituição (DS) compreendidos entre 0.006 e 0.39. Verificou-se por XRD que, em geral, mesmo para os valores de DS mais elevados, a cristalinidade das fibras não foi afectada, indicando que a modificação foi limitada às camadas mais superficiais das mesmas ou a regiões amorfas das suas camadas mais internas. Adicionalmente, observou-se por ToF-SIMS que a distribuição dos grupos perfluorados à superfície das fibras foi, de facto, bastante heterogénea. Todos os derivados de celulose perfluorados apresentaram elevada hidrofobicidade e lipofobicidade, tendo-se atingido ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 126º e 104º, respectivamente. Um aspecto interessante relativo a estes materiais é que a elevada omnifobicidade foi observada mesmo para valores de DS muito reduzidos, não se mostrando significativamente afectada pelo aumento dos mesmos. Em consonância, verificou-se por XPS que a cobertura da superfície das fibras de celulose com grupos perfluorados aumentou apenas ligeiramente com o aumento do DS, apontando para a esterificação de camadas mais internas das fibras, associada, neste caso, predominantemente aos seus domínios amorfos. No que diz respeito à estabilidade hidrolítica destes derivados, obtiveram-se dois tipos distintos de comportamento. Por um lado, as fibras de celulose trifluoroacetiladas são facilmente hidrolisáveis em meio neutro, e, por outro, as fibras pentafluorobenzoiladas e trifluoropropanoiladas mostram-se bastante resistentes face a condições de hidrólise em meio neutro e ácido (pH 4), podendo, contudo, ser facilmente hidrolisadas em meio alcalino (pH 9 e 12, para derivados do PFBz e do TFP, respectivamente). Na segunda abordagem verificou-se a ocorrência de reacção por FTIR-ATR e EA. Em geral, a modificação química com ICPTEOS ocorre predominantemente nas zonas mais superficiais das fibras de celulose ou em regiões amorfas. Contudo, em condições reaccionais mais severas (maior quantidade de reagente e tempo de reacção), esta atingiu também regiões cristalinas, afectando, consequentemente, a estrutura cristalina das fibras, como verificado por XRD. Por RMN de 29Si observou-se que após reacção com o ICPTEOS já existiam indícios de alguma hidrólise dos grupos etoxissilano, e que a sua subsequente condensação parcial tinha levado à formação de uma película inorgânica em redor das fibras (verificado por SEM), constituída maioritariamente por estruturas lineares, com uma contribuição mais modesta de estruturas “diméricas” e outras mais ramificadas. Consequentemente, este revestimento inorgânico transformou as fibras de celulose em materiais híbridos com elevada hidrofobicidade (ângulos de contacto com água entre 103-129º). A hidrólise ácida dos restantes grupos etoxissilano, como tal ou na presença de TEOS, originou híbridos de celulose com elevada hidrofilicidade, sendo impossível medirem-se os ângulos de contacto com água dos produtos finais, devido à presença maioritária de grupos silanol (Si-OH) e ligações Si-O-Si à superfície, os quais contribuíram para o consequente aumento de energia de superfície. No entanto, quando a hidrólise foi realizada na presença de PFDTEOS, obtiveram-se materiais híbridos com elevada hidrofobicidade e lipofobicidade (ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 140º e 134º, respectivamente), devido à combinação da presença de grupos perfluorados e micro- e nano-rugosidades na superfície das fibras de celulose, conforme confirmado por SEM. Finalmente, a última abordagem permitiu preparar materiais derivados de celulose altamente hidrofóbicos e lipofóbicos (ângulos de contacto com água e diiodometano de 136º e 109º, respectivamente) por um processo simples, envolvendo tempos de tratamento tão curtos como 0.5 min. Este comportamento omnifóbico foi gerado pelo efeito sinergético entre a diminuição de energia de superfície das fibras, devido à presença de grupos metilo dos resíduos de TCMS ligados a estas, e a condensação dos resíduos de TCMS na forma de micro- e nano-partículas inorgânicas, que levou à criação de um revestimento rugoso à superfície das fibras, conforme observado por RMN de 29Si e SEM, respectivamente. A pré-humidificação das fibras de celulose demonstrou desempenhar um importante papel de “acelerador” dos processos de hidrólise e condensação das moléculas de TCMS. Nestas condições, o tempo de tratamento foi um dos parâmetros mais relevantes, pois para tempos de tratamento muito curtos (0.5 min) os materiais resultantes não apresentaram quaisquer diferenças a nível de propriedades físico-químicas em relação ao substrato de partida (a humidade em excesso consumiu todo o TCMS antes que este conseguisse reagir com os grupos hidroxilo das fibras de celulose), possuindo, por exemplo, valores de ângulos de contacto com água idênticos. Para tempos de tratamento mais longos, como 30 min, os materiais finais apresentaram a maior quantidade de componentes inorgânicos, tal como verificado por EA e TGA. Assim, o controlo da humidade das fibras é imperativo para se poder moldar as propriedades finais dos produtos. Esta última abordagem é particularmente promissora uma vez que tem como base um sistema simples e “verde” que pode ser facilmente implementado. Em conclusão, este trabalho permitiu demonstrar que a modificação química heterogénea controlada das fibras de celulose representa uma iniciativa promissora para a preparação de novos materiais obtidos a partir de recursos renováveis, com propriedades interessantes e passíveis de ser potencialmente aplicados em diferentes áreas. Para além do mais, as estratégias de modificação estudadas podem também ser precursoras de novos estudos que possam vir a ser desenvolvidos dentro do mesmo âmbito.

Integration of geochemical and biological modifications in mining areas: waters, sediments and diatoms

The development of mining activities over thousands of years in the region of Aljustrel is nowadays visible as a vast area of ore tailings, slag and host rocks of sulphides mineralization. The generation of acidic waters by the alteration of pyritic minerals - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - causes a significant impact on the river system both in the south of the village (Rib ª. Água Forte) and in the north of it (Rib ª. Água Azeda and Barranco do Farrobo), which is reflected in extremely low pH values (< 3) and high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and sulphates. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts extent, integrating geochemical (surface waters and stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) parameters. Three groups of sites were defined, based on sediments and water analysis, which integration with diatom data showed the same association of groups: Group 1- impacted, with acidic pH (1.9-5.1), high metal contents (0.4-1975 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate waters, being metals more bioavailable in waters in cationic form (Me2+); mineralogically the sediments were characterized by phyllosilicates and sulphates/oxy-hydroxysulphate phases, easily solubilized, retaining a high amount of metals when precipitated; dominant taxon was Pinnularia aljustrelica (a new species); Group 2- slightly impacted, weak acid to neutral pH (5.0-6.8), metal contents not so high (0.2-25 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate to Mg-chloride waters; dominant taxa were Brachysira neglectissima and Achnanthidium minutissimum; Group 3- unimpacted, alkaline pH (7.0-8.4), low metal contents (0-7 mg L-1) with Mg-chloride waters. In this group, metals were associated to the primary phases (e.g. sulphides), not so easily available; the existence of high chloride contents explained the presence of typical taxa of brackish/marine (e.g. Entomoneis paludosa) waters. Taxonomical aspects of the diatoms were studied (discovery of a new species: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luis, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), as well as morphometric (size decrease of diatoms valves, as well as the appearance of deformed valves of Eunotia exigua in Group 1 and A. minutissimum in Group 2) and physiological (effective to assess the effects of metals/acidity in the photosynthetic efficiency through PAM Fluorometry) aspects. A study was carried out in an artificial river system (microcosm) that aimed to mimic Aljustrel’s extreme conditions in controlled laboratory conditions. The chronic effects of Fe, SO42- and acidity in field biofilms, inoculated in the artificial rivers, were evaluated as well as their contribution to the communities’ tolerance to metal toxicity, through acute tests with two metals (Cu and Zn). In general, the effects caused by low pH values and high concentrations of Fe and SO42- were reflected at the community level by the decrease in diversity, the predominance of acidophilic species, the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and the increase of enzymatic (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic activities (e.g. total glutathione and total phytochelatins). However, it was possible to verify that acidity performed a protective effect in the communities, upon Cu and Zn addition. A comparative study between Aljustrel mining area and New Brunswick mining area was carried out, both with similar mining and geological conditions, reflected in similar diatom communities in both mines, but in very different geographic and climatic areas.

Surface reactivity enhancement of silica-based glass-ceramic scaffolds

A paradigm shift is taking place from using transplanting tissue and synthetic implants to a tissue engineering approach that aims to regenerate damaged tissues by combining cells from the body with highly porous scaffold biomaterials, which act as templates, guiding the growth of new tissue. The central focus of this thesis was to produce porous glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds that exhibits a bioactive and biocompatible behaviour with specific surface reactivity in synthetic physiological fluids and cell-scaffold interactions, enhanced by composition and thermal treatments applied. Understanding the sintering behaviour and the interaction between the densification and crystallization processes of glass powders was essential for assessing the ideal sintering conditions for obtaining a glass scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Our main goal was to carry out a comprehensive study of the bioactive glass sintering, identifying the powder size and sintering variables effect, for future design of sintered glass scaffolds with competent microstructures. The developed scaffolds prepared by the salt sintering method using a 3CaO.P2O5 - SiO2 - MgO glass system, with additions of Na2O with a salt, NaCl, exhibit high porosity, interconnectivity, pore size distribution and mechanical strength suitable for bone repair applications. The replacement of 6 % MgO by Na2O in the glass network allowed to tailor the dissolution rate and bioactivity of the glass scaffolds. Regarding the biological assessment, the incorporation of sodium to the composition resulted in an inibition cell response for small periods. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that for 21 days the cells response recovered and are similar for both glass compositions. The in vitro behaviour of the glass scaffolds was tested by introducing scaffolds to simulated body fluid for 21 days. Energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy and SEM analyses proved the existence of CaP crystals for both compositions. Crystallization forming whitlockite was observed to affect the dissolution behaviour in simulated body fluid. By performing different heat treatments, it was possible to control the bioactivity and biocompatability of the glass scaffolds by means of a controlled crystallization. To recover and tune the bioactivity of the glass-ceramic with 82 % crystalline phase, different methods have been applied including functionalization using 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES). The glass ceramic modified surface exhibited an accelerated crystalline hydroxyapatite layer formation upon immersion in SBF after 21 days while the as prepared glass-ceramic had no detected formation of calcium phosphate up to 5 months. A sufficient mechanical support for bone tissue regeneration that biodegrade later at a tailorable rate was achievable with the glass–ceramic scaffold. Considering the biological assessment, scaffolds demonstrated an inductive effect on the proliferation of cells. The cells showed a normal morphology and high growth rate when compared to standard culture plates. This study opens up new possibilities for using 3CaO.P2O5–SiO2–MgO glass to manufacture various structures, while tailoring their bioactivity by controlling the content of the crystalline phase. Additionally, the in vitro behaviour of these structures suggests the high potential of these materials to be used in the field of tissue regeneration.

Development of polymeric materials to inhibit bacterial quorum sensing

Bacterial infections are an increasing problem for human health. In fact, an increasing number of infections are caused by bacteria that are resistant to most antibiotics and their combinations. Therefore, the scientific community is currently searching for new solutions to fight bacteria and infectious diseases, without promoting antimicrobial resistance. One of the most promising strategies is the disruption or attenuation of bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS), a refined system that bacteria use to communicate. In a QS event, bacteria produce and release specific small chemicals, signal molecules - autoinducers (AIs) - into the environment. At the same time that bacterial population grows, the concentration of AIs in the bacterial environment increases. When a threshold concentration of AIs is reached, bacterial cells respond to it by altering their gene expression profile. AIs regulate gene expression as a function of cell population density. Phenotypes mediated by QS (QSphenotypes) include virulence factors, toxin production, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. In this work, two polymeric materials (linear polymers and molecularly imprinted nanoparticles) were developed and their ability to attenuate QS was evaluated. Both types of polymers should to be able to adsorb bacterial signal molecules, limiting their availability in the extracellular environment, with expected disruption of QS. Linear polymers were composed by one of two monomers (itaconic acid and methacrylic acid), which are known to possess strong interactions with the bacterial signal molecules. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP NPs) are particles with recognition capabilities for the analyte of interest. This ability is attained by including the target analyte at the synthesis stage. Vibrio fischeri and Aeromonas hydrophila were used as model species for the study. Both the linear polymers and MIP NPs, tested free in solutions and coated to surfaces, showed ability to disrupt QS by decreasing bioluminescence of V. fischeri and biofilm formation of A. hydrophila. No significant effect on bacterial growth was detected. The cytotoxicity of the two types of polymers to a fibroblast-like cell line (Vero cells) was also tested in order to evaluate their safety. The results showed that both the linear polymers and MIP NPs were not cytotoxic in the testing conditions. In conclusion, the results reported in this thesis, show that the polymers developed are a promising strategy to disrupt QS and reduce bacterial infection and resistance. In addition, due to their low toxicity, solubility and easy integration by surface coating, the polymers have potential for applications in scenarios where bacterial infection is a problem: medicine, pharmaceutical, food industry and in agriculture or aquaculture.

Design of laminated structures using piezoelectric materials

Composite structures incorporating piezoelectric sensors and actuators are increasingly becoming important due to the offer of potential benefits in a wide range of engineering applications such as vibration and noise supression, shape control and precisition positioning. This paper presents a finit element formulation based on classical laminated plate theory for laminated structures with integrated piezoelectric layers or patches, acting as actuators. The finite element model is a single layer triangular nonconforming plate/shell element with 18 degrees of freedom for the generalized displacements, and one electrical potential degree of freedom for each piezsoelectric elementlayer or patch, witch are surface bonded on the laminate. An optimization of the patches position is performed to maximize the piezoelectric actuators efficiency as well as, the electric potential distribuition is search to reach the specified structure transverse displacement distribuition (shape control). A gradient based algorithm is used for this purpose. The model is applied in the optimization of illustrative laminated plate cases, and the results are presented and discussed.

A mechanical design approach to testing fluid turbulence over a rough surface

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 444

Developing Low Fouling Peptides and Zwitterionic Materials for Biomedical Applications

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015

Laccase-assisted approach to graft multifunctional materials of interest: keratin-EC based novel composites and their characterisation

This study focuses on the evaluation of raw keratin as a potential material to develop composites with novel characteristics. Herein, we report a mild and eco-friendly fabrication of in-house extracted feather keratin-based novel enzyme assisted composites consisting of ethyl cellulose (EC) as a backbone material. A range of composites between keratin and EC using different keratin: EC ratios were prepared and characterised. Comparing keratin to the composites, the FT-IR peak at 1,630 cm-1 shifted to a lower wavenumber of 1,610 cm-1 in keratin-EC which typically indicates the involvement of β-sheet structures of the keratin during the graft formation process. SEM analysis revealed that the uniform dispersion of the keratin increases the area of keratin-EC contact which further contributes to the efficient functionality of the resulting composites. In comparison to the pristine keratin and EC, a clear shift in the XRD peaks was also observed at the specific region of 2-Theta values of keratin-g-EC. The thermo- mechanical properties of the composites reached their highest levels in comparison to the keratin which was too fragile to be measured for its mechanical properties. Considerable improvement in the water contact angle and surface tension properties was also recorded.